6.3.10 Hate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986.4 Human Convi tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006.4.1 Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006.4.2 Altruism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016.4.3 Patriotism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016.4.4 Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026.4.5 O upational loyalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026.4.6 Family loyalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036.4.7 So ial onventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

iii

The Mind at Mis hief

6 - Human Emotions, Instin ts, and Sentiments

Tri ks and De eptions of the Sub ons ious andHow to Cope with Them

By William S. Sadler, M.D., F.A.C.S.Formerly Professor at the Post-Graduate Medi al S hool of Chi ago;Senior Attending Surgeon to Columbus Hospital; Dire tor of the Chi agoInstitute of Resear h and Diagnosis; Fellow of the Ameri an Collegeof Surgeons; Fellow of the Ameri an Medi al Asso iation; Member ofthe Chi ago Medi al So iety, the Illinois State Medi al So iety, theAmeri an Publi Health Asso iation, et .Introdu tions byRobert H. Gault, PhD.,Professor of Psy hology, Northwestern Universityand Meyer Solomon, M.D.,Asso iate in Neurology, Northwestern University

First published - September, 1929

Contents6 Emotions, Instin ts, and Sentiments 676.1 Primary Instin ts and Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686.1.1 Fear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696.1.2 Disgust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716.1.3 Wonder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716.1.4 Elation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726.1.5 Subje tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736.1.6 Tenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746.1.7 Sex-hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.1.8 Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.1.9 Se urity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.1.10 Hoarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776.1.11 Pride of reation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786.1.12 Anger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786.2 Se ondary or Composite Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . 796.2.1 Sympathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81i

6.2.2 Admiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.2.3 Imitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.2.4 Rivalry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.2.5 Vanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846.2.6 Pride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846.2.7 Gratitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856.2.8 Awe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866.2.9 Reveren e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866.2.10 Envy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876.2.11 Remorse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886.2.12 S orn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886.2.13 Contempt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.2.14 Aversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.2.15 Courage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906.3 Human Sentiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916.3.1 Pity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926.3.2 Shame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926.3.3 Jealousy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936.3.4 Revenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946.3.5 Reproa h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956.3.6 Humility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956.3.7 Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966.3.8 Humor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966.3.9 Love . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97ii

70 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTSto on ealment - an e�ort to avoid danger by hiding. Fear leads us�rst to ee, then to hide. It is the most lasting, most indelible of allhuman emotions, and is the one emotion that seems to seize ontrolof both mind and body in no un ertain fashion.The emotion of fear invariably a ompanies the instin t of ight -the desire to ee from danger; but, when this fear is so profound as toresult in terror, it sometimes paralyzes the power of ight. So we seethat when fear is over-done - leading to terror - it defeats itself.While fear is instin tive, not all our early fears are inherited. Allyoung infants are frightened by but two things: The fear of fallingand the hearing of sudden loud and shrill noises. Pra ti ally all otherfears they a quire by suggestion and asso iation. Young hildren arenot at �rst afraid of snakes, hairy animals, et . It is the thunderasso iated with the storm that frightens the hild, not the lightning.When ertain adults over their heads with the bed- lothing during astorm, they are only exhibiting the inherent instin t for on ealmentsubsequent to eeing from danger.Fear is not a result of any pro ess of intelligent reasoning or judg-ment. A young hild may be terrorized by the sight of its own fatherdown on the oor \playing bear". It well knows its father will do itno harm, but when the father is seen in this strange aspe t it easilysu umbs to its instin tive fear emotions.Be ause of the lasting impression whi h the fear emotion makesupon the human mind and memory, it be omes not only the one greatin uen e whi h admonishes us to ontrol our sel�sh behavior and urbour egoisti tenden ies, but also the fundamental ause for mu h of ourneedless anxiety and the starting-point for many of our imaginativedreads and fun tional nervous disorders.Fear is fatal to human happiness under onditions of modern ivi-lization. Worry is hroni fear and is the ar h-demon of all the hostsof joy-killers.

Chapter 6

Human Emotions, Instin ts, andSentiments

AS a preparation for the further study of emotional repression, emo-tional on i ts, unsatis�ed desires, and the neuroses whi h are theoutgrowth of these psy hi kinks and tangles, I think it well to devotethis hapter to the areful onsideration of emotions, instin ts, senti-ments, and onvi tions. I am disposed, in general, to adhere to thetea hings of M Dougall and Shand in the matter of lassifying emo-tions and asso iating them with ertain instin ts. I believe that everyinstin t has what might be alled three phases, and they are:1. The sensory or per eptual side - that is, the avenue of the spe ialsenses through whi h impressions from the outside world rea hthe animal brain.2. The emotional or e�e tive side - representing the impressionmade upon the individual by the re eipt of these sensory impres-sions. This is the feeling- ontent of an instin t and representswhat we more ommonly understand by the term emotion.67

68 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTS3. The motor or exe utive phase of the instin t, whi h representsthe mind ordering a tion in self-defense or otherwise for the pur-pose of exe uting the a tion asso iated with the emotion or for arrying into e�e t the instin t whi h is perhaps the basi orfundamental feature of this triangle.

6.1 Primary Instin ts and EmotionsEvery human being is born into this world fully equipped with a set ofinherent instin ts, and every inherited instin t, as later developed, isa ompanied by a well-de�ned feeling or emotion. Psy hologists haveonly re ently begun to study this question of instin t and emotion, andthere may be some di�eren e of opinion as to what really onstitutes aprimary inherent instin t; nevertheless, I think most psy hologists willagree with the following lassi� ation of primary instin ts and theira ompanying emotions:Primary Instin ts Primary Emotions1. Flight Fear2. Repulsion Disgust3. Curiosity Wonder4. Self-assertion Elation5. Self-abasement Subje tion6. Parental Tenderness7. Reprodu tion Sex-hunger8. Nutrition Hunger9. Gregariousness Se urity10. A quisition Hoarding11. Constru tion Pride of reation12. Pugna ity Anger

6.1. PRIMARY INSTINCTS AND EMOTIONS 69We must abandon the old-fashioned belief that instin ts are theCreator's gift to animals to atone for their la k of intelligen e; thatas man advan es intelle tually he loses his instin ts - be omes moreand more free from all instin tive tenden ies. Animal instin ts do notdisappear with ra ial advan ement; they are merely repressed, theyremain with us and pro eed to make mis hief for us when they are notproperly understood or adequately ontrolled.Before we an a ept an impulse as a primary or inherent instin t,we must �nd it uniformly present in the instin tive behavior of thehigher animals. We should also observe its exaggeration in those hu-man beings who are mentally unbalan ed - abnormally ontrolled -and who would, therefore, be expe ted to exhibit more of a tenden yto be under the ontrol of their ra ial instin ts as ompared with in-telligen e and reason.It will now be in order brie y to examine these primary emotions:

6.1.1 FearFear is the emotion asso iated with the inherent instin t of ight.You are more or less familiar with the old argument as to whetherpeople run be ause they are s ared or are frightened be ause they arerunning. Both the biologist and psy hologist seem in lined to believethat we are frightened be ause of our ight, but in any ase the simplefa ts are that even tho we may instin tively ee from danger and thenhave fear aroused in our minds as we pro eed with the ight, we donot run very far until our fear dire tly ontributes to the a elerationof our speed.The thing works both ways when it is on e initiated. While theemotion may be initiated by the instin t, when it is on e aroused itserves greatly to augment the instin tive tenden y.Fear, when thoroughly aroused, produ es that terror whi h leads

74 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTS omplex emotions are purely human. But the animals do share withman the rudimentary emotions of elation and subje tion.

