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6th Annual Conference
GERMAN AFRICA UNIVERSITIES
PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME
Theme:
UNIVERSITIES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
thics and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Way
Forward for Emerging Economies"
Venue:
University of Nairobi, School of Business,
University way, Nairobi City (CBD), Kenya
Wednesday, 19th July 2017
1
CONFERENCE PROGRAM
7.30 – 8.30AM Registration
8.30 –
10.00AM PLENARY: OPENING REMARKS
MC: Dr Mary Kinoti / Dr Jackson Maalu
Venue: University of Nairobi Lecture theatre 301
Prof DrJustus M Munyoki,
Project Leader and Chairman, Department of Business Administration University of
Nairobi
Prof. Dr.Rosemond Boohene
Project Leader, and Director Centre for International Education, Associate Professor of
Entrepreneurship, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Dr James M. Njihia
Dean School of Business, University of Nairobi
Prof Dr Edward Marfo –Yiadom
Dean School of Business, University of Cape Town, Ghana
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bode
Vice-President for International Affairs and Diversity, Professor for International
Management, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, Germany
Prof DrEnos Njeru,
Principal, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nairobi
Prof Dr Peter M Mbithi,
Vice chancellor, University of Nairobi
PLENARY: KEYNOTE SPEECHES - SESSION II:
Venue:
University of Nairobi Lecture theatre 301
10.00 –
10.30am
Business opportunities in Kenya
Kenyan Speaker1.Richard Bell
10.30am –
11.00pm
University – industry linkages through
Entrepreneurship
Key note speaker2. Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bode, HBRS
11.00 –
11.30AM
Group Photo – All HEALTH BREAK
PANEL DISCUSSIONS - SESSION III:
2
Panel 1:TOPIC: German Africa
Partnership business opportunities
VENUE: UoN Lecture theatre 301
11.30 - 1.00pm Panelists
1. Dr. Daniel Agyapong, UCC
2. Prof Paul Katuse, USIU
3. Prof Aosa,UoN
4 Prof Nzomo UoN
Moderator Dr. Cyrus Iraya
1.00 – 2.00 PM LUNCH BREAK
2.00 - 3.30pm Panel 2:TOPIC: Enhancing trade between
Africa and Europe
VENUE: UoN Lecture theatre 301
Moderator Prof Dr Rosemond
Boohene
Panelists
1. Prof Kibera,UoN
2. Dr. Keren N. A. Arthur, UCC
3. Prof Kaijage, UoN
4. Luc Da Gbadji, BRSU
PAPERS PRESENTATIONS – SESSION
IV : Track 1: Business and
Entrepreneurship in Africa: Success
Factors, Barriers, Perspectives
Venue: UoN Tower Theatre Room 301
Chair: Dr. Siaw Frimpong, UCC, Ghana
Rapporteur : Dr Vincent Machuki UoN, Kenya
Paper Title Author(s)
11.30am – 11.45am
Paper#1Strategic planning and Performance of
SMES in Africa
Elizabeth A. Owino
11.45am – 11.50am
Q&A
11.50am – 12.05am
Paper#2 THE ROLE OF BUSINESS AND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AFRICA: THE
JOURNEY SO FAR
Ebenezer Boahene Annoh
12.05am – 12.10am
Q&A
12.10am – 12.25pm Paper#3 Female Street Vendors In Nairobi
County: Overcoming Social Barriers
David K. Mbaabu
University Of Nairobi
3
12.25pm – 12.30pm Q&A
12.30pm – 12.45pm
Paper#4Business and entrepreneurship in Africa:
Success factors, barriers,
Perspectives
Nishimwe Vedaste
12.45pm – 12.50pm Q&A
12.50pm – 1.00pm
Discussion
1.00 -2.00pm LUNCH BREAK 2.00pm –
2.15pm Paper#5Waste Management in the Informal
Sector: Evidence from the Automobile Sector in
Ghana
Brautlacht, Alexandr
Agyapong, Daniel
2.15pm –
2.20pm Q&A
2.20pm –
2.35pm Paper#6 Financial Literacy among Rural Folks:
Evidence from the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana
Anokye Adam
Daniel Agyapong,
George Tweneboah
2.35pm –
2.40pm Q&A
2.40pm –
2.55pm Paper#7 Entrepreneurship Development in
Ethiopia: Trends & Lessons Learned from a
Project in Arba Minch, SNNPR,Ethiopia
Engidaw Abel1,
Thomas Bayer2,
Bernard Wagemann3
2.55pm –
3.00pm Q&A
3.00pm –
3.15pm
Paper# 8 An Exploratory study of niche market
potential of German-Treeplanting Eco-Tourists to
Kenya
David Rempel, PhD1;
Eva-Maria Schirner,
Laura Wintersperger,
Julia Haase(IUBH)
3.15pm –
3.20pm Q&A
3.20pm –
3.35pm Paper# 9 Corporate Social Responsibility In Kenya
And Employer Attractiveness Among Business
Students At The University Of Nairobi
Nancy Mogikoyo Marika
Dr. Justine Mokeira
Magutu
4
Dr. Mercy Gacheri
Munjuri
3.35pm –
3.40pm Q&A
CLOSING CEREMONY
PAPERS PRESENTATIONS – SESSION IV : Track 2: African Business in,
and trade with, Germany and Europe
Venue:
UoN Tower Theatre Room 101
Chair: Prof Martin Ogutu, UoN, Kenya Rapporteur : Dr Margaret Kariuki, UoN, Kenya
Time Paper Title Author(s)
11.30am – 11.45am
Paper#10 How agricultural African firms can
enter the European market: challenges and
success factors - Case of MCF Farms’ French
Bean Exported to Europe
David Rempel (PhD)
Luc Da Gbadji (PhD)
11.45am – 11.50am Q&A
11.50am – 12.05am
Paper#11 Entrepreneurship Development and
New Business Start-Ups: Challenges and
Prospects for Ghanaian Entrepreneurs
Nick Fobih
Abigail OpokuMensah
12.05am – 12.10am Q&A
12.10am – 12.25pm
Paper#12 The Impact Of Kenyan-German
Relationship In;Trade, Technical Assistance And
Investments On The Kenyan Sustainable
Development
Soliman K. Soliman
12.25pm – 12.30pm Q&A
12.30pm – 12.45pm Paper#13 Watamu
Marine National Park: A Destination for Soft-
Diving of the German Diver
David Rempel (PhD),
Florian Egerter,; ,
Vanessa Mertl;
Alexander Reiter;
Dominik Schneider;
12.45pm – 12.50pm Q&A
12.50pm – 1.00pm Discussion
LUNCH BREAK
5
2.00pm –
2.15pm Paper#14 Entrepreneur as innovator and
communicator. What we should learn (and not
learn) from modern business idols
Prof. Dr. Michael
Krzeminski
2.15pm –
2.20pm Q&A
2.20pm –
2.35pm Paper#15 Savings, entrepreneurial ability and
self-employment: Evidence from selected
Ghanaian Universities
James Atta Peprah
2.35pm –
2.40pm Q&A
2.40pm –
2.55pm Paper#16 born to be an entrepreneur – is
entrepreneurship a talent or trainable
Andrea Koikai
2.55pm –
3.00pm Q&A
3.00pm –
3.15pm Paper#17 Nigeria Telecoms Managers: Does
Personal Traits influence Entrepreneurial
Intentions?
