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A N C I E N T R O M E
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This book provides a short but comprehensive political history of ancientRome from the origins of the city in the Italian Iron Age to the deposition ofthe last emperor in a.d. 476. The reasons for Rome’s conquest and absorptionof Italy, and how this gave the Romans a manpower reserve that allowed themto conquer the Mediterranean in half a century, are described. The militaryresponsibilities attendant upon these conquests undermined the political in-stitutions of the Republic, with the Emperor Augustus managing to set upsurreptitiously a monarchical form of government, in effect securing two cen-turies of peace. New military pressures then caused a significant change inthe structure of the Imperial government, which eventually succumbed in thewest to invasion. The influence on the Imperial government of the adoptionof Christianity as the state religion is also discussed.
Christopher S. Mackay is Associate Professor at the University of Alberta. Hehas published numerous articles on all periods of Roman history, is associateeditor of the American Journal of Ancient History, and is the author of a forth-coming book containing the only modern Latin text and English translationof the Malleus Maleficarum, a fifteenth-century handbook on witch-hunting.
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ANCIENT ROME
A MILITARY AND POLITICALHISTORY
-
C H R I S T O P H E R S. M A C K A Y
University of Alberta
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80918-4 - Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryChristopher S. MackayFrontmatterMore information
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521809184
© Christopher S. Mackay 2004
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004Reprinted 2005 (twice), 2006
Printed in the United States of America
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Mackay, Christopher S., 1962–
Ancient Rome : a military and political history / Christopher S. Mackay.p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-521-80918-5
1. Rome – History – Kings, 753–510 b.c. 2. Rome – History – Republic, 510–30 B.C. 3. Rome – History – Empire, 30 B.C.–284 A.D. I. Title
DG231.M33 2004937 – dc22 2004040682
ISBN-13 978-0-521-80918-4 hardbackISBN-10 0-521-80918-5 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility forthe persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or
third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publicationand does not guarantee that any content on such
Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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To Kellywho helped so much
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80918-4 - Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryChristopher S. MackayFrontmatterMore information
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations page ix
Maps xi
Introduction 1
part one: obscure beginnings, to 264 b.c. 3
1 Foundations and Kingdom, to ca. 507 b.c. 9
2 Domestic History of the Early Republic,ca. 507 b.c.–ca. 287 b.c. 23
3 Conquest of Latium and Italy, ca. 507 b.c.–264 b.c. 40
part two: conquest of the mediterranean,264 b.c.–146 b.c. 57
4 Struggle with Carthage, 264 b.c.–146 b.c. 61
5 Wars in the East, 215 b.c.–146 b.c. 76
6 Conquest of Spain, 218 b.c.–134 b.c. 89
7 Effects of the Conquests on Rome 93
part three: collapse of the republic,133 b.c.–27 b.c. 101
8 Assault on the Oligarchy, 133 b.c.–81 b.c. 106
9 Restored Oligarchy, 81 b.c.–59 b.c. 130
1 0 Caesar and the End of Republican Government, 59 b.c.–44 b.c. 143
1 1 Conflict of the Warlords, 44 b.c.–27 b.c. 159
1 2 Politics in the Late Republic 170
vii
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80918-4 - Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryChristopher S. MackayFrontmatterMore information
C O N T E N T S
part four: the principate, 27 b.c.–a.d. 235 177
1 3 Augustus and the Establishment of the Principate, 31 b.c–a.d. 14 182
1 4 Julio-Claudian Dynasty, a.d. 14–a.d. 68 192
1 5 Civil War and the Flavian Dynasty, a.d. 68–a.d. 96 210
1 6 Pinnacle of the Principate, a.d. 96–a.d. 192 223
1 7 Civil War and the Severan Dynasty, a.d. 193–a.d. 235 236
1 8 Institutions of the Principate 249
part five: the late empire, a.d. 235–a.d. 476 261
1 9 Military and Dynastic Crisis, a.d. 235–a.d. 284 266
20 Rise of Christianity 283
21 Diocletian and the Restoration of Imperial Authority,a.d. 284–a.d. 305 291
22 Civil War and the Triumph of Constantine and Christianity,a.d. 305–a.d. 337 303
23 Heyday of the Christian Empire, a.d. 337–a.d. 395 316
24 Demise of the Empire in the West, a.d. 395–a.d. 476 331
Epilogue: Survival and Transformation of the Empire in the Eastafter a.d. 476 354
Chronology 357
Appendix: Roman Personal Names 365
Suggestions for Further Reading 367
Index 385
viii
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80918-4 - Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryChristopher S. MackayFrontmatterMore information
ILLUSTRATIONS
Maps1 Locations in central Italy page xi2 Locations in Italy xii3 Locations in western Europe and North Africa xiii4 Locations in Greece and the Near East xiv5 Expansion of the Roman Republic outside of Italy xv6 Provinces of the early Principate xv7 The divided Empire and its neighbors (a.d. 395) xvi