6.1.6 TendernessTenderness is the name whi h has been given to those feelings on-ne ted with the parental instin t. It is the foundation of the prote tiveimpulse - the impulse to prote t the young, the weak, and the help-less. It be omes the sour e of most of our moral indignation, andwhen thoroughly aroused it is losely allied to anger. Nothing willmore thoroughly arouse the indignation of the normal human beingthan to see an inhuman wret h torture and abuse a helpless hild.This emotion of tenderness is the biologi explanation of all truealtruism. It is seen espe ially in the maternal instin t for the prote -tion of the young, whi h is ommon to the females of all the higheranimals. It is asso iated with the love and devotion of parents fortheir o�spring, and is the �rst instin t we have dis ussed whi h lendsitself to the preservation of the spe ies. Most of our inherent instin tsare designed to prote t the individual, but the emotion of tendernessaids in spe ies survival.The tender emotion is weaker in the male. That he has any of thissort of maternal soli itude for the young is probably due to the fa tthat many traits of one sex are in rudimentary form inherited by theother sex. The females of many animals have abortive horns, whilethe males of many spe ies have rudimentary breasts. This sort of riss- ross inheritan e between the sexes probably explains how man omes to have more or less of this motherly instin t and emotion forthe young.Under ertain ustoms of the Roman ourts it was observed thatsons would appear against their fathers, but never did fathers appearagainst their sons. One of the Ten Commandments admonishes the6.1. PRIMARY INSTINCTS AND EMOTIONS 71The only known ure for fear is faith. But before faith an operate,there must be ourage - stamina - to ontrol the inherent tenden y tosu umb to the fearful emotions.6.1.2 DisgustDisgust is the emotion asso iated with the instin t of repulsion and isaroused by bad tastes and smells. It seems to be espe ially stimulatedby the sight of slimy reatures su h as snakes and lizards. It no doubtlies at the bottom of the development of the estheti taste in primitiveman, and unquestionably onstitutes the inherent urge whi h propelsmodern ivilized peoples along those lines whi h lead them to lookfor the beautiful. There is little doubt but that repulsion and disgustlie at the very bottom of our e�ort to realize artisti thoughts anda tions.As our intelle tual development progresses, we ome to asso iatethis emotion of disgust with people who for some reason o�end ourstandards and ideals. We ommonly hear it said, of some person whois repulsive in his appearan e or personality, that \he makes me si k".Thus we see that disgust is an emotion whi h may be ome asso i-ated with food, surroundings, animals, and even human beings; andif allowed to gain a large pla e in one's mental life it is ertain to be- ome responsible for mu h unhappiness. If we be ome over-sensitiveto all the tri ing things we happen to dislike in our asso iates, we aredoomed to su�er.6.1.3 WonderWonder is the emotion asso iated with the instin t of uriosity. It isa sort of in ipient fear. No doubt this is the emotion, together withits foundation instin t of uriosity, that leads to invention, adventure,

72 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTSand exploration.The wonder emotion - the uriosity instin t - is strong in bothanimals and hildren. It is pe uliarly a tive in monkeys. Who hasnot observed animals in the pasture approa h autiously some strangeobje t lying on the ground, and then shy away in fear, only to returnagain further to satisfy their uriosity? If wonder is over-ex ited it istransformed frankly into fear.Undoubtedly this emotion onstitutes the foundation of our s i-enti� resear hes and religious spe ulations. The hunting instin t isprobably another manifestation of this same inherent uriosity, aug-mented by hunger and other asso iated emotions. Here is an emotionwhi h an ontribute to our happiness or lead us into endless trouble- all depending on how we ontrol it.

6.1.4 ElationElation is the emotion aroused by indulging the instin t of self-assertion.It is the emotion behind all our e�orts at self-display. It is the posi-tive element of self- ons iousness. It is parti ularly exempli�ed in the hara teristi swagger of the male and the vanity of the female, andis an emotion undoubtedly responsible for mu h of the ondu t thatgoes by the name of bravery.In the animal world we see this emotion in a tion as a spirited horselifts high his hoofs and tenses every mus le in his body while pran ingaround on parade. It is shown in the spreading tail of the pea o k,and the strutting of the mother hen in the presen e of her hi ks.We �nd this same primitive instin t oming to the front in er-tain ases of the human insane. Softening of the brain is sometimesa ompanied by \delusions of grandeur", the unfortunate individualbe oming the vi tim of a boastful and insane elation.

6.1. PRIMARY INSTINCTS AND EMOTIONS 73Elation - self-assertion - is essential to human happiness. Whileover-exaggeration of one's ego invariably leads to trouble and more orless sorrow and unhappiness, a reasonable indulgen e of self-displayand the enjoyment of average self-expression are indispensable to goodhealth and happiness.Human beings must have an opportunity to \show o�" - at least inmoderation - in order to be happy. Even the young hild is observed toemerge from his bashful hiding behind his mother's apron, and, afterturning a somersault, inquire of the stranger, \Can you do that?" Weare all more or less like the hildren, who, as they \show o�", say,\Wat h me do this". There is joy in performan e. We are happywhen in a tion. We are unhappy when we are denied the opportunityto indulge in some sort of self-assertion with its a ompanying emotionof elation.6.1.5 Subje tionSubje tion is in ontrast with elation, and is asso iated with the in-stin t of self-abasement. It is the negative side of self- ons iousnessand represents that slinking, restfallen behavior that is so often mis-takenly alled humility. In some abnormal and morbid individuals thisis arried to the point where the soul on eives itself as being guiltyof all sorts of rimes and misdemeanors. This is the emotion lying atthe bottom of our \inferiority omplexes".Among animals, the dog exhibits the most profound developmentof this depressing emotion as he rawls along on his belly with his tailtu ked between his legs - in the presen e of a larger dog or a hidingmaster.This is the emotion whi h be omes the basis of shame in the humanspe ies. Shame and pride presuppose the existen e of self- ons iousness,and sin e this is a state of mind denied the animal world, these more