H.OAderemi
T.A. Aladesanmi
G.A. Aderounmu
3.15pm-
3.20pm Q&A
3.20pm-
3.30pm Discussion
CLOSING CEREMONY
PAPERS PRESENTATIONS – SESSION IV : Track 3: University teaching and Research
for Development in Africa: Models, Success Factors, Challenges
Venue:
UoN Tower Theatre Room 102
Chair: Dr Raymond Musyoka UoN, Kenya Rapporteur : Ms Nancy Mogikoyo UoN,
Kenya
Time Paper Title Author(s)
11.30am – 11.45am
Paper#18 Entrepreneurship Education and
Entrepreneurial Intentions: evidence from students
of University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Daniel Ofori,
Christina Appiah-Nimo
11.45am – 11.50am Q&A
6
11.50am – 12.05am
Paper#19Universities Third Mission and Business
Incubation
Cooperation between Universities and Business
Incubators demonstrated with the Example “Digital
Hub Region Bonn
Prof. Dr. Klaus Deimel
Mischa Ellenberger,
M.Sc
12.05am – 12.10am Q&A
12.10am – 12.25pm
Paper#20 Sponsoring for extracurricular offers at
Wismar University
Hartmut Domröse
Regina Krause
Evgenia Mahler
12.25pm – 12.30pm Q&A
12.30pm – 12.45pm
Paper#21 Adapted Accelerator Model To Enhance
University Graduates Entrepreneurship In Morocco
Dr. Mohammed Khalil,
Dr. Abdessamad
Haddadi,
Mrs. Amina Akkach
12.45pm – 12.50pm Q&A
12.50pm – 1.00pm Discussion
LUNCH BREAK
2.00pm –
2.15pm Paper#22 Towards Entrepreneurial Universities in
Kenya through Marketing strategy and
entrepreneurship : A comparative study of Selected
Public and Private Universities in Kenya
Prof Justus M Munyoki
Dr Joseph Owino
Prof Henry Mutoro
2.15pm –
2.20pm Q&A
2.20pm –
2.35pm
Paper#23 University Teaching and Research for
Development in Africa: Influence of Industry Forces
on Strategy and University Performance.
Dr. Orucho M. Ngala
Prof. Zachary B. Awino
2.35pm –
2.40pm Q&A
2.40pm –
2.55pm Paper#24 University Business Incubators and its
Role as Accelerator of Economic Development in
Sub-Sahara African Countries: State of the art
AdemolaTaiwo, PhD
Prof.Dr Jürgen Bode,
Luc Da Gbadji (PhD),
2.55pm –
3.00pm Q&A
7
3.00pm –
3.15pm Paper#25 Impact Assessment Of Informal Transport
Sub-Sector Onjob Creation And Income Generation
In Nigeria: Evidence From Commercial Motorcycle
Operators In Dutse Metropolis, Jigawa State
Ibrahim Muhammad
Adam
3.15pm-
3.20pm Q&A
3.20pm-
3.30pm Discussion
CLOSING CEREMONY
PAPERS PRESENTATIONS – SESSION IV : Track 4: Entrepreneurial Education For
Employment and Economic Growth
Venue:
UoN Tower Theatre Room 201
Chair: Dr. James Gathugu , UoN, Kenya Rapporteur : Ms Medina Twalib, UoN,
Kenya
11.30am – 11.45am
Paper#26 Effects of Managerial Competence on the
Debt-position of SMEs in Ghana
Abraham Ansong, PhD
11.45am – 11.50am Q&A
11.50am – 12.05am
Paper#27Measuring the Performance of
Macroeconomic Policies on Entrepreneurship: A
Nigerian Perspective
A.J. Adegeye
Akinseye Olowu
12.05am – 12.10am Q&A
12.10am – 12.25pm
Paper#28 Integrating and Elevating
Entrepreneurship Training and Education in
Higher Education: Strategies, Challenges, and
Impacts
Bernard BRÈS
12.25pm – 12.30pm Q&A
8
12.30pm – 12.45pm
Paper#29 Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on
Employment and Job Creation: A study of
Graduates of Technical University of Kenya
Dr. Evans Vidija
Sagwa
12.45pm – 12.50pm Q&A
12.50pm – 1.00pm Discussion
LUNCH BREAK
2.00pm –
2.15pm Paper#30 Making responsible engineers through
SRE training
Facia Giraud Field
Adeossi
2.15pm –
2.20pm Q&A
2.20pm –
2.35pm Paper#31Existing Metrics Use In Indexing
University Information Technology Teaching
Professionals’ Improvement In Ict Integration
James OnyangoAbila
Wamocho Leonard
2.35pm –
2.40pm Q&A
2.40pm –
2.55pm Paper#32 The teaching and learning of
entrepreneurship as a course: Its effect on the
employability of Ghanaian tertiary graduates
Kofi Ashiboe-Mensah
2.55pm –
3.00pm Q&A
3.00pm –
3.15pm Paper#33 Towards a mindset change from job
seeking to job creation amongst Kenyan graduates:
The Case of Graduate Enterprise Academy (GEA),
Kenya
Mwangi Peter Wanderi,
Makandi Lilian Mount
Kenya University
3.15pm-
3.20pm Q&A
3.20pm-
3.30pm Discussion
Closing Ceremony
PAPERS PRESENTATIONS – SESSION IV : Track 5: Intercultural Challenges
of Universities and Business Partnerships
Venue:
UoN Tower Theatre Room 302
Chair: Prof. F. O. Boachie-Mensah, UCC, Ghana Rapporteur : Mr Ndambuki Victor UoN,
Kenya
Time Paper Title 11.30am – 11.45am
Paper#34 Building Bridges across Continents:
Promoting Cultural Diversity
Brautlacht Regin
Agyapong Daniel
Rauhut Nils
9
Owino Joseph
11.45am – 11.50am Q&A
11.50am – 12.05am
Paper#35 Dymystifying Cultural Gender
Disparities Experienced In Socio-Economic
And Political Development In Africa
Mushori, James
12.05am – 12.10am Q&A
12.10am – 12.25pm
Paper#36 Culture and value trade-offs for
successful entrepreneurship in Africa
