6.5 rome and the roots of western civilization
DESCRIPTION
What the Roman Empire gave the West, including its influences in art, law, architecture, language, and technology.TRANSCRIPT
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Rome and the Roots of Rome and the Roots of Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
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Objectives
• Know and understand the contributions Rome made to Western culture.
• Artistic
• Legal
• Architectural
• Language
• Technology/engineering
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Classical civilization
• Greco-Roman culture or the mix of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman influences.
• Bear in mind that the Roman Empire spanned a wide expanse of territory and incorporated a number of cultures. Just as Roman culture influences them, they influence Rome and a whole new mix comes out.
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Fine arts
• Greek sculpture emphasized the ideal human form. Roman sculpture presented more realistic representations of people. The Romans were practically-minded, after all.
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From this…From this… to this.to this.
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• Bas-relief
• Type of sculpture with figures that project from a flat background. Often used to tell stories.
Trajan’s Column
Bas-relief of a play
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Notice how the bas-relief spirals around the column all the way to the top.
• Can see close up pictures here, here, or here.
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• Mosaics
• Very intricate and made by many small tiles.
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Close-up of a mosaic.
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• Painting
• Doesn’t survive as well, but we have many fine examples from Pompeii.
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PompeiiPompeii
August 24, August 24, AD 79AD 79
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From a barFrom a bar
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GraffitiGraffiti
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• Literature
• Virgil wrote the Aeneid, an epic about the mythical Trojan hero Aeneas who travels to Italy after the Trojan War and becomes an ancestor of the Romans.
• Was a nationalistic work and a love note to Roman virtues.
• Written between 29-19 BC, a time of transition from the republic to the empire. Meant to reunite Romans under “Roman-ness” after the civil wars.
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• History
• Livy, Plutarch, and Tacitus wrote histories of Rome. Tacitus was more accurate than past historians, mainly because he was trying to write history. Still somewhat biased – like even modern historians.
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What Rome gave us
• Language
• The Latin language was predominant in the western Empire and became the basis for the Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian, and French languages – the Romance languages.
• Started off as just bad Latin, but then established themselves as separate languages.
• Influenced other languages as well, at least insofar as the words they use.
• English, for example, doesn’t really have Latin syntax grammar, but has many Latin words.
• Part of this is because Latin was the language of the Roman Catholic Church and of academics. Naturally, it influenced non-Romance languages.
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• Architecture
• Many important buildings, like government buildings, use neo-Classical architecture. Like say, the U.S. Capitol Building.
The columns, the dome, the arches.
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• The Romans were also big on the arch.
• As we’ve previously discussed, it’s an extremely efficient weight-bearing structure.
• You see them a lot in their aqueducts, for example.
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• The aqueducts were used to supply Rome with water and were engineering marvels.
• Eleven of them were built over 500 years, ran for 260 miles, and had gradients of just 1/2000. That means that for every 2,000 meters in length, they lowered in elevation just 1 meter. That’s about a yard every 1.25 miles. In some cases less – one aqueduct descends only 17 meters over 31 miles. This gradient used gravity to keep the water flowing.
• Most of them ran underground. Only 29 mile were above ground and required those amazing spans.
• They supplied Rome with nearly 300 million gallons of water a day. That’s for a population of just 1 million. That makes for about 300 gallons of water per day per person.
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• This is more than what most water systems provide today.
• There were over documented aqueducts that supplied water to Rome and other Roman cities throughout the empire. Some of them are still in use today.
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Maps of aqueducts going into Rome.
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• Pantheon The PantheonThe Pantheon
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• The roads and road system were also engineering marvels, but we’ve already talked about them.
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• Law
• Big contribution, mainly the rights of individuals.
• Rights under the law.
• Innocent until proven guilty.
• Burden of proof on accuser.
• Punishment for actions.
• The legal system also became basis of most Western countries’ legal systems.
• England, the U.S., and other Anglosphere countries, while heavily influenced by the Roman system and its reliance on rights, operate by common law.