66 ueda system_performance_and_degradation_analysis_of_different_pv_technologies
TRANSCRIPT
System performance and
degradation analysis of
different PV technologies
Yuzuru Ueda (Tokyo University of Science)
4th PV Performance Modeling and Monitoring Workshop
22-23 October 2015, Cologne, Germany
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 2
System designing
•Selecting technology
•Estimating yield
•Reliability & safety
•Initial and O&M Cost
Monitoring and Analysis
•1minute
•Irradiance (Global tilt, GHI, DNI)
•AC output
•DC output (I,V,P)
•Module Temp.
•(Spectrum)
O & M
•Performance
•Failure detection
Motivation
Contribute to the system designing and daily O&M
through the monitoring data analysis
Characterization
•Performance
•Losses
•Degradation
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 3
Loss modeling and
Analysis methods
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 4
loss fa
cto
rs K
x calc
ula
tions
Yie
ld e
stim
atio
n u
sin
g K
x IN
OUTX
E
EK
EIN EOUT
Loss factors KX :
KX =1: No effect
KX <1: Loss
KX >1: Gain
Photovoltaic energy conversion model
kNL
kDR
kOD
kT
kR
kS
P.R
kDC
kSF
kIV
kMP
kPC
Meas. Error
Measurement error
System
output
Degradation, Recovery
Non-linearity of VOC, FF
Module temperature
Array I-V imbalance
Incoming solar energy
Irradiance
DC power
Shading
Optical degradation, Soil
Reflection (Incident angle)
Spectral mismatch
Error
AC power
PCS
(Inverter)
DC circuit
•MPP-Tracking error Stepped I-V curve
Fast fluctuation
Start-up / Low irradiance
•PCS protection
•Grid voltage
•PCS capacity shortage
Max. power point mismatch
Rating error
Photovoltaic energy conversion
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 5
Soil, Optical degradation KAP
DC circuit KDC
Reflection (Incident angle) KR
Shading KS
Module temperature KT
Operating point mismatch KPC KGV
KMH KF
Non-linearity (VOC, FF) KEr
PCS (Inverter) KPC
Degradation, Recovery KAP
Array I-V imbalance KAP
Spectral mismatch KSF
System loss analysis
Theoretical and empirical models for loss factors Kx calculations
Input data: IDC VDC PDC, IAC VAC PAC, Irradiance, Module temp.
A
PCSPC
E
EK
)]25([1 modmax TK PT
dtIRIVE
EK
ADCABDA
ADC
)(2
dE
dE
dSRE
dSREK
PV
PV
SF
0
1700
3000
1700
300
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 6
Soil, Optical degradation KAP
DC circuit KDC
Reflection (Incident angle) KR
Shading KS
Module temperature KT
Operating point mismatch KPC KGV
KMH KF
Non-linearity (VOC, FF) KEr
PCS (Inverter) KPC
Degradation, Recovery KAP
Array I-V imbalance KAP
Spectral mismatch KSF
Reflection
Calculate reflection loss using geometrical optics theory
n1
n2
Ii
Irθ1
θ2
Medium 1
Medium 2
n1
n2
Ii
Irθ1θ1
θ2θ2
Medium 1
Medium 2neEffective
refractive index
neEffective
refractive index
2001497.01388.07.59 ed
20.0026935788.090 er
Ag
ArerrAdeddAbb
AllG
GrGrGrr
||2
1rr
I
Ir
i
r
12
2
12
2
sin
sin
r
12
2
12
2
||tan
tan
r
= tilt angle
GAb: Beam, GAd: Diffused, GAr: Refrection
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Fre
q
Soil, Optical degradation KAP
DC circuit KDC
Reflection (Incident angle) KR
Shading KS
Module temperature KT
Operating point mismatch KPC KGV
KMH KF
Non-linearity (VOC, FF) KEr
PCS (Inverter) KPC
Degradation, Recovery KAP
Array I-V imbalance KAP
Spectral mismatch KSF
Effective array peak power
Effective array peak power represent “Real performance”
of the array in the field