David J. Ndegwah
JaramogiOgingaOdinga
University of Science and
Technology
12.25pm – 12.30pm Q&A
12.30pm – 12.45pm Paper#37 Intercultural challenges of on-line
international collaborative projects Munyao Mulwa Eileen Kuepper
12.45pm – 12.50pm Q&A
12.50pm – 1.00pm Discussion
LUNCH BREAK
2.00pm –
2.15pm
Paper#38 Experiential Learning through the
Transformational Incubation Programme: a
Ghanaian case study
Dr Stephen Dobson,
Prof Gideon Maas,
Prof Paul Jones
Dr Joan Lockyer
2.15pm –
2.20pm Q&A
2.20pm –
2.35pm Paper#39 Re-Thinking University- Industrial
Linkage Towards The Promotion Of
Entrepreneurship Education: A Case Study Of
Oau Centre Of Excellence In Software
Engineering (COEX)
*T.A. Aladesanmi
H.OAderemi
G.A. Aderounmu
2.35pm –
2.40pm Q&A
2.40pm –
2.55pm Paper#40 Widening The Employability
Horizon For Non-Business Students Through
Entrepreneurship Education
Xinxin Wang
Mohammed Khalil
10
2.55pm –
3.00pm Q&A
3.00pm –
3.15pm Paper#41 From Donor-Dependence To
Sustainability Through Enterprise: A Case
Study of the Kenya Red Cross Society
Elijah BitangeNdemo
3.15pm-3.20pm Q&A
3.20pm-3.30pm Discussion
CLOSING CEREMONY
PAPERS PRESENTATIONS – SESSION IV : Track 6: Sustainable/Responsible
Business & Social Welfare and Productivity: Challenges for the Entrepreneur
Venue:
UoN Tower Theatre Room 902
Chair: Dr. Anokye M. Adam, UCC, Ghana Rapporteur : Dr Jeremiah Kagwe, UoN,
Kenya
11.30am – 11.45am Paper#42 Bundles of Resources:
Analysis of firm Performance
Zachary Bolo Awino, PhD
11.45am – 11.50am Q&A 11.50am – 12.05am Paper#43 Effect of Legal and Regulatory
Factors on Entrepreneurship Growth in
Accra, Ghana
Kwamena Minta Nyarku
Cape Coast, Ghana
12.05am – 12.10am Q&A
12.10am – 12.25pm Paper#44 Effect of market strategies on
performance of SMEs in Ghana and Kenya:
The moderating role of Environmental
Dynamics
Prof. F.O. Boachie-Mensah
Dr. Gloria Agyapong
Dr. Raymond Musyoka
12.25pm – 12.30pm Q&A 12.30pm – 12.45pm Paper#45 Entrepreneurial Orientation And
Performance Of Pharmaceutical Firms In
Nairobi City County, Kenya
Dr.Ashbell Macharia,
Prof. Justus Munyoki
12.45pm – 12.50pm Q&A 12.50pm – 1.00pm Discussion
LUNCH BREAK
11
2.00pm – 2.15pm
Paper#46 Sustainable Business Practices
Among Micro, Small And Medium
Enterprises: Evidence From Ghana
Daniel Agyapong and Keren
NaaAbeka Arthur
2.15pm – 2.20pm Q&A 2.20pm – 2.35pm Paper#47 Sustainable Development Goals
Climate Change Agenda Implementation in
the Public Sector in Kenya
Mary W. Kinoti, PhD
2.35pm – 2.40pm Q&A 2.40pm – 2.55pm Paper#48 Collective action and
commercialization of smallholder
agriculture: perspectives from transaction
cost economics
Yakubu Balma Issaka
Theophile Bama
Paul Kwami Adraki
2.55pm – 3.00pm
Q&A
3.00pm – 3.15pm Paper#49 Academics and Entrepreneurship
in Kenya: No longer strange Bedfellows
XN Iraki
3.15pm-3.20pm
Q&A
3.20pm-3.30pm Discussion
SUMMARIES AND CLOSING REMARKS
MC: Prof. Dr Zachary B. Awino/ Prof.Dr. Bitange Ndemo
4.15 PM -
5.00 pm
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bode
Vice-President for International Affairs and Diversity, Professor for International Management,
Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, Germany
Dr James M. Njihia
Dean School of Business, University of Nairobi
Prof Dr Edward Marfo –Yiadom
Dean School of Business, University of Cape Town, Ghana
Prof. Henry Mutoro,
Deputy Vice Chancellor, Academic Affairs, University of Nairobi
Vote of Thanks – Prof Peter K Obonyo,
Deputy Principal, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nairobi
12
Guests Leave at their Leisure
CONFERENCE PAPERS
ABSTRACTS
PAPER TITLE, AUTHORS AND ABSTRACT
13
Paper#1 Strategic planning and Performance of SMES in Africa
Elizabeth A. Owino
Lecturer and Business Development Head of Section, Kenya School of Government
ABSTRACT
Small and Medium enterprises are the employers of over 80% of a country’s workforce. The success of
SME’s are therefore of fundamental importance to any country or Government. Strategic Planning has
been lauded world over to contribute to organizational success. Originating mainly in the private sector
it has acquired massive acceptance in the public sector. This study focused on the strategic planning
aspects of environment scanning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation and their impact on
organizational performance. The conceptual model and hypothesis were empirically validated by
studying SME’s registered with the National Chambers of Commerce in Embu County. Results of the
study indicate that strategic planning aspects of environment scanning, implementation and monitoring
and evaluation have a major Impact on organizational performance. The study also recommends
opportunity for future research to be carried out in the field.