78 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTSto prepare for the blessings of heaven. To-day heaven does not havesu h a hold on the popular imagination, and so we �nd any number ofpeople who are relentlessly pursuing wealth, in order to leave a vastestate and thus minister to the pleasures of their hildren after they,the parents, have departed this life.Those who deny themselves pleasures in this life in order to preparefor the joys of heaven, are akin to those who toil to amass a fortunefor the next generation; both have the essential idea of foregoing thepleasures of to-day for the sake of future rewards.6.1.11 Pride of reationThis is the emotion we experien e as we view the results of our e�ortsto reate, to onstru t things. It is reative self-satisfa tion. It isthe emotion asso iated with the onstru tive instin t. Every humanbeing likes to work up raw material into some arti le of his own design,and it is this instin t whi h lies at the bottom of the manufa turingpro livities of the human spe ies. Even hildren like to build thingswith their blo ks, just as birds build their nests, beavers their dams,and ants their underground mansions.I doubt if any normal-minded healthy human being an fully ex-perien e the joy of living unless he is engaged in some worthwhilepursuit - some sort of reative or onstru tive toil. Thousands of menand women are supremely unhappy for no other reason than that theyare omparatively idle.6.1.12 AngerAnger is the emotion asso iated with the instin t of pugna ity. Thisis a primary instin t that is likely to be aroused when any obsta leis pla ed in the way of the exer ise of any of our other instin ts or6.1. PRIMARY INSTINCTS AND EMOTIONS 75 hild to honor its parents, but it was not ne essary to have a om-mandment exhorting parents to love their hildren. Nature providedfully for that in the parental instin t and the a ompanying tenderemotion.The urge of the human mother to kiss her hild is probably a mani-festation of the tenden y of mothers among the higher animals to li ktheir o�spring.This tender emotion is the basis of all our Good Samaritan work,and the foundation of all e�orts and laws designed to prote t the weakagainst exploitation and abuse by the strong. It is a sour e of mu h joyand real self-satisfa tion. Everything asso iated with the indulgen eof this emotion makes for our highest happiness - provided we do notover-exer ise the instin t and ultivate it to su h an extent that itbe omes positively painful.

6.1.7 Sex-hungerSex-hunger is the emotion aroused by, and asso iated with, the inher-ent instin t of reprodu tion. It is a sour e of a great deal of jealousy.It is the emotion that underlies the mating instin t, and it impels anddire ts that interesting impulse to ourtship. It a ounts for both theaggressive so ial attitude of the male and the hara teristi oynessand shyness of the female.In the ase of the better natures in the human spe ies, the sex-urge is more or less intimately asso iated with the parental instin tand its emotion of tenderness, all of whi h dire tly ontributes to thedevelopment of that higher devotion and atta hment whi h we alllove.There an be little doubt that we have in our sex-emotions an in-stin t that an be so used as to ontribute enormously to the sumof human happiness; on the other hand, no one would question the

76 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTSfa t that these emotions are sometimes so abused as to be the sour eof the greatest sorrow and su�ering. As on erns the average humanbeing, the greatest joys and sorrows are lo ked up in the realms of thisreprodu tive instin t and its asso iated sex-emotions and attra tions.No other primary emotion is apable of su h bene� ent use or su hmonstrous abuse. No other primitive instin t an ontribute so mu hto human happiness when properly exer ised; and likewise no other in-nate emotion an ause su h su�ering and sorrow when over-indulgedor otherwise perverted.

6.1.8 HungerHunger is the emotion onne ted with the instin t of nutrition. Thedesire for food is one of the strongest of all human instin ts, and theasso iated emotion of hunger is what leads to our hunting and feedingimpulses. This is the emotion that is responsible for the developmentof the ulinary and other arts having to do with the preparation andpreservation of food.The grati� ation of healthy hunger is one of the most profound ofall human joys. A good appetite, if properly ontrolled, is the sour eof lifelong pleasure. Like the sex-emotions, hunger may be utilizedfor the produ tion of joy or perverted to su h an extent as to be omeresponsible for the keenest su�ering and sorrow.

6.1.9 Se uritySe urity is the emotion we feel when we yield to our inherent gregar-ious instin t. Man is naturally a herd animal. He feels safer whenhe is one of a rowd of his own fellows. This emotion of se urity isthe well-spring of the impulse of self-preservation, and when indulged,yields that feeling of safety whi h we experien e as the result of om-6.1. PRIMARY INSTINCTS AND EMOTIONS 77panionship with those of our kind.Many animals, although they exhibit little or no a�e tion for oneanother, insist on remaining together in herds. Most human beingsdread to be alone. Solitary on�nement is regarded as the a me ofpunishment. Some nervous patients simply will not remain alone. Wedearly like to ongregate in throngs on the slightest pretense - a pa-rade, or a football game - no matter what the ex use, mankind likesto revert to the asso iations of the herd. Many an unso ial being,while shunning intimate personal onta t with his fellows, neverthe-less, sti ks losely to the great ity with its teeming thousands.The sense of se urity is essential to human happiness. No matterhow little personal a�e tion we may have for our immediate asso iates,we do not want to be alone. No matter how irritating our fellows maysometimes prove to be, we prefer to remain with the tribe. We an, of ourse, by means of diminished self- ontrol, indulge in su h anti-so ial ondu t as to ause ourselves to be segregated from our fellows; su hisolation, however, soon be omes a sour e of unhappiness. In fa t, were ognize that most of our primitive instin ts an be so exer ised asto ontribute either to our happiness or unhappiness. Mu h dependsupon our rea tion to our emotions - our self- ontrol.

6.1.10 HoardingHoarding is the emotion a ompanying the instin t of a quisition. Itis the urge to labor and leads to the enduran e of hardship in an e�ortto a umulate food and other possessions whi h we deem essential tothe joy of living. When perverted, this impulse may lead to theft andother rimes, or may manifest itself after that pe uliar fashion knownas kleptomania. A typi al example of the hoarding instin t is seen inthe a tion of a squirrel burying nuts.In a former generation we forewent the pleasures of living in order

82 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTS6.2.2 AdmirationAdmiration is built out of the primary instin ts of wonder and sub-je tion, and is probably also asso iated with its fellow a quirementof pride. Unmistakably the feeling of admiration is also tinged withawe. No doubt it has a tou h of both sympathy and love. Whenover-indulged, arried too far, it may often terminate in envy.Curiosity leads to that investigation and inspe tion whi h, with itsasso iated emotion of wonder, onstitutes the basis of admiration; andwhen, in the presen e of our new dis overy, we observe ertain elementsof superiority in it, we are led to experien e the emotion of subjugation- the expression of the inherent tenden y toward self-abasement in thepresen e of superiority of for e or being.I doubt if the highly self-satis�ed and on eited person is apable ofgenuinely admiring anything or anybody. And we must not overlookthe fa t that when we enlarge our apa ity for admiration we at thesame time in rease our apa ity for happiness.

6.2.3 ImitationImitation is founded primarily on the inherent emotion of se urity,the outgrowth of the instin t of gregariousness. Tribal asso iation isat the basis of suggestion, and suggestion leads to imitation. These ondary emotion of admiration, as already de�ned, must of ourseenter into it, for we want to imitate only that whi h has �rst hallengedour admiration. Another se ondary emotion whi h undoubtedly is afa tor in imitation is that of vanity.Imitation is the basis of our edu ation, of our whole regime of indus-trial training, of our so ial a quirements and onvi tions. Imitationrepresents our ondu t when we are engaged in a epting a sugges-tion. Imitation augments our feeling of so ial unity, and adds to our6.2. SECONDARY OR COMPOSITE EMOTIONS 79their asso iated emotions. It is the basi instin t that makes man a�ghting animal. It is the biologi explanation of war. Some femalesare de� ient in it, but it is present in large degree in the averagemale. It is a type of general defense rea tion. That is, when anyof the inherent emotions are thwarted, the natural rea tion is one ofpugna ious resistan e, and there is aroused in onne tion with thisbehavior a rea tion of more or less anger.What happens when you try to take a bone away from a dog? Thebest-natured infant displays resentment if you interrupt his meal. Allmen resent any interferen e with their pleasures. Even the strong emo-tion of fear will give way to pugna ity and anger; the most timid ani-mal, when it is brought to bay, and �nds its instin t of ight thwarted,is apt to turn vi iously upon its pursuer.While we are entitled to that self- on�den e, that desire to lookout for our rights and privileges, whi h is ompatible with averageself-respe t and self-esteem, it is unfailingly true that when we be omeover-belli ose and pugna ious, our emotion of anger an be dependedupon to neutralize the joys of living and eventually to all but kill thevery happiness for the promotion of whi h our pugna ity has beenover-exer ised and our anger over-indulged. Man is not truly happywhen he is angry.