Peak power drop
Irradiance
DC
ou
tpu
t
1[kW/m2]
[kW]
Fre
qu
en
cy
PDC/Irrad •DC circuit loss corrected
•MPP mismatch data filtered out
•Fluctuation data filtered out
•Temperature loss corrected
•Spectral mismatch corrected
•Reflection loss corrected
•Shading loss filtered out
•I-V imbalance
•Rating error
•Degradation
•Malfunction
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 8
Soil, Optical degradation KAP
DC circuit KDC
Reflection (Incident angle) KR
Shading KS
Module temperature KT
Operating point mismatch KPC KGV
KMH KF
Non-linearity (VOC, FF) KEr
PCS (Inverter) KPC
Degradation, Recovery KAP
Array I-V imbalance KAP
Spectral mismatch KSF
Shading
Calculate shading loss for each solar height and solar azimuth
in increments of 5 degree
South
West
East
12
3
45
6View
Solar Azimuth [deg]-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90
Sola
r H
eig
ht [d
eg]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
WestEast
1
2
3456
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 9
Overview of the
Hokuto PV testing site
and
Los Alamos testing site
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 10
Evaluation of the different PV technologies
Hokuto testing site
(Since 2008)
Commissioned by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 11
Hokuto testing site
Photo: Inter Pic.
Type Manufacturer Capacity [kW]
single-crystalline SHARP 30
silicon SANYO 30
SHARP 30
KYOCERA 100
Mitsubishi electric 30
KANEKA 30
KANEKA 10
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 10
Fuji Electric Systems 10
spherical SST 20
compound- Showa Shell Solar 30
semiconductor Honda Soltec 3
single-crystalline MOTECH 10
silicon KPE 10
E-TON 10
Isofoton 30
GE 30
Sun Power 50
Q-Cells 10
ErSol 10
Suntech 30
BP Solar 10
Day4Energy 30
Schott Solar 30
SHARP 3
DAIDO METAL 3
multi-crystalline silicon
amorphous silicon
multi-crystalline silicon
Systems
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 12
The Japan-U.S. Smart Grid
Collaborative Demonstration Project in New Mexico, United States.
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 13
Results
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 14
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.12008/0
4
2008/0
8
2008/1
2
2009/0
4
2009/0
8
2009/1
2
2010/0
4
2010/0
8
2010/1
2
2011/0
4
2011/0
8
2011/1
2
2012/0
4
2012/0
8
2012/1
2
2013/0
4
2013/0
8
2013/1
2
2014/0
4
2014/0
8
2014/1
2
2015/0
4
2015/0
8
Perf
orm
ance R
atio
mc-Si
sc-Si
HJ-Si
a-Si
a-Sitandem
CIS
Performance Ratio Hokuto
(@nameplate)
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 15
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.22008/0
4
2008/0
8
2008/1
2
2009/0
4
2009/0
8
2009/1
2
2010/0
4
2010/0
8
2010/1
2
2011/0
4
2011/0
8
2011/1
2
2012/0
4
2012/0
8
2012/1
2
2013/0
4
2013/0
8
2013/1
2
2014/0
4
2014/0
8
2014/1
2
2015/0
4
2015/0
8
mc-Si
sc-Si
HJ-Si
a-Si
a-Sitandem
CIS
Effective a
rray p
eak p
ow
er
Effective Array Peak-power (degradation)
Hokuto
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 16
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
2012
/09
2012
/11
2013
/01
2013
/03
2013
/05
2013
/07
2013
/09
2013
/11
2014
/01
2014
/03
2014
/05
2014
/07
2014
/09
2014
/11
2015
/01
2015
/03
2015
/05
2015
/07
Perf
orm
ance
Rat
io (Sys
tem
s, A
C)
sc-Si HJ-Si BC-Si mc-Si
mc-Si a-Si a-Si tandem CIS
CIS CdTe
Performance Ratio Los Alamos
(@nameplate)