14
Paper#2 The Role Of Business And Entrepreneurship In Africa: The Journey So Far
Ebenezer BoaheneAnnoh
Operations Manager/ Business Consultant
Greepec Consult
ABSTRACT
Over the years, entrepreneurship has proven to be one of the key roles towards development. The cycle
of business start-ups and growth are linked to the socio-economic benefits of the global world at large.
With a growing world population of over 7billion people, the existence of universities (both public
&private) as well as enterprises has increased globally in the 21st century. The mission and purpose
behind Universities, Entrepreneurship and Enterprises thrive on development in the areas of capacity
building, skill acquisition, training and knowledge amongst others.
Africa alone has a population of over 1.2billion people with about 650 recognized universities and over
140,000 registered businesses (enterprises) in Ghana. A case study in Ghana reveals three key drivers
towards entrepreneurship and the role university education has played in various business establishments.
The drivers are problem statements, resources and research findings. Some of these notions to business
include the management of risk, research findings and customer relationship. These are major features
that need critical attention and play a role in business and entrepreneurship in Africa.
A major success in business and entrepreneurship is the utilization of the human resource population and
the lifeline support given to households in terms of income, while a barrier being the limited access to
credit support from the financial companies at the inception stages.
In conclusion, this conference should develop a practical book guide on business start-ups and
entrepreneurship knowledge to be used at the various universities in Africa to enhance development
15
Paper#3 Female Street Vendors In Nairobi County: Overcoming Social Barriers
David K. Mbaabu
University Of Nairobi
ABSTRACT
Within the 21st century, in Kenya and other sub-saharan countries women entrepreneurship is playing
a key role in the improvement on industrialization , economic empowerment , generation of newer
employment opportunities and increased productivity among women folk. However, existing literature
has not exhaustively shed light on the social problems that thrive in endangering the women
engaged in street vending. The aim of this paper is to have an overview of existing social problems
that include; economical , health related ,cultural and religious that affect the daily entrepreneurial
performance of female street vendors in Nairobi city County . The paper shall attempt to offer solutions
for policy makers, improve theoretical grounding and practice
Key Words: Gender, business, female entrepreneurs
16
Paper#5 Waste Management in the Informal Sector: Evidence from the Automobile Sector in
Ghana
Brautlacht, Alexandra1; Agyapong, Daniel2
1RWTH Aachen University, Germany 2University of Cape Coast, Ghana
ABSTRACT
The informal sector has an immense influence on economic activities in developing countries. Almost ¾
of all economic activities in developing countries are in the informal sector (Agyei-Baffour, Boateng,
Nuamah, Boateng, & Addai-Donkor, 2016, p.A277). Ghana relies on micro and small enterprises as well
as entrepreneurial activities in the informal sector. The automobile industry in Ghana is mainly
dominated by micro and small enterprises (MSEs). These MSEs are arranged in clusters where cars are
dismantled and reassembled with different spare parts. (Adeya, 2001)
Ghana as well as other developing countries still face major challenges in providing an efficient waste
management and sanitation system. These struggles are particularly noticeable in areas of lower income.
Thispaper focuses on the effects of improper waste management and safety regulations in the informal
sector of the automobile industry. The aim was to determine whether the laborers in this specific sector
were aware of possible hazards caused by their imprudent working techniques. The research method
included a conducted survey with 126 laborers in the automobile sector as well as in-depth interviews
with the principal stakeholders. The studywas structured in three sub-categories providing information
on the waste streams and disposal methods; social and educational level as well as the regulation of the
informal automobile sector. The results show that the missing awareness cannot be the only driving factor
of the poor waste management in the study areas since a considerable amount of the respondent were
aware of their wrongdoing. Other aspects like limited resources and lacking alternatives need to be
considered and analyzed when dealing with entrepreneurial activities in Africa.
Keywords: waste management, sustainability, informal sector, environmental awareness
17
Paper#6 Financial Literacy among Rural Folks: Evidence from the Brong-Ahafo Region of
Ghana
Anokye Adam1, Daniel Agyapong2, George Tweneboah3
1University of Cape Coast, Ghana, 2University of Cape Coast,
3Ghana Baptist University College
ABSTRACT
Recent developments in Ghana have raised concerns about the level of financial literacy among the
general populace, especially rural folks who are mainly petty traders and farmers. Over the last one and
half decade, there has been the collapse of five Ponzi-like schemes that has led to the loss of millions of
Ghana Cedis in petty traders’ capital and peasant farmers’ income. It started way back in 1993 when the
two non-bank financial institutions (Pyram and R5) started operating a loans and savings scheme without
a license from the Central Bank. These schemes eventually collapsed with loss of millions of Ghana
Cedis by individuals who were involved in the scheme. In 2012, another scheme, Onward Investment
Limited paying about 35% on deposit in 42day, also collapsed. The most recent is the 2016 DKM
Diamond Microfinance Limited; God is Love Fun Club; Noble Dream; Jasta Motors and Investment
Company” saga. It is estimated that over 10,000 people, mainly from the Brong Ahafo and Northern
Regions of Ghana have been affected by collapsed of these institutions. These issues motivated the study.
