600-1450
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600-1450. The Post-Classical Era. Improved transportation and commercial tech led to increased trade & expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active networks. Existing trade routes flourished & promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities. Trans-Saharan Network. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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600-1450
The Post-Classical Era
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Improved transportation and commercial tech led to increased trade & expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active networks.
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Existing trade routes flourished & promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
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Trans-Saharan Network
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Mediterranean Sea
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Indian Ocean Basins
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Trading City: Venice
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New Trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
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Trade in luxury goods increased with new technologies.
• Caravan organization• Navigation: astrolabe, compass, larger ships• New forms of credit and money
astrolabe
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Commercial growth eased by state practices, trade orgs, and infrastructure
• State practice: minting of coins• Trading organization: Hanseatic League
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Expansion of empires aided trade and communication, drawing in new people.
• China – Tang Empire• Byzantine Empire• Caliphates• Mongols
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Movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
• Expansion & intensification of long distance trade depended on environmental knowledge and adaptations to it.
• Example: Arabs, camels, the Sahara
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Some migrations had significant environmental impact.
• Bantu migration
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Some migrations had significant environmental impact.
• Example: Polynesian Migration
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Cross-cultural exchanges fostered by networks of trade and communication
• Islam: result of interaction• Spread of Islam through merchants and
missionaries
Sufi whirling (meditation)
Arabian dhow
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On trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where cultural blending (syncretism) occurred.
• Muslim merchant communities in the IO region
Great mosque of Kilwa, earliest mosque in East Africa
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Writings of certain interregional travelers show the extent and limitations of intercultural
knowledge and understanding.• Examples: Ibn Battuta & Marco Polo
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Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion (spread) of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions.
• Example: Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia
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Increased cross-cultural interactions also led to the spread of science and technology.
• Example: Printing and gunpowder technologies from East Asia into Islamic Empires and Western Europe
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Continued spread of crops and diseases along trade routes
• E.g. Spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar-al-Islam (areas where Muslims can practice their religion freely)
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Spread of diseases
• Black Death during Pax Mongolica
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Empires collapsed and were rebuilt; in some regions new state forms emerged.
• Byzantine Empire continues Rome• Sui-Tang-Song
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Most reborn governments combined power traditions with innovations.
• e.g. Patriarchy in Sui-Tang-Song China• e.g. adaptation of religion
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Some new forms of governance emerged.
• Islamic states (Umayyad, Abbasid caliphates)• City states• Decentralized (feudal) states
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Some states borrowed & blended local traditions.
• E.g. Sinofication of Japan
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In Americas: expanded states, networks, and empires
• Mayan city-states• Aztec Empire• Incan Empire
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Interregional contacts and conflicts led to technological and cultural transfers.
• Tang China & Abbasids• Pax Mongolica• The Crusades
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Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production.
• Increase in agricultural production due to technological innovations
• Champa rice in East Asia• Horse collar in Europe
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Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded production for export.
• Song commercial revolution – porcelain
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Fate of cities varied from decline to growth
• Factors leading to decline:– Invasions, e.g. Mongols– Disease– Climate: Little Ice Age
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Factors leading to urban growth
• End of invasions• Safe & reliable transport• Rise of commerce• Global warming from 800-1300• Greater availability of labor
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Some older cities declined while new cities replaced them.
• Baghdad to Cairo• Rise of Italian city-states
Venice