Figures (appear between pages 176–177)1 House foundation on the Palatine Hill2 The “She Wolf” of Rome3 Bust of Republican magistrate4 Punic stele5 Roman galley6 Roman decree from Spain7 Roman coin with scene of provocatio8 Head of Pompey9 Statue of Roman orator
10 Bust of Caesar11 Bust of Cicero12 Roman coin with voting scene13 Roman coin with voting scene14 Altar of Peace15 Prima Porta statue of Augustus16 Bust of the emperor Gaius (Caligula)17 Statue of Claudius18 Head of Vespasian
ix
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80918-4 - Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryChristopher S. MackayFrontmatterMore information
I L L U S T R AT IO N S
19 Arch of Titus with panels showing his triumph20 Flavian Amphitheater (Coliseum)21 Trajan’s Column22 Exterior and dome of Pantheon23 Bust of Hadrian24 Column of Marcus Aurelius with detail25 Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius26 Bust of Commodus27 Arch of Septimius Severus28 Portrait of Antoninus (Caracalla)29 Members of the Praetorian Guard30 A “Military diploma”31 Frieze showing the Circus Maximus32 Inscription from Canusium33 Altar to Augustus’ lares34 Apotheosis of Antoninus and Faustina35 Portrait of Philip the Arab36 Ludovisi Sarcophagus37 Shapur’s triumph over Roman emperors38 Head of Gallienus39 Goddess of Palmyra40 Walls of Aurelian41 Statue of Trajan42 Statue group of the tetrarchy43 Head of Constantine44 Arch of Constantine45 Statue of Julian46 Statue of Valentinian I47 Porta Nigra48 Portrait of Stilicho49 Base of Column of Theodosius I
x
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80918-4 - Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryChristopher S. MackayFrontmatterMore information
Ancona
Asculum
Sentinum
L.Trasimene
Perugia
Clusium
Volsinii
Tiber
Caere Veii
Rome
Ostia
Lavinium
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100 miles500
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Map 1. Locations in central Italy
xi
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80918-4 - Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryChristopher S. MackayFrontmatterMore information
Milan
TicinumCremona
Treb
ia
BrixellumMutina
A
L
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0 50 100 150 km
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Map 2. Locations in Italy
xii
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80918-4 - Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryChristopher S. MackayFrontmatterMore information
IRELAND
Eboracum
B R I T A I N
GERMANY
Thames
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
Engl ish Chann e l
Seine
LoireAlesia
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M E D I T E R R AN
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N U M I D I A
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0
0 100 200 300 400 500 miles
100 200 300 400 500 600 700800 km
S a h a r a D e s e r t
S E A
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SICILY
MessanaMylaePanormusLilybaeum
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M A U R E T A N I A
GadesMunda
LU
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ILLYRICUM
Elbe
Map 3. Locations in western Europe and North Africa
xiii
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80918-4 - Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryChristopher S. MackayFrontmatterMore information
Mur
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xiv
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IRELAND BRITAIN
A T L A N T I C
O C E A NEnglish cChannel
GALLIACOMATA
(58)
NEARERSPAIN (197)
FURTHERSPAIN (197)
A L P S
NARBONENSIS (ca. 120)
M E D I T ER
RA
NE
AN
S E A
A F R I C A(146)
0 250 500 750 1000 km
0 250 500 miles
S a h a r a D e s e r t
CYRENAICA(ca. 74) EGYPT
(30)
R E DS E A
CYPRUS(annexed toCilicia, 57)
SYRIA(64)
C I L I C I A (ca. 102)
BITHYNIA and PONTUS
(64)
B L A C K S E A
ASIA(133)
Maeander
CRETE (67)
SICILY(227)
MACEDONIA
(146)
Danube
SARDINIA(227)
Corsica
CISALPINEGAUL
(ca. 80)
Rhine
C A S P I A N
S E A
Don
B a e t i s
Map 5. Expansion of the Roman Republic outside of Italy
A T L A N T I C
O C E A NEnglish Channel
LU
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AN
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TARRACONENSIS
BAETICA
M A U R E T A N I A
M E D I TE
RR
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EA
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S E A
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CA
S a h a r a D e s e r t0 250 500 750 1000 km
0 250 500 miles
CYRENE
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REDSEA
JUDAEA
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RhineBELGICA
LUGDUNENSIS NORICUM
RAETIA
Battle ofTeutoburg Fst.
BaetisMACEDONIA
Map 6. Provinces of the early Principate
xv
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I L L U S T R AT IO N S
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
BRITANNIA
English Cha n n e l
W E S T E R N
M E D I T E R RA
NE
AN
S E A
E M P I R ES a h a r a D e s e r t
R E D
S E A
Euphrates
Sasanids
CASPIANSEA
Don
Herulians
Huns
B L A C K S E A
E A S T E R N
Alexandria
E M P I R E
Rome
Milan
Trier
Franks
Aleman
ni Burgundians
Juthungi
Marcomanni
Quadi
Carnuntum
Gepids Ostragoths
Danube
Vandals
LangobardsSaxons
Eboracum
0 250 500 750 1000 km
0 250 500 miles
RhineC o n s tant inople
Map 7. The divided Empire and its neighbors (a.d. 395)
xvi
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