The aim was to analyse the level of financial literacy among people in these affected areas. Purposive
sampling technique was used to select 400 people in the affected areas. Descriptive and inferential
statistics were used in analysed the data. Preliminary results showed many of the respondents had little
knowledge on how to appraise investment schemes before putting their money into it. It was, therefore,
concluded that the level of financial literacy is low in these areas. This raises a policy and practical
concerns of how to improve upon the financial literacy of the rural folks in Ghana. It recommends the
use of the local authorities and town hall meetings in providing financial educating to the rural folks.
18
Paper#7 Entrepreneurship Development in Ethiopia: Trends & Lessons Learned from a Project
in Arba Minch, SNNPR,Ethiopia
Engidaw Abel1, Thomas Bayer2, Bernard Wagemann, PhD3
1Debre Markos University, Debre Markos Ethiopia 2Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Wileystr. 1 89231 Neu-Ulm Germany
3Professor, Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Wileystr. 1 89231 Neu-Ulm Germany
ABSTRACT
A vibrant entrepreneurship ecosystem is one of the key drivers for the progress and
development of societies worldwide. Ethiopia, the second most populated nation on the African
continent, has experienced the highest consistent economic growth rates in Africa over the period of the
last 10 years. The Ethiopian government has made focussed efforts to invest in the development of an
entrepreneurship ecosystem on various educational levels.
This paper describes and summarizes key factors and trends of Ethiopia´s entrepreneurship development
efforts and the achievements. A critical evaluation with special focus on education and skill-building
efforts is conducted. At the focus of these assessments are on the university-level programmes and
initiatives for entrepreneurship education. Special attention is laid on the support of start-ups by
university graduates.
The challenges and outcomes of an applied entrepreneurship development project in rural Ethiopia with
focus on the use of renewable energies are described. The three-years project was carried out by a
cooperation between Arba Minch University and Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences
(Germany).One of the key goals of the project was to overcome the observed obstacles and deficiencies
in existing entrepreneurship education approaches. The project especially was based on a consequent
execution-oriented programme focussing strongly on learning by doing. Several start-ups were launched
successfully and a follow-up study proved the ongoing viability of the new businesses.
The lessons learned from this project with focus for further developments and future projects are
discussed explicitly. Furthermore, an outlook will be given how these lessons are pro-actively used
within a new and scaled-up entrepreneurship project this time together with Kenyatta University. The
kick-off is planned for May and the project is scheduled to last until 2020
19
Paper# 8 An Exploratory study of niche market potential of German-Treeplanting Eco-
Tourists to Kenya
David Rempel, PhD1;
1InternationaleHochschule Bad Honnef (IUBH) Germany
Eva-Maria Schirner,
Laura Wintersperger,
Julia Haase(IUBH)
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
Climate change is having drastic effects on various areas of the planet, including extreme impacts on
weather and rainfall, in various Sub-Saharan East African countries Hendrix, C. S., & Glaser, S. M.
(2007). The willingness (and need) of a niche market to actively improve the damaged ecosystems in
small ways is rising. Weaver and Lawton (2007, p 1170) maintain that ecotourism should satisfy three
core criteria: “(1) attractions should be predominantly nature-based; (2)visitor interactions with those
attractions should be focused on learning or education, and (3) experience and product management
should follow principles and practices associated with ecological, socio-cultural and economic
sustainability.” In this study the niche market of active German “tree-planters” is be defined and the
potential willingness to travel to, learn from and invest in the ecosystem through tree planting is explored.
Methodology:
This study is a case study of leveraging the efforts of the MCF environmental reclamation and tree
planting campaigns and the UNEP “Plant for the Planet – Billion Tree Campaign”. This study is an
exploratory study of niche market potential of German Tourists willing to spend a week of treeplanting
as “ecotourists” in the semi-arid regions of Kenya in cooperation with a Private Kenyan initiative,
(MCF). An online Survey, representing ecological active Germans of the largest German ecological
associations is analyzed to assess the marketability and potential of German-treeplanting Eco-tourists in
Kenya.
Findings/Contributions:
The authors identify potential of German eco-tourist tree-planters for a Kenyan project and potential
suggestions of further sustainable tourism which impacts the environment positively.
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Paper# 9 Corporate Social Responsibility In Kenya And Employer Attractiveness Among
Business Students At The University Of Nairobi
1Nancy Mogikoyo Marika
2Dr. Justine Mokeira Magutu
3Dr. Mercy Gacheri Munjuri
1Department of Management Science, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
21
Email: [email protected]
2Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Email: [email protected]
3Department of Business Administration, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In this era of globalization, winning the war for top talent to gain a competitive advantage is
critical for the survival of organizations. In Kenya today, attracting and retaining talent is a major
challenge to many organizations. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been identified as
influencing employee attraction and retention. A pay cheque alone is no longer sufficient; people
want to work in organizations whose values match their own and that impact and contribute to
society. The aim of this study was to determine if CSR affects organizational attractiveness.
Final year business students from the University of Nairobi were surveyed to see the extent to
which CSR issues will influence their decision to work in a given organization. The findings
indicated that how an organization handles its economic responsibility, legal responsibility,
ethical responsibility, philanthropic responsibility and environmental responsibility of CSR
affects prospective employees' decision to seek employment with an organization.
