6 stinson wastewater

7/31/2019 6 Stinson Wastewater

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Contaminants of Emerging Concern

In Wastewater StreamsB. Stinson

Acknowledgements Acknowledgements

USGS: P.J. Philips, Ed Furlong, S. Zaugg, L. Barbar, P. Stackelberg

M&E: Kathleen Esposito, Marija Peric, Alan Wong

Plant Operators; Baltimore City Back River, DCWASA, New York City DEP, New Jersey DEP

New York State DEC, USEPA

USGS: P.J. Philips, Ed Furlong, S. Zaugg, L. Barbar, P. Stackelberg

M&E: Kathleen Esposito, Marija Peric, Alan Wong

Plant Operators; Baltimore City Back River, DCWASA, New York City DEP, New Jersey DEP

New York State DEC, USEPA


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Wide variety of applications in which they areused

One of the key collection points in the water

cycle is the Wastewater Treatment Plant

Emphasis is Shifting to WastewaterTreatment Professionals

Wide variety of applications in which they areused

One of the key collection points in the water

cycle is the Wastewater Treatment Plant

Emphasis is Shifting to WastewaterTreatment Professionals

Pathways to the EnvironmentPathways to the Environment


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Beginning to see the emphasisshift to the discharger

Beginning to see the emphasisshift to the discharger

ECs in Treated Wastewater Discharges

Linked to Impacts on Aquatic Life

ECs in Treated Wastewater Discharges

Linked to Impacts on Aquatic Life


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Evidence of Reproductive Disruption inBoulder Creek white suckers

3. Vitellogenin (estrogen-dependent

female yolk protein): elevated inmales downstream of WWTP.

1. Sex Ratio: skewed toward

females at downstreamsites ~ 1:4 M:F

2. Intersex: only at downstreamsites. (1 in 10)

(Woodling et al., submitted 2005; Vajda et al., in prep)

male female

- Hormone levels elevated downstream of WWTP- Hormone levels elevated downstream of WWTP


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Fate and Transport

Total concentration(spearman = -.82; p = .0001)

Total number

(spearman = -.77; p = .0001)

No Major Municipal WWTPs

(Stackleberg et al., submitted 2004)


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Stackelberg, P. E., et al., 2004. Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds andother organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water treatmentplant. Science of the Total Environment, 329: 99113.

Unplanned Indirect Potable Reuse

Pharmaceutical/Antibiotic

Flame retardant/Plasticizer

Fragrance

Pesticide

Plant/Animal steroid

Detergent metabolitePAHs

Others


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Occurrence in Finished Water

3 to 22 compounds detected per sample Generally at low concentrations of 0.5 to 1 g/l 3 to 22 compounds detected per sample Generally at low concentrations of 0.5 to 1 g/l

Pharmaceutical/Antibiotic

Flame retardant/Plasticizer

Fragrance

Pesticide

Plant/Animal steroid

Detergent metabolite

PAHs

Others


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Research Focus Nationally & InternationallyResearch Focus Nationally & Internationally

Research underway to determine;

Standard analytical detection techniques

Contaminants of greatest public concern

Environmental and human exposure level

What are the most cost-effective treatmentand mitigation methods to protectenvironment and source waters?

Research underway to determine;

Standard analytical detection techniques

Contaminants of greatest public concern

Environmental and human exposure level

What are the most cost-effective treatmentand mitigation methods to protectenvironment and source waters?


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Lead Science Through

Strategic Research Alliances

Water & Wastewater Engineers

Technology Specialists

Municipal Relationships

Environmental Planners

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY DNA Sequencing

BNR

SO. NEVADA WATER AUTHORITY

Endocrine Disruptors

NYC DEP BNR

Biosolids


UCONN

BNR

USGS

Endocrine

Disruptors

ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

Aquifer Treatment

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

BNR


UC AT DAVIS

UV Disinfection

Emerging

Contaminants

Water Re-Use

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Emerging Contaminants

DC WASA

BNR

Biosolids


UNIVERSITY OF DELFT,

NETHERLANDS

BNR

DEGREMONT

RESEARCH CENTER,

Paris, France

Biosolids

Analytical Chemists

Hydrologists

Toxicologists

Histologists Microbiologists

Epidemiologists

Entomologists

Geologists


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USGS / M&EUnique Research Partnership