6.2 Se ondary or Composite EmotionsWe have just seen that the human spe ies is largely dominated by agroup of twelve inherited emotions. We should next give attention tothe manner in whi h these twelve emotions an be ombined, built up,or asso iated into se ondary, omposite or a quired emotions.It is not easy to �nd the proper words to de�ne or express thesehighly omplex feelings and emotions, and undoubtedly various au-thorities might suggest a somewhat di�erent lassi� ation, but the

80 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTSfollowing represents what to me seems to be a fairly omprehensivesurvey of this group:Se ondary Emotion Primary Components(Composite and a quired) (Instin tive fa tors)1. Sympathy Tenderness + Sex + Se urity2. Admiration Wonder + Subje tion + (Pride)3. Imitation Admiration + Se urity + (Vanity)4. Rivalry Elation + Anger + (Envy)5. Vanity Elation + Sex + (Pride)6. Pride Elation + Hoarding + (Egotism)7. Gratitude Tenderness + Subje tion + (Awe)8. Awe Fear + Admiration + (Subje tion)9. Reveren e Awe + Gratitude + (Spiritual Nature)10. Envy Anger + Subje tion + (Pride)11. Remorse Anger + Revenge + (Subje tion)12. S orn Anger + Disgust + (Elation)13. Contempt Disgust + Elation + (Vanity)14. Aversion Fear + Disgust + (Rivalry)15. Courage Elation + Some other emotionsThus we see that we may employ our primary emotions mu h as wewould words for the purpose of building up senten es, more full and omprehensive expressions of thought. As we progress in the s ale of ivilization our omplexity of thought greatly in reases - and likewiseour power of originating more omplex emotions - and thus is the apa ity for enjoying happiness or experien ing sorrow also greatlyaugmented.Let us then more fully onsider the omposite nature of our emo-tions.

6.2. SECONDARY OR COMPOSITE EMOTIONS 816.2.1 SympathySympathy we observe to be based on the primary emotions of tender-ness, sex, and se urity. This a quired emotion presupposes more orless love and devotion. It onnotes an understanding, to some degreeat least, of human nature. It is the biologi and psy hologi al foun-dation for that state of mind that makes possible the promulgation ofthe Golden Rule.Sympathy has its root in parental devotion, in sex atta hment, andin that fellow feeling toward the rest of the herd or tribe whi h makesus more se ure in our personal existen e.Sympathy implies suggestibility. Suggestion has mu h to do withour edu ation through the hannel of imitation. It is be ause of sug-gestion - that strange urge to do what others do and think what othersthink - that the animal herds stampede, all the dogs in the neighbor-hood join in a dog �ght, and human beings be ome pani -stri ken andrun amu k as a mob.Not only are our tender emotions sympatheti ally aroused by thesight of su�ering or sorrow, but fear anger, joy, and laughter are alsohighly ontagious. Even uriosity is at hing: witness the rowdsgathered on the street- orner, all gazing skyward, just be ause one ortwo persons �rst paused to behold something in the heavens. Pra -ti ally all our primary emotions an be sympatheti ally ex ited bysuggestion. Sometimes, in our e�orts to indulge in self-assertion (toover ome our subje tive tenden ies), we develop a ontrary state ofmind - ontra-suggestion. I am sure the reader annot help but re og-nize the vast possibilities for weal or for woe that lurk in the qualityof emotional sympathy. Un ontrolled sympathy may plunge us intoall sorts of over-soli itous anxiety and unne essary worry. Normalsympathy invariably ontributes to the sum of our happiness.

86 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTS6.2.8 AweAwe is produ ed by a ombination of fear and subje tion. When ourinstin t of fear is �rst aroused and we are fa ed with a superior exhibi-tion of some sort, so that self-abasement fun tions, and we experien ethe emotion of subje tion, then, if in onne tion with these primary in-stin ts there is more or less of the se ondary feeling of admiration, thefoundation is laid whereby we may be ome more or less over-whelmedby in uen es and phenomena whi h we annot fully understand.At the bottom of our awe is always the trinity of uriosity, igno-ran e, and fear.I fully re ognize that awe may be a fa tor in reveren e and wor-shipfulness, and in su h a role it is ertainly sometimes uplifting andjoy-favoring; but, as more ommonly experien ed, it probably on-tributes mu h to our fear, anxiety, and unhappiness. At least, therealways exists great danger, through ignoran e, that awe may augmentour superstitious tenden ies and thus lead to all sorts of foolish worryand unwholesome anxiety.

6.2.9 Reveren eThis is the �rst ompound emotion we have onsidered in whi h we donot �nd as a omponent fa tor any primary or inherited emotion - un-less we are disposed to in lude uriosity and wonder. As we progressin the s ale of human feelings and higher emotions, we shall �nd moreand more of these emotions whi h are built out of similar emotions;that is, feelings whi h are ombinations of other omposite and om-plex emotions. Reveren e is the o�spring of awe and gratitude, andthis is the �rst point at whi h we ome in onta t with a probablespiritual nature in the human spe ies.Reveren e is that emotion, that state of mind, that basi feeling6.2. SECONDARY OR COMPOSITE EMOTIONS 83 apa ity for so ial ooperation.We have a variety of imitative behavior. The most ommon formis that based on sympathy, as when we smile ba k in re ognition ofthe smiles bestowed upon us. Even animals ee and stampede forno other reason than that their fellows are similarly exer ised. Thissort of imitative ondu t seems to be an outgrowth of the gregariousinstin t and its emotion of se urity.Another phase of imitation is shown in the ase of the hild whoimitates the gestures or other behavior of someone who has ex ited his uriosity or admiration. Adults painstakingly imitate the te hniqueof their more experien ed and skillful superiors.We must re ognize the ne essity for so ontrolling the imitativetenden y as to lead us in helpful dire tions. Suggestion is a powerfulin uen e, and we annot ignore its possibilities for good or evil.