KEY WORDS: Corporate Social Responsibility, Employer Attractiveness, University of
Nairobi, Business Students, Kenya
Paper#10 How agricultural African firms can enter the European market: challenges and
success factors - Case of MCF Farms’ French Bean Exported to Europe
22
David Rempel, PhD1; Luc Da Gbadji, PhD2
1InternationaleHochschule Bad Honnef (IUBH) Germany
[email protected] 2Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg – Germany
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
The global nature of competition, the global demands for high quality food supply and the increasing
pressure to be sustainability-oriented have led to the growth of international production standards. These
especially require Sub-Saharan African companies to initiate profound changes in their production,
business process and employment politics in order to adapt their value chains and their trade strategies
to the international market demands and to the market they are targeting. The purpose of this paper is to
explore the patterns and the determinants that have led to the success of a Kenyan based company MCF
Farms which has been effectively exporting legumes (e.g. French bean) to Europe for more than 20 years.
This study seems to identify all key stakeholders involved in the certifications processes and standards
schemes (farmers, managers, suppliers, trade agents, European partners, etc.). Moreover it aims at
analyzing the critical factors and changes within MCF Farms that enable and sustain this success story.
Methodology:
This qualitative study is based on a case study and is focused on the Kenyan based company MCF Farms.
We used the transaction costs, the resources-based view, the institutional theoretical perspectives as well
as literatures on entrepreneurship to investigate the impact of international standards and certification on
the success and performance of firms in developing countries, in particular in the Eastern Africa, Kenya
(Case of MCF).
Findings/Contributions:
The authors identify several organization capabilities, such as innovative and entrepreneurial initiatives,
sustainable use of the company resources and strong corporate social responsibility awareness, which
lead to the success and enable the establishment of MCF on the domestic market as well as on the
international export market to Europe
23
Paper#11 Entrepreneurship Development and New Business Start-Ups: Challenges and
Prospects for Ghanaian Entrepreneurs
Nick Fobih1 ; Abigail OpokuMensah1
1Department of Management, School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
ABSTRACT
The study examined strategies for new business start-ups and the challenges entrepreneurs face in Ghana
when starting a new business within the context of small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs). This
was addressed by identifying the avenues through which entrepreneurs address the challenges they face,
and how they take advantage of the emerging opportunities in the domestic and global business
environments. The study adopted the qualitative approach using individuals and focused-group
interviews. Four main themes emerged in the study as the key challenges facing entrepreneurs in Ghana:
lack of finances, resources and other economic factors, lack of planning, management training and
entrepreneurship skill sets, lack of competitiveness, technology innovation, marketing strategies for
market equity and customer loyalty and finally lack of legal and regulatory framework and social factors.
The following were identified as the main prospects for successful business start-ups and development:
(1)The role of government in facilitating SMEs development and growth (2)Self-motivated initiatives to
build competitive capacity of entrepreneurs and SMEs (3)Need to plan well and set realistic goals to
accomplish set objectives. The study concludes with the view that while there are signs of optimism for
new business start-ups in a developing country (Ghana), to develop a comprehensive approach towards
promoting entrepreneurial ventures to help them develop into healthy firms, a supportive framework and
enabling conditions must be created by developing country governments based on three levels – the
individual entrepreneurs, the firm and society in general. Detailed findings and recommendations for
entrepreneurs, policy makers, and scholars are discussed.
Keywords: Enterprise Development, Entrepreneurship, challenges and prospects, Ghana
24
Paper#12 The Impact Of Kenyan-German Relationship In; Trade, Technical Assistance And
Investments On The Kenyan Sustainable Development
Soliman K. Soliman
Egyptian Commercial counselor in Kenya
PHD scholar in school of Business, Nairobi University
ABSTRACT
Africa is the future for economic performance and development because, it is a virgin contaminant with
a huge reserves of natural resources and young generations.
Lack of good governments and technological gap is hindering Africa to catch up the development which
it deserves to utilize these natural and human resources.
Germany as a heart of European development, is the prominent model for African countries to optimize
their resources by high technological achievement and human capital, hence, Germany bilateral
cooperation with Africa can be used to fill the gap which Africa needs to overcome.
Trade, technical assistance and investment are the carriers for African countries to deal with the internal
sustainable developing situation which, most African countries aiming at achieving in the last few
decades and for coming future.
The research problem is “How an African country could have a direct development relationship with
Europe to avail opportunities available in trade, technical assistance and investment to achieve
sustainable development? .
The aim of this paper is to seek the relation between African sustainable developments; Kenya as an
example and, trade, technical assistance and investment with European countries; Germany as an
example,
The methodology is to use the quantitative approach to analysis data published in the main international
and local organization in regard with the Kenyan- German trade, technical assistance and investment
relations in the last ten years using Durbin Watson regression model to test the correlation between the
Kenyan rate of growth and trade volume, value of technical assistance and foreign direct investment with
Germany.
The results of this paper will allow conclusions and answers on how bilateral and multilateral economic
cooperation can help African developing countries to improve their future sustainable development with
closer relation with developed countries with a mutual benefits for both sides.
Key words: sustainable development, technical assistance, foreign direct investment
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Paper#13 Watamu Marine National Park: A Destination for Soft-Diving of the German Diver
David Rempel, PhD, Florian Egerter, Vanessa Mertl, Alexander Reiter
Dominik Schneider
InternationaleHochschule Bad Honnef (IUBH) – Germany
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
Many German Diving Associations and Clubs have as part of their statutes that they are committed to
saving the environment, in some cases actively. The German Eco-Tourism demand is quite large and
Moscardoet.Al showed that 46% of this market share are coastal and marine tourists. As Ransom and
Mangi discovered, visitors are prepared to pay higher user fees to access marine protected areas. Up to
now the market for the German Eco Coastal and Marine Diving Tourist for the Watamu Marine National
Park & Reserve is virtually untapped. Arguments for conservation of coral reefs and their role in the
maintenance of healthy marine ecosystems have played a small role to halt the worldwide decline in reef
ecosystems. Conservation may be assisted by the development of an alternative approach that emphasizes
the economic value of coral reefs as a non-harvested resource.