USGS / M&EUnique Research Partnership

USGS / M&E Research Agenda

Stage 1

Focus on Wastewater Treatment Processes for Source Water Protection

Baseline Evaluation of Occurrence of >90 Emerging Contaminants & Drugs

Characterize occurrence & concentration of ECs in WWTP influent & effluents

Removal capability of existing treatment processes

Stage 2 Determine Effect of Advanced Technologies Indirect Potable Water Reuse

USGS / M&E Research Agenda

Stage 1

Focus on Wastewater Treatment Processes for Source Water Protection Baseline Evaluation of Occurrence of >90 Emerging Contaminants & Drugs

Characterize occurrence & concentration of ECs in WWTP influent & effluents

Removal capability of existing treatment processes

Stage 2 Determine Effect of Advanced Technologies Indirect Potable Water Reuse


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Selected WWTP For Evaluation

Variation in Wastewater Source

Domestic

Industrial

Pharmaceutical

Hospitals

Range of Treatment Processes

Activated Sludge Trickling Filter

Tertiary Filtration

Membrane

Disinfection UV, Cl2

, AOP

Analytical Methods

LC9003: LCMS, 23 Drugs

SH1433: GCMS, 63 Chemical

Hormone Analysis (underway) Estrogenic BioAssay

USGS / M&EEmerging Contaminant Research Initiative

USGS / M&EEmerging Contaminant Research Initiative


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Influent

Activated SludgeExtended Aeration Flocculation /Filtration

Effluent

Microfiltration UVOzonationChlorination

ClarificationScreening / Settling / Equalization

Wastewater Treatment PlantsWastewater Treatment Plants

Primary Treatment Tertiary TreatmentBiological Process Disinfection

Trickling Filter


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Summary Statistics

55 compounds detected (44 frequently)

Influent concentrations: 100 2,000 g/L

Effluent concentrations: 5 - 1,800 g/L


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General Overview of Plant Performance:All Compounds

Treatment Process had a significant impact on removals

More than 60% of compounds were well removed by

activated sludge plants

Trickling filter plant less effective

Treatment Process had a significant impact on removals

More than 60% of compounds were well removed by

activated sludge plants

Trickling filter plant less effective

0

20

40

60

80

100

A B C D

Wastewater Treatment Plant

%o

fCompoundsWith>95%

Reduction

Activated Sludge WWTPs

Trickling Filter

WWTPs


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Plant Performance: Representative Compounds

A B C D

Removals varied according to compound

Impact of cocktail of chemicals

Continuous low level exposure = / > impact than acute high level exposure

Removals varied according to compound

Impact of cocktail of chemicals

Continuous low level exposure = / > impact than acute high level exposure


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Plants Vary In Ability To Reduce Drugs

19 of 23 compounds detected at each plant

Large variation in the source concentration

Removals at wastewater treatment plants varied

13 Compounds detected in effluent or receiving stream

Some concentrations exceed 1 g/L in stream

19 of 23 compounds detected at each plant

Large variation in the source concentration

Removals at wastewater treatment plants varied

13 Compounds detected in effluent or receiving stream

Some concentrations exceed 1 g/L in stream


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Variability in Influent Concentrations

Impact of Industrial & Pharmaceutical Loads can be significant

Pre-treatment may be necessary at select Plants

Impact of Industrial & Pharmaceutical Loads can be significant

Pre-treatment may be necessary at select Plants


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Influent Effluent

1 2 3 4

Extended AerationActivated Sludge

Deep BedSand Filtration

Microfiltration

Clarification

Screening / Settling / EqualizationFlocculation

UV

Plant A ProfilePlant A Profile Plant A ProfilePlant A Profile Plant A ProfilePlant A Profile

Waste Biosolids

At what stage in the treatment process arecompounds Removed or Altered?

Beware Byproducts of Treatment

- Diazinon form Diazoxon when Chlorinated Significantly more Toxic

Beware Byproducts of Treatment

- Diazinon form Diazoxon when Chlorinated Significantly more Toxic


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Pilot Plant Results

Preliminary results indicate that SRT (sludge age) inActivated Sludge plants may impact removal capability;

Adsorption

Degradation

Co-metabolization

Preliminary results indicate that SRT (sludge age) inActivated Sludge plants may impact removal capability;

Adsorption

Degradation

Co-metabolization

Low SRT < 5 daysLow SRT < 5 days SRT 5 - 10 daysSRT 5 - 10 days SRT > 10 daysSRT > 10 days


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WERF Research Program

Biosolids Sink for Estrogens

Estrogenic Reduction Through

Biosolids Treatment Processes

Landfill / Land Application ? Small Volume Recycle Streams

70% - 97% Reduction in Estrogens

Centrate 18 Times More Estrogenic

Than Wastewater

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

400.0

E

strogenicConcentration

(ng/L)

Estrone (E1)

17 beta-Estradiol (E2)

Estriol (E3)

n.d.