6.2.4 RivalryRivalry is founded on the two primary emotions of elation and anger.Elation, the emotion of the self-assertive instin t, and anger, the feel-ing a ompanying the instin t of pugna ity, lead to emotions of rivalrywhen they are a bit further augmented by the se ondary emotion ofenvy.Rivalry leads to emulation. There is undoubtedly a tinge of jeal-ously in it, and ofttimes of sex- ons iousness. Rivalry is an importantelement in both pride and so- alled patriotism.True rivalry is di�erentiated from anger in that the former doesnot seek to destroy its opponent. Rivalry is best illustrated by theplayful �ghting of young animals and by the spirited ontests betweenhuman beings in onne tion with games and out-door sports. Thistrait is strongly present in Ameri ans and in most Europeans, but is

84 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTSonly rarely manifested by the Hindus and other Oriental ra es.If rivalry an be dominated largely by elation it will minister to ourhappiness; if anger is allowed to enter too largely into its omposition,as a rule, it be omes a fa tor for unhappiness. It all depends on howwe manage its ow and ontrol its origin.6.2.5 VanityVanity grows out of the primary emotions of elation and sex, plusthose se ondary feelings we ommonly in lude in the term pride. Weare vain be ause we enjoy the emotions of elation asso iated with theinstin t of self-assertion, and vanity is pe uliarly asso iated with thesex-instin t in the female. In fa t, in a way we might say that vanityis pe uliar to the human female, tho men may share this emotion toa lesser degree.Vanity also sometimes takes on the nature of self-dire ted pity, sym-pathy, and love; and when thus exer ised it may be ome a sour e ofmu h sorrow before we awaken to dis over how mu h unhappiness an be generated by self-pity and overmu h introspe tion. The sim-ple vanity of the average woman is ertainly harmless and altogetherwholesome as a promoter of happiness.6.2.6 PridePride is built upon the primary instin t foundation of elation andhoarding, plus the psy hi state of egotism. We are proud of and enjoythe elation asso iated with self-assertion. We are proud of our abilityto a umulate, to hoard, and are ons ious of the poise and power that ome with possession. This element of pride is more distin tly a maleemotion as ontrasted with the vanity of the female. It has more todo with the mas uline egotism, self- on�den e, ourage, and hivalry6.2. SECONDARY OR COMPOSITE EMOTIONS 85that go with the male ons iousness of superior physi al power andenduran e.We must not onfuse the impulse of pride with normal and legit-imate self- on�den e - a sort of self-regarding sentiment. Again, wemust not overlook the fa t that pride of a ertain sort may add mu h tothe satisfa tion of living; while if our ego be omes too highly exalted,we may �nd ourselves entangled in an unfortunate maze of psy hi diÆ ulties and so ial rebu�s that will e�e tively destroy our pea e ofmind and undermine our happiness.

6.2.7 GratitudeGratitude is omposed of the primary instin ts of tenderness and sub-je tion tinged with the se ondary emotion of awe. We an be in u-en ed by gratitude in the �rst pla e be ause we are tenderhearted, andnext, be ause we feel, in the presen e of ertain things or situations,more or less self-abasement, with its emotion of subje tion. Then ifthe exhibition of superiority is arried a bit farther, so that there is[lost word℄ within our mind a feeling of awe, we are ripe for experi-en ing the emotion of gratitude. We are ready to give thanks, andthe whole state of mind represents one of intelle tual appre iation,the dawn of the sense of values and relationships between things andbeings.We experien e a feeling of gratitude when we re eive somethingfrom some sour e whi h we regard as superior - from some being ofexalted power. We are exer ised by gratitude when we are re ipients ofsomething at the hands of someone we admire and respe t - somethingwhi h we ould not bestow upon ourselves. On the whole, gratitudeis highly helpful in its emotional in uen e on health and happiness.

90 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTSdeep roots of envy. Aversion may be developed to that point wherethe fear element subsides, rivalry disappears, and disgust develops intointensi�ed loathing, even horror; strange to say, it is sometimes in this onne tion that the emotion of wonder, the instin t of uriosity, omesinto play, and we ofttimes see that wonder is able to turn loathing intofas ination. We sometimes be ome inordinately fas inated by thosethings that were primarily ex eedingly disgusting and for whi h weexperien ed the deepest aversion.Look with misgiving upon the tenden y toward over-development ofaversion. While we are justi�ed in tolerating its reasonable presen e inthe fa e of ugliness and wrong-doers, we must arefully avoid be omingover-sensitive and �ni ky in the presen e of the ommon problems and ir umstan es of every-day life.

6.2.15 CourageCourage is rather diÆ ult to de�ne. It is a omposite emotion, hav-ing for its basis the primary emotion of elation, asso iated with theinstin t of self-assertiveness. It is probable that ourage is elation om-bined sometimes with one emotion and sometimes with one or moreother emotions. Courage is the emotion that leads to a ts of bravery,and while it may be asso iated with many emotions, impulses, andsentiments, it is hara terized by the fa t that it represents the tri-umph of faith over fear. When ourage is in the saddle, the primaryinstin t of fear, for the time being, has been vanquished.This, then, represents an e�ort brie y to de�ne and summarizethose �fteen se ondary omposite or a quired emotions whi h repre-sent the psy hologi al evolutions of the twelve primary instin ts andtheir a ompanying emotions.When our more highly organized or omposite emotions be ome learly de�ned in the ons iousness, when they be ome entered about6.2. SECONDARY OR COMPOSITE EMOTIONS 87whi h is utilized by our higher mental powers or spiritual nature forpurposes of worship. Reveren e is the �rst fruit of the progressiveevolution of man from his physi al nature, up through his instin tivesphere and psy hologi al development, to the higher realm of spiritualideals.Like many other a quired emotions, reveren e may ontribute toeither happiness or sorrow, depending altogether on how we rea tto its impulse. In moderation reveren e leads to a normal attitudeof worshipfulness, and it is only when su h emotions lead to over- ons ientiousness and religious worry that they an be regarded asfa tors of unhappiness.

6.2.10 EnvyEnvy is built out of the primary emotions of anger and subje tion.When we are in the presen e of something that auses us to expe-rien e the instin t of self-abasement, with its asso iated emotion ofsubje tion; when this situation be omes a bit irksome, and we growrestive in its presen e; when we feel that the joys of living are insome way being interfered with by our superior fellows - then angeris aroused, and we are more or less pugna ious; and if, in onne tionwith this, the a quired emotion of pride is interfered with - if our ela-tion is suppressed and our instin t for hoarding enjoined - then thefoundations are laid for envy. Envy is, of ourse, the basis of jealousy,and has its deeper roots in the hoarding impulse.We are usually envious of people be ause they have something wefailed to get, or else be ause they have more of it than we have. Crueltyis no doubt many times merely the expression of sub ons ious envyand jealousy.