Methodology:
Our study quantifies the potential value of a tourism industry based on soft-diving and the untapped
German market of diving for the coral reef in the Watamu National Marine Park. Using data collected
from surveys carried out in cooperation with the German Association of Divers, as well as various
government statistics,
Findings/Contributions:
The authors show that German- diving Tourism can be a major potential contributor to the local economy
of Malindi, Kenya, while at the same time playing an important role in the conservation of the same
through park fees, increased national and international awareness and the economic value as a non-
harvested resource as well as potential active participation in ecological support for the protection of
marine ecology, especially in the Watamu Marine National Park
26
Paper#14 Entrepreneur as Innovator and Communicator. What we should learn (and not
learn) from contemporary business idols
Prof. Dr. Michael Krzeminski
Communication Science, especially Innovation Communication, Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg
University of Applied Sciences
ABSTRACT
The notion of entrepreneur usually implies the idea of an especially creative and innovative
type of businessman (or woman). The entrepreneur is inventive by nature, seeking for
challenges beyond traditional pathways and is willing of taking risks in order to achieve
further goals.
Another stereotype of the entrepreneur is that of an especially outgoing and communicative
character. He or she knows exactly what customers want and how to sell them a new product
or idea. In this respect the entrepreneur is corresponding to our image of successful
salesperson, too.
The public perception of modern business idols is full of examples where the combination of
these capacities is seen as the decisive clue to their extraordinary success. And if the two
talents cannot not be found in one person they are assumed to be represented by the
members of a founder team (or „garage band“) like Paul Allen & Bill Gates, Steve Wozniak &
Steve Jobs, etc.
Unlike in the days of early industrialization, the single heroe entrepreneur, creative genius
and marketing wizard at once, has become a prevailing narrative in popular (and sometimes
also academic) culture around the world. The biographies of contemporary business idols like
Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos and Marc Zuckerberg are block busters and students don’t get tired of
proposing them to be read in marketing classes. In some cases their popularity seems not to
stand behind that of grand leaders in political history like Mahatma Gandhi or Nelson
Mandela.
In this presentation it is argued, that
a. the process of innovation in industrial societies is far too complex for being decisively
influenced by one individual alone (unless it appears because this person happens to
be at the right place at the right time)
27
b. personal inventiveness continues to play an important role in terms of networking
and team building, not least in order to find your place in greater innovation
structures
c. the capacity to fit into and taking leadership in innovation networks is a result of
successful communication. To some extent this might be a question of talent, for the
most part it is a result of personal empowerment
Taking into account the aesthetisation of politics and business cultures alike, the single heroe
innovator/communicator might be deconstructed as a modern myth. Innovation and
communication however will prevail as key competences of every person who wants to be an
entrepreneur in rapidly changing business environments, including radical changes in our
traditional understanding of markets as such.
28
Paper#15 Savings, entrepreneurial ability and self-employment: Evidence from selected
Ghanaian Universities
James Atta Peprah
Department of Economics, University of Cape Coast
ABSTRACT
This paper attempts to explore the saving behaviour, entrepreneurial ability and the decision to be self-
employed among students from selected public and private universities in Ghana. Employing the
bivariate analysis and probit model on a sample of 1,012 students, the study shows that savings behaviour
among the youth varies according to their programmes of study, category of university they attend and
parental background of the students. Savings and entrepreneurial ability increase the probability of self-
employment among university students. Policies that can address graduate unemployment should focus
on helping students to save whiles they are in school. Helping students to cultivate entrepreneurial ability
is of paramount importance and hence programmes that focus on entrepreneurial training need to be
emphasized. Policy intervention needs to be designed carefully to target students into self-employment
as a way of curbing youth unemployment in Ghana and thus the University of Cape Coast is taking the
first step to establish savings club to encourage savings habit.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial ability, Ghana, youth unemployment, savings, self-employment
29
Paper# 16 Born To Be An Entrepreneur; Is Entrepreneurship A Talent Or Trainable
Andrea Koikai née Sachtleben
Kaysa Ltd.
Coaching and consulting, London, UK
ABSTRACT
Success not only depends on the technology, product or service but a lot on the personality of the
entrepreneur. Failures and success mostly evaluated by the product and the market but there is more
about the personality, attitude and moods of the entrepreneur which decides about the success then the
“realistic” view would show. Having knowledge about this fireld gives new entrepreneurs more chance
to succeed.
Based on the archetypes of C.G.Jung and over 20 years of being an entrepreneur and training
entrepreneurs, Andrea Koikai will give an introduction on how to find out which kind of entrepreneur
the participants are. She will introduce some tools and exercises.
In the second part of the workshop, the roles of an entrepreneur will be introduced. Andrea Koikai will
show how to establish them in a new or growing business.
The third part of the workshop is the discussion about the essential differences between a manager and
an entrepreneur.
Andrea Koikai, a German high performance leadership coach has been in the field of entrepreneurship
for nearly 20 years. She founded her first company while training, coaching and supporting entrepreneurs
in different countries and very different fields. She is about to start another company in Kenya together
with her Kenyan Husband
30
Paper#18 Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: evidence from students
of University of Cape Coast, Ghana.
Daniel Ofori1, Christina Appiah-Nimo1,
1Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, School of Business, University of Cape
Coast, Ghana
ABSTRACT
The University of Cape Coast in their bit to reduce graduate unemployment have introduced a university-
wide entrepreneurship course for all non-business students. The purpose of this study was to analyse the
perception of students about the course and assess the impact of the course on their entrepreneurial
intentions. Descriptive survey design was employed in the study. Based on the consecutive sampling
technique, a sample of 1,200 students participated in the study and the structural equation modelling was
used in analysing data collected.
Results from analysis shows that there was a significant relationship between attitude (β = 0.321, p <
0.01) and entrepreneurial intention. Similarly, perceived behavioral control (β = 0.446, p < 0.01) also
showed significant and positive relationship with entrepreneurial intention, whereas subjective norms (β
= 0.032, p > 0.05), although had a positive relationship with entrepreneurial intention, the relationship
was not significant. Attitude has been found to be a good predictor of entrepreneurial intentions.