Removal:

69.2 %

Removal:

94.7 %

Removal:

96.9 %


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Water Reuse

Irrigation

Aquifer Recharge

New Water

Recharge WellRecharge Well Supply WellSupply Well

GroundGround

Vadose

Zone

Vadose

Zone

Settlement

Zone

Settlement

Zone

Grey Water

Real & PerceivedRisk

Water

Scarcity

Advanced & CostlyTechnologies


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Augmentation of a communitys raw water supply with treated

wastewater followed by an environmental buffer (Crook, 2001)

Water Reclamation,Recycling and Reuse

METCALF & EDDY


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Implementation of Multi-Barrier Approachfor Water Reuse

MBR Reverse Osmosis

Advanced Oxidation Process

Advanced water treatment multi-barrier approach demonstrates significant promise

Designed to Match Most Robust Reuse Treatment Standards

Advanced water treatment multi-barrier approach demonstrates significant promise

Designed to Match Most Robust Reuse Treatment Standards

1. Source Water Protection

2. Biological Treatment

Biodegradation of Organics & Adsorption

1. Source Water Protection

2. Biological Treatment

Biodegradation of Organics & Adsorption

2. Physical Treatment Direct Rejection & Adsorption

2. Physical Treatment Direct Rejection & Adsorption4. Chemical Treatment

Advanced Oxidation

4. Chemical Treatment

Advanced Oxidation


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Removals During Biological Process

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

14Di

chlorobe

nzen

Caffein

e,wf

Diet

hoxyoc

tylph

e

Etho

xyoctyl

phen

o

Cotini

ne,w

f

3-be

ta-C

opros

tan

3But

l4hydr

oxya

ni

4-t-O

ctylphe

nol,

AHT

N,wf

Benz

opheno

ne,w

f

Chol

esterol

,wf

HHCB,

wf

Deet

,wf

Diet

hoxynon

ylphe

p-Cres

ol,w

f

para

-Non

ylpheno

l,w

FYRO

LCE

F,wf

FYRO

LPC

F,wf

Trib

utylph

osph

a

Triclosa

n,wf

Trie

thylc

itrat

e

Trip

henylp

hosp

h

Tris(

butox

yeth

yl

conce

ntration(microgram

s/liter)

Equilization Tank

Main Plant Clarifier EffluentMBR Effluent

(62)(720) (32)


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RO Performance

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Tetra

chlo

roethe

n

14Dichl

orob

enzen

Caffein

e,wf

Methy

lben

zotriaz

AHTN

,wf

Indole

,wf

Concentration(micrograms/liter)

9/27/200510/19/2005

(ND) (ND) (ND) (ND)

(degreaser) (deodorizer) (stimulant) (anti-corrosive) (fragrance) (pesticide)

tribrom

om

ethan

e

0.0088

0.024


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Summary Removals: Effluent, Reclaimed & Source Water


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Implementation of Multi-Barrier Approach


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DiscussionDiscussion

Range of Trace Contaminants Present in Water, Wastewater Treatment PlantInfluents, Effluents and in the Environment

EDCs / PPCPs can be reduced by treatment What % is appropriate?

Existing Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes Quite Effective

Treatment Strategies for Nutrient Removals Consistent with EDC Removals

Robust Biological Process Key Biosolids EDC Sink?

Small Volume Highly Concentrated / Estrogenic Streams

Depending On End Use AdvancedTreatment Options Available $$

Pretreatment programs should beconsidered in some situations

Environmental Impacts Will Likely Drive Regulation


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Metcalf & Eddy (M&E)Anthony Elberti

Beverley Stinson

US Geological Survey (USGS)Patrick Phillips

Dana Kolpin

Edward Furlong

Steve ZauggJames Gray

Logan Township Municipal Utilities Authority (LTMUA)

Gary Whalen

University of Arizona (UofA)David Quanrud

Patricia Orosz-Coghlan

Acknowledgements

2005 Pl ti A d2005 Pl ti A d


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2005 Platinum AwardAmerican Council of Engineering Companies

2005 Platinum AwardAmerican Council of Engineering Companies

Questions / concerns

Please contact

[email protected]

Questions / concerns

Please contact

[email protected]

6 stinson wastewater

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