88 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTS6.2.11 RemorseRemorse is founded on the primary instin t of anger and on thatmore highly developed sentiment whi h we all revenge. (Sentimentsas a lass we will de�ne more fully presently.) In order to show howanger is father to remorse, we should explain that remorse is angerdire ted against ourselves. It is sorrowful regret for one's own a ts.You should be angry at yourself for something wrong you have done,but you an't \get mad" at yourself as you an at another person,and so you temper your anger, when self-dire ted, into the emotionalterms of remorse; and now, on the other hand, toward those who havebe ome responsible for your self-humiliation - be ause one always seeksan alibi - you have a feeling of revenge.The primary instin t of subje tion also is a part of remorse; it omesinto play as a result of experien ing the debasement of our emotion ofelation. Remorse implies that we have passed through an emotional on i t, and that our hoi e and its resultant behavior are not su has to warrant self-approbation. We su�er remorse when we are thusdisappointed in our de isions and ondu t.Remorse is the mildew of the omposite emotions. It withers everynoble ambition if it is long indulged. We annot hope to avoid experi-en ing it now and then, but we should studiously avoid its prolongedentertainment. We should learn early and skilfully to settle our emo-tional on i ts, so as to avoid having to live any onsiderable part ofour lives in the debilitating atmosphere of remorse.6.2.12 S ornS orn is built out of the primary emotions of anger and disgust. Inthe presen e of the instin t of repulsion we experien e the emotion ofdisgust, and when that with whi h we are disgusted is interfering insome way with our joy of living, then our pugna ity and its asso iated6.2. SECONDARY OR COMPOSITE EMOTIONS 89anger are aroused, and these together ause us to s orn those whodisgust us. Se ondarily there omes into play the primary emotion ofelation: having permitted ourselves to indulge in s orn, we are wontto enjoy self-assertion and elation. This whole experien e onnotesintelle tual failure on our part to appre iate the worth and strugglesof our fellow beings.S orn is seldom, if ever, a fa tor in human happiness. If you desirequi kly to lose all your worth-while friends, just begin to indulge ins orn and pra ti e yni ism.6.2.13 ContemptHere is the next step in omposite emotions. Contempt is a ombi-nation of the primary emotions of disgust and elation. It presupposesthat s orn has gone before, and on top of disgust we are elated, we pos-itively assert ourselves; and then, if we add to this the feeling of vanity,as already de�ned, we have the stage set for profound ontempt. Itrepresents, psy hologi ally speaking, a state of exaggeration of ego, onthe one hand, and a ultivated over-sensitiveness to repulsive thingsand unpleasant onditions, on the other.6.2.14 AversionComing down through the s ale of s orn and ontempt, we next haveaversion, a omposite emotion built out of fear and disgust. Not onlyis something repulsive to us, and therefore disgusting, but we re ognizeit more or less as a rival; it interferes with our pleasure of living, andso we tend to give it a wide berth, parti ularly through fear as to whatmight be the out ome of too intimate a onta t with the obje t of ouraversion.In the end, through it all, there is the feeling of rivalry, with its

94 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTS6.3.4 RevengeRevenge is a ompli ated, deep-seated human sentiment. It starts outas rivalry, then grows into envy; disappointment breeds anger; in theend it is sometimes propelled by that demon of all human sentiments,hate. We may be ome angry at an insult whi h assails our elationand assaults our ego. We may seek retaliation be ause of some realor fan ied wrong. It may be that a so ial struggle has hallengedour pugna ity and thus aroused our anger and in the end embitteredus to the indulgen e of hate. Revenge is the full growth of toleratedbitterness and emotional disappointment.Our whole system of law, penalties, and punishments is but ane�ort to substitute the ma hinery of publi justi e for the older orderof private vengean e. The desire for revenge follows on the heels of ons ious resentment. We more parti ularly resent publi slights orinsults, and our vengeful emotion is shown in our studied e�orts to\get even" with the o�ender.We also resent insult or injury to our family, tribe, or ountry, andthus may develop family feuds and national animosities with theirbloodshed and wars. The savage, ofttimes, when brooding over hisinsult and his ontemplated revenge, is found to \sulk in his tent".Vengean e is a deliberated sort of resentment in ontrast with thesudden and unrestrained emotional rea tion of anger, tho all revengeis rooted and grounded in anger - the pugna ious instin t.The soul who seeks revenge is sad and self- entered. Joy attendsthe forgiving spirit, while sorrow and regret are the �nal rewards of allwho allow their better natures to be ravaged by the barbarous desirefor personal vengean e.

6.3. HUMAN SENTIMENTS 91somebody or something, they a quire the dignity of sentiments; andwe should know that when we get into the realm of human sentimentwe are fa e to fa e with su h full-grown impulses as love, hate, andrespe t, not to mention the more profound and higher onvi tions thatsometimes ome to possess and ontrol the human mind.

6.3 Human Sentiments1 Having seen how the twelve primary instin ts an be built up into�fteen se ondary or a quired emotions, let us take the next step andstudy the ten human sentiments, whi h are likewise reated out ofour primary inherited and se ondary a quired emotions. When ouremotions are oordinated and fo used on some person or thing, we all the feeling a sentiment. Sentiments may be lassi�ed as follows:

Sentiments Component Emotions1. Pity Tenderness + Sympatheti Pain2. Shame Self-respe t wounded by self3. Jealousy Love + Self-abasement + Anger + (Fear)4. Revenge Anger + Rivalry + Envy + (Hate)5. Reproa h Anger + Tenderness + Remorse6. Humility Subje tion + Awe + Reveren e7. Play A ertain psy hi and physi al state8. Humor Elation + Rivalry + Vanity + Pride9. Love Tenderness + Sex + Respe t + Sympathy10. Hate Anger + Fear + Disgust + Rivalry1In the matter of sentiments, we are beholden to Shand's on ept of thesehuman experien es as related to emotions and instin ts, and indebted to him formany of the suggestions herewith presented.

92 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTS6.3.1 PityPity has for its foundation the primary emotion of tenderness and asympathy whi h is so profound as to be ome almost painful. We arealways hurt when we indulge in pity. There is sometimes asso iatedwith pity the sub ons ious feeling of superiority and more or less on-des ension. It onnotes that we are playing the role of a haritablebenefa tor, and deep down in the sub ons ious mind there is the emo-tion of elation, tho, of ourse, we would never for a moment admit thisto our more super� ial ons iousness; nevertheless, the truth is thatthere is behind some forms of pity more or less elation.When moderately indulged, pity may augment our apa ity for hap-piness; but if over-developed it undoubtedly dampens joy and burdensthe mind with anxiety.

6.3.2 ShameShame is a sentiment whi h represents the wounding of our self-respe tby ourselves. Our elation or self-assertion has re eived a blow, and oureyes are open to the fa t. It is sometimes a very prominent fa tor inour expression of surprise, and no doubt in early life it is the hiefelement of so- alled bashfulness - that is, bashfulness in its more orless unre ognized state.Shame lies at the bottom of mu h that passes for shyness and mod-esty. Shame results from the ons iousness of a struggle going on be-tween the primary emotions of self-assertion and self-abasement. Wesu�er from a sense of shame when anything o urs whi h will tend tolower us in the esteem of our fellows. If our ondu t is su h that wemust frequently be ashamed of ourselves, we must re kon that su hself- ons iousness is bound to detra t from the sum of our personalhappiness.

6.3. HUMAN SENTIMENTS 936.3.3 JealousyJealousy is a deep-rooted sentiment. It is a ombination of self-abasement, with its feeling of subje tion and inferiority, in asso iationwith the fear emotion. It embra es more or less of the love impulse,and on top of all this there is present an element of anger.We feel that our happiness is being jeopardized. Pugna ity assertsitself. We propose to o�er resistan e, and anger omes in as the �rstspeaker of this emotional trio. Of ourse, it is nearly always angeragainst a third person, and sometimes it involves a lessening of thefeeling of tenderness for the se ond person; and further, as fa tors inthe omposition of this green-eyed monster, we must put down envyand wounded pride.Probably only a mother's love is so unsel�sh as to demand no re- ipro ation and therefore be in apable of jealousy. While animals andvery young hildren seem to be resentful of attentions paid to other in-dividuals, su h sensitiveness an hardly be regarded as full-grown jeal-ousy, sin e the latter sentiment presupposes the presen e of a highlydeveloped ons iousness in asso iation with profound a�e tion.We are exer ised by jealousy when the one we love gives to anotherthat a�e tion whi h we think belongs to us. We ome to feel anemotion of ownership in our friends and loved ones, and the loss oftheir devotion wounds our pride and self-esteem. When one's self-regarding sentiment has been severely wounded, there is likelihood ofarousing the vengeful emotion asso iated with resentment and anger.The green-eyed monster is ever the foe of happiness. If we permitjealousy to dominate the soul, joy is ertain to depart. There is a sor-did sel�shness asso iated with this sentiment that pre ludes a tranquilstate of mind.