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 17
Performance Ratio Los Alamos
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
2012/07
2012/08
2012/09
2012/10
2012/11
2012/12
2013/01
2013/02
2013/03
2013/04
2013/05
2013/06
2013/07
2013/08
2013/09
2013/10
2013/11
2013/12
2014/01
2014/02
2014/03
2014/04
2014/05
2014/06
2014/07
2014/08
2014/09
2014/10
2014/11
2014/12
2015/01
2015/02
2015/03
2015/04
2015/05
2015/06
2015/07
2015/08
2015/09
Perf
orm
ance R
atio
(M
odu
les,
DC
)
sc-Si HJ-Si BC-Si mc-Si mc-Si
a-Si a-Si tandem CIS CIS CdTe
(@flash test value)
After conditioning
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 18
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
2012
/09
2012
/11
2013
/01
2013
/03
2013
/05
2013
/07
2013
/09
2013
/11
2014
/01
2014
/03
2014
/05
2014
/07
2014
/09
2014
/11
2015
/01
2015
/03
2015
/05
2015
/07
Effec
tive
Arr
ay P
eak
pow
er
Loss
sc-Si HJ-Si BC-Si mc-Si
mc-Si a-Si a-Si tandem CIS
CIS CdTe
Effective Array Peak-power (degradation)
Los Alamos
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 19
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
20
08
/04
20
08
/08
20
08
/12
20
09
/04
20
09
/08
20
09
/12
20
10
/04
20
10
/08
20
10
/12
20
11
/04
20
11
/08
20
11
/12
20
12
/04
20
12
/08
20
12
/12
20
13
/04
20
13
/08
20
13
/12
20
14
/04
20
14
/08
20
14
/12
20
15
/04
20
15
/08
Perf
orm
ance R
atio
A1b
A2c
A3
A4
A5
A6b
A7c
A8c
A9
A10
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
20
08
/04
20
08
/08
20
08
/12
20
09
/04
20
09
/08
20
09
/12
20
10
/04
20
10
/08
20
10
/12
20
11
/04
20
11
/08
20
11
/12
20
12
/04
20
12
/08
20
12
/12
20
13
/04
20
13
/08
20
13
/12
20
14
/04
20
14
/08
20
14
/12
20
15
/04
20
15
/08
Perf
orm
ance R
atio
A1b
B1c
B2b
B4a
B5
B6
B8
B9c
Fb
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
20
08
/04
20
08
/08
20
08
/12
20
09
/04
20
09
/08
20
09
/12
20
10
/04
20
10
/08
20
10
/12
20
11
/04
20
11
/08
20
11
/12
20
12
/04
20
12
/08
20
12
/12
20
13
/04
20
13
/08
20
13
/12
20
14
/04
20
14
/08
20
14
/12
20
15
/04
20
15
/08
A1b
A2c
A3
A4
A5
A6b
A7c
A8c
A9
A10
Effective
arr
ay p
eak
pow
er
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
20
08
/04
20
08
/08
20
08
/12
20
09
/04
20
09
/08
20
09
/12
20
10
/04
20
10
/08
20
10
/12
20
11
/04
20
11
/08
20
11
/12
20
12
/04
20
12
/08
20
12
/12
20
13
/04
20
13
/08
20
13
/12
20
14
/04
20
14
/08
20
14
/12
20
15
/04
20
15
/08
A1b
B1c
B2b
B4a
B5
B6
B8
B9c
Fb
Effective
arr
ay p
eak
pow
er
Hokuto
linear regression of the
monthly KAP
Average: -0.57%/year
linear regression of the
monthly KAP
Average: -0.50%/year
Degradation Rate from KAP
sc-Si mc-Si
Photovoltaic Systems and Renewable Energy Integration TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE 2015/10/23 Y.U 20
Summary
•Seven years operation results of different PV technologies are
summarized.
•Annual degradation rate of the systems with c-Si PV was less
than -0.6 [%/year] in average. This value was obtained from
outdoor monitoring data.
•Effective array peak power calculation can be applied to the
daily monitoring data analysis for failure detection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
This research is conducted under the financial support of the New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development Organization (NEDO). Authors would like to acknowledge their support
and cooperative discussions with the project members.