98 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTSexer ises.Around this master-sentiment may gravitate a host of other pro-found emotions and sentiments - even onvi tions. As one psy hologisthas pointed out, when a man has a quired the sentiment of love fora fellow being he is apt to experien e the tender emotion when inthe presen e of this person, fear or anxiety when the loved one is indanger, anger when his friend is threatened, and sorrow if anything se-rious befalls this individual. Likewise, we rejoi e when our loved onesprosper, and feel grateful toward those who befriend or assist them.Love is the one divine element in human nature, the well-springof our profoundest joys and most lasting happiness. The wounding ofour love may indeed ause the keenest su�ering, and the failure to �ndit re ipro ated may ause the bitterest disappointment; nevertheless,the whole experien e of loving and being loved is so trans endent, sohuman, and so everlastingly beautiful, that we an only re kon thatthe whole experien e, from �rst to last - up hill and down, throughsunshine and storm - serves to stimulate the mind and inspire thesoul, while it enormously expands our apa ity to experien e joy andunderstand happiness.

6.3.10 HateHaving rea hed, in love, the a me of sentimental development, it onlyremains to de�ne hate. Hate is, after a fashion, nothing more norless than perverted, misdire ted love. It represents the prostitution ofsentiment, so that the pla e of respe t and love omes to be o upiedby a terrible quartet of anger, fear, disgust, and rivalry. Hate is thefull-grown sentimental ounter-part of the magni� ent impulse we alllove, and, of ourse, it likewise varies in degree in a ordan e with its omponent emotions and is modi�ed by the hara ter of the one whoindulges it.

6.3. HUMAN SENTIMENTS 956.3.5 Reproa hReproa h represents human anger modi�ed by the primary emotionof tenderness and restrained by the se ondary feeling of remorse. Itrepresents a state of mind whi h betokens the exer ise of self- ontroland suggests the possibility of administering orre tion or riti ismunder the guidan e of reason and judgment. When a person we lovedoes something distasteful to us, we reproa h him, saying, \Oh, how ould you do it!" If another had o�ended us in similar fashion ouranger would have been aroused.This is a sentiment that an easily be made to serve the ends ofeither happiness or sorrow - depending on how mu h intelligen e and orre tive planning attend its indulgen e. Wisely exer ised reproa hmay lead to repentan e and reform; over-indulged, it an bring aboutundue depression and protra ted sorrow.

6.3.6 HumilityThe sentiment of humility is founded on the primary emotion of sub-je tion, self-abasement, in onne tion with the se ondary ompositeemotions of awe and reveren e, and its real understanding is to befound in the individual natures of these omponents. Humility is of-ten mistaken for piety, and sometimes what we all humility is merelythe manifestation of some physi al disease or the outward exhibitionof an unfortunate inferiority omplex.Like reproa h, humility an be made to minister to both joy andsorrow. Undoubtedly, a normal state of humility predisposes oneto the re eption of many blessings in disguise; while overmu h self-depre iation an only bring on depression and sorrow. We must main-tain a reasonable self-respe t if we are to retain the joys of wholesomeelation.

96 CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTS6.3.7 PlayThe biology and psy hology of play are more or less obs ure. The playemotions are hard to isolate and de�ne. There is room here for almostendless dis ussion; there are at least half a dozen di�erent theoriesrespe ting play, its nature and origin.The play tenden ies of individuals and peoples are largely in u-en ed by the behavior of the du tless gland system - the tempera-ment. Disposition is the sum total of our inherited instin ts and theirasso iated emotions. Chara ter is the �nal produ t of our habit for-mations, our a quired hara teristi s based on both our dispositionsand temperaments.Play is altogether too omplex to be a simple instin t. It is likewisetoo ompli ated to be lassed as an emotion. It seems best to in ludeit among the more highly organized sentiments.Whatever we may say about play, we are ompelled to re ognizethat it is almost wholly the servant of joy. Play is the real sentiment ofgood heer, good will, and good times. Human beings are unquestion-ably most happy when they are in the midst of are-free and hildlikeplay.6.3.8 HumorHumor is probably founded on the basi emotion of elation onne tedwith the inherent instin t of self-assertion. We no doubt feel just abit superior to everything that ex ites our humor, tho the element ofsurprise also may ontribute to our laughter. There is also an elementof rivalry in humor. We enjoy a joke just a little better when wehave gotten the best of the other fellow. We laugh more heartilywhen the other fellow steps on a banana peel than we do when wepass through the same experien e ourselves. There is an element of

6.3. HUMAN SENTIMENTS 97vanity in humor, and probably some pride, tho we must admit that ofall human emotions, more parti ularly sentiments, this one of humoris the most diÆ ult to de�ne. I am not at all satis�ed with anyde�nition that has thus far been formulated. There is an undoubtedtemperamental bias to all our humor.Like play, humor is onsistently the hand-maiden of joy. Seldom,if ever, does good humor ulminate in sorrow. Humor is a sentimentpe uliarly and ex lusively human, and a \good story" an always bedepended upon to promote good fellowship and develop the heeryside of human nature.6.3.9 LoveWe are now approa hing the limax of human sentiment - the most omplex ombinations of feelings and emotions. Human love is foundedon the emotion of tenderness, having its root in the parental instin t.It next bran hes out and takes root in the sex-hunger emotion, havingits asso iation with the reprodu tive instin t; and then the element ofsympathy appears. There is not only the feeling of tenderness in sex- ompanionship, but also of in reased se urity from asso iation withour fellows. In a small way, the gregarious instin t is ena ting its role;there is safety in numbers, and then there omes into play that hu-man emotion whi h is so diÆ ult to de�ne, namely, respe t. I havenot in luded it among the emotions, nor among the sentiments, but Ibring it in here as an attribute, an auxiliary of love.Love is that pe uliar feeling of adoration and a�e tion for a personwhom we have ome to regard as the one among a thousand andaltogether to be desired over and above all the rest of reation. Loveis a full-grown sentiment. It is the sentiment of sentiments, the all-embra ing emotion of emotions, the supreme passion. Of ourse, itvaries in degree and nature a ording to its omponent parts and ina ordan e with the mind and hara ter of the individual whom it

102CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTSMany an individual oward is patrioti in rowds; he is brave whenhe is in an army, but he would not be so patrioti if he should be leftalone in defense of his ideals. In ertain aspe ts, patriotism is a sort of amou aged pride, a spe ies of disguised anger, rivalry, and revenge,whi h we persuade ourselves is justi�ed by the ir umstan es of thehour.6.4.4 ReligionReligion is a onvi tion having its roots in the emotions of fear andawe, as inspired by a belief in the superhuman. Closely asso iatedwith religion is the feeling of righteous indignation, whi h is so oftenaroused by the emotion of tenderness onne ted with the instin t ofparental love and devotion. From a biologi and psy hologi al stand-point, religion grows out of wonder and uriosity. To spe ulate onwhat is beyond the skies - on the life that may exist beyond this one- is an inherent impulse of human nature. The element of fear also omes in. Ignoran e always tends to beget the feeling of subje tionand self-abasement, while the presen e of material or other blessingstends, in sensitive natures, to inspire a sense of gratitude to the invis-ible power that runs the universe.Religion is, after all, merely that behavior whi h is di tated by on-s ien e and dire ted by one's spiritual mentor, assuming that mankindis indwelt by some sort of spiritual entity.

6.4.5 O upational loyaltyWe all enjoy being loyal to our business onne tions, our profession,our trade, et ., or to our so ial set. This onvi tion is likewise based onthe feeling of se urity, the safety that omes from tribal asso iation. Ithas also in it the emotions of pride and rivalry, mu h after the fashion6.3. HUMAN SENTIMENTS 99Little need be said about hate and its relation to happiness. Weall know that hate is in ompatible with joy. There is simply no wayto get omfort and delight out of the indulgen e of hate - it is trulythe ar h-demon of all the little devils who are subversive of joy anddestru tive of happiness.Su h, then, is the story of human sentiments. It should be re-membered in this onne tion that pleasure and pain are not emotions.They are feeling-tones that serve either to prolong or to ut short otheremotions. Ex itement and depression play the same roles.Sorrow is a term used synonymously with grief. It represents theopposite of happiness. It is after all hardly a sentiment or an emotion.It is a feeling-tone; one might de�ne sorrow as representing degrees offeeling-tone. Sorrow is aroused by extremes of emotion, by a mixtureof sentiment and over-ruling passions. It implies the over-throw of ourhopes, ambitions, and a�e tions; in its most extreme manifestation itis the feeling we experien e when we su�er the agony of despair.Joy, like sorrow, is a term onnoting degrees of feeling-tone. Bothjoy and sorrow may qualify all other emotions. We may have anydegree of sorrow and likewise any degree of joy asso iated with anyand all other human emotions and sentiments. Joy is perhaps mosttypi ally expressed in our play-fun tions, when we have an opportunityfor self-display in asso iation with extremes of pleasurable emotions,enjoyable master-sentiments, and impassioned happiness. It is thepleasurable feeling aroused by any and all intense emotions, mastersentiments, strong passions, and profound onvi tions.Happiness onstitutes the goal of our emotional life. It stands forthat psy hi and physi al state of being whi h represents the sum totalof pleasure that an be experien ed by a highly developed personality.Happiness is the ideal of human existen e. It is the realization of joyraised to the nth power, and may qualify and intensify all other humanemotions.

100CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTS6.4 Human Convi tionsWe have now ome to know how twelve basi inherent instin ts andtheir a ompanying emotions an be ombined and organized into �f-teen se ondary or omposite emotions; and how, still further, thesetwelve primary emotions and �fteen se ondary emotions are apableof being on entrated upon some obje t or person and thus an be ombined and built up into the ten master-sentiments of human ex-perien e.Now we are ready for the next step. These primary instin ts andse ondary emotions, together with their more omplex resultant sen-timents, onstitute the material out of whi h we build the seven on-trolling onvi tions of human experien e, and they may be lassi�edas follows:Controlling Convi tions Component Sentiments1. Friendship Sympathy + Love + Respe t2. Altruism Elation + Pity + Sympathy3. Patriotism Se urity + Rivalry + Pride + Vanity4. Religion Wonder + Fear + Gratitude + Subje tion5. O upational Loyalty Se urity + Pride + Rivalry6. Family Loyalty Tenderness + Sex + Pride + Jealousy7. So ial Conventions Fear + Se urity + Shame + PrideIn further explanation of onvi tions we may o�er the followingsuggestions:6.4.1 FriendshipFriendship is the �rst and basi human onvi tion. It is more thanan emotion, it is greater than an impulse, it trans ends a sentiment.

6.4. HUMAN CONVICTIONS 101There is something profound about friendship at its best. It is un-doubtedly based on the sentiment of love, and has in asso iation withit many other emotions, in luding, no doubt, both sympathy and re-spe t. Friendship is the equivalent of love plus loyalty and more orless of the sex-element. It is so in uential in human experien e thatthere appear to be no lengths to whi h it will not go to assert itselfand to justify its existen e.

6.4.2 AltruismAltruism is also a onvi tion, at least with many people. It is, nodoubt, founded on the basi emotion of elation and the instin t of self-assertion. We have a pe uliar pride and satisfa tion in knowing thatwe are big enough and good enough and kind enough to be altruisti .Then the emotions of sympathy and pity ome in for their part. We aresympatheti with those we help, and sometimes we go so far as to pitythem. In fa t, altruism is a sort of glori�ed pity, exalted sympathy,idealized elation, if you please - a spe ies of so ial patriotism.

6.4.3 PatriotismPatriotism is no doubt founded on the primary emotion of se urity,asso iated with the herd instin t. We defend our ountry and ourinstitutions be ause we need their prote tion. The element of rivalry omes in, starting out sometimes quite inno ently, and ending, whenour own se urity is threatened, with the arousal of pugna ity and itsa ompanying anger; and that, many times, means war. Also into ourpatriotism ome the emotions of pride and vanity, although we wouldnot are to push these to the foreground in our own ons iousness.Patriotism simply means loyalty to the ommon herd. It is a spe iesof so ial ourage.

6.4. HUMAN CONVICTIONS 103of patriotism. We like to be loyal to the satisfa tion of our reativepride, the fa t that we have onstru ted things. It is a form of lan orminor herd pride.6.4.6 Family loyaltyFamily loyalty is a deep onvi tion. It grows out of the primary in-stin ts of tenderness and sex, in whi h the more unstable emotionalelements of pride and jealousy play varying parts. It is the basis ofhuman so iety and embra es a wide range of emotions and sentiments.The home, through its asso iation of husband and wife and the rear-ing of hildren, and through this group's onta t with the outer world,develops some of the highest emotions and sentiments of the humanheart. It is the basis of the ideal of so ial life in this world.

6.4.7 So ial onventionsThe onvi tion that we should be more or less loyal to the onventionsof so iety, has for its origin the two primary emotions of se urity andfear. We feel more se ure in the tribe, and we feel safer if we liveas the tribe lives. But the tribal tabus, the so ial requirements, areimportant to keep, not only be ause of this se urity, but be ause wewant the respe t and admiration of our fellows.Then, too, the element of fear de�nitely prevails here. We fearthe result of ignoring the time-honored ustoms and traditions of ourra e and kin. Still further, the element of pride omes in. If weobey we are exemplary itizens. If we disobey we bear the stigma ofreproa h. And still further there is an element of shame. We don'twant to be numbered among the sinners and inferiors. Of ourse, thiswhole onvi tion is largely a matter of edu ation, training, and so ialexample, and here, for the �rst time, we arrive at the pla e where

104CHAPTER 6. EMOTIONS, INSTINCTS, AND SENTIMENTSedu ation be omes the dominant role, the hief fa tor in the reationof a human onvi tion.