Perceived behavioural control was found to have the highest impact. The influence of subjective norms,
however, on forming intention proved to be generally weak.The overall joint significance of the
antecedent factors explained 48% (r2 = 0.479, p < 0.01) of the variance in entrepreneurial intention.
Results also revealed the introduction of the course has created the required entrepreneurial intentions in
students to start a new venture in line with the planned behaviour theory. Students were satisfied with
the mode of course delivery. Nonetheless, they mentioned the limited time for the course, absence of
course manual and nature of assessment as a challenge. It was recommended a course manual be
developed for the course and a more flexible yet practical approach be used to assess them.
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Paper#19 Universities Third Mission and Business Incubation: Cooperation between Universities
and Business Incubators demonstrated with the Example “Digital Hub Region Bonn”
Prof. Dr. Klaus Deimel
Centre for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and SMEs (CENTIM) at the Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of
Applied Sciences
ABSTRACT
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) should, on the one hand, provide theoretical and practical
knowledge to students and, on the other hand, make valuable contributions to theoretical knowledge and
provide new insights by means of research. However, HEIs have to face changing and increasing
demands with respect to what they are expected to achieve. Education and research issues are no longer
enough, what matters today is a so called “third mission”. A specific example for implementing a third
mission is the cooperation between HEIs and business incubators. With this in mind, a local consortium
consisting of regional HEIs, e.g. Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, as well as public and
private institutions and partners initiated and established a hub for the region Bonn/Rhein-Sieg, called
“Digital Hub Region Bonn” in 2016. This conference contribution informs and reports on our experience
with regards to this cooperation approach resulting from the above mentioned case. Furthermore the pros
and cons, issues and challenges of this kind of cooperation are discussed. Last but not least this discussion
offers the opportunity to share and compare the experiences of other university business incubators in
Africa as well as Germany. As can be shown, the financial investment of HEIs in a joint-incubator with
other public as well as private partners offers substantial benefits, such as mutual know-how transfer
from HEIs to the economy and vice versa. This strengthens and fosters entrepreneurial mind sets and
activities as well as contributes to the development and growth of the local economy. Consequently, this
cooperation sometimes creates challenges at various levels, for example due to differing interests
between HEIs and business partners. This conference contribution offers approaches to solve the issues
mentioned above and to support private public partnership in business incubation
.
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Paper#20 Sponsoring for extracurricular offers at Wismar University
Hartmut Domröse1, Regina Krause1,Evgenia Mahler1
Hochschule Wismar – University of Applied Sciences Technology, Business and Design
ABSTRACT
Interdisciplinary study activities have become an important part of students’ preparation for the labor
market. Robert Schmidt Institute at the Wismar University of Applied Sciences has developed various
models to promote the development of cross-disciplinary competencies to students of different
disciplines and grades. Such extracurricular model with a proven success is the three-day idea camp,
which has been taking place since 2009. During the idea camp 15 students compete in 5 teams and seek
solutions for a given task. This task always refers to a societal, social or economic problem from the
university environment. In order to make a concentrated work possible, the idea camp is being organized
in a less-distractive location outside the university. The related expenditures include accommodation,
subsistence and cultural activities of the teams. The jury is a five-member team consisting of
representatives from the university, the sponsors and the regional administration.
The aim of the idea camp is the better networking of the university within the region as well as the
mobilization of entrepreneurial potential among the students. This paper describes the approach of the
development of the offer and its marketing on the campus. It also describes the benefits for the students
and the regional companies by participating in this event. Furthermore, the potential of this event for
international networking is presented
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Paper#21 Adapted Accelerator Model To Enhance University Graduates Entrepreneurship In
Morocco
Mohammed Khalil, PhD1, Abdessamad Haddadi, PhD2, Amina Akkach2
1Zuyd University of Applied Sciences Maastricht, The Netherlands
2Académie des Arts Traditionnels, Casablanca, Morocco
ABSTRACT
Despite their growth, many emerging economies still produce more young people with university degrees
than full time qualified jobs for them. Given the difficult social situation of many of these graduates,
coming quickly after graduation to an income is of high urgency. As a consequence, many end up
accepting underqualified jobs. The option of creating their own job is not often considered.
This is what the Academy of Traditional Art (AAT) in Casablanca proposes to its graduates. Each year,
about 100 of its students earn a degree at master levels spread on 10 specialties (see figure below). Once
on the job market, graduates experience competition from handicraft workers who also combine artistic
and manual skills and most of the time active in informal or semi-informal economy. Clearly AAT
graduates differentiators, namely their competencies in advanced design and manual skills, innovation
and also problem solving are often not optimally used. AAT coached graduates to be job creators for
themselves and for handicraft workers through the creation of cooperatives and of an accelerator. The
standard accelerator model had to be adapted to fit with the local business culture and environment and
also the AAT needs. AAT accelerator supports its members (cooperatives) in first projects acquisitions.
This gives cooperatives the references required to develop their own business further. For acceleration
needs, 10-20-70 learning model is used (10%: formal learning, 20%: learning from others, 70%: on the
job learning). AAT accelerator offers hands-on assistance to the cooperatives to fine-tune their most
crucial areas of need for developing their businesses, such as assessments and development of group
competencies, project management, supply chain, intellectual property, financing mechanisms and
marketing. The accelerator offers a fit for use network of mentors, policy makers, supply-chain, and
handicraft professionals. Some work and meeting spaces, including access to workshops and to junior
students, are offered. In this paper we present the adapted accelerator and a related entrepreneurship
development case study on three cooperatives. We expect the model to be replicable and scalable in
similar contexts.
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Paper#22 Towards Entrepreneurial Universities in Kenya through Marketing strategy and
entrepreneurship : A comparative study of Selected Public and Private Universities in Kenya
Justus M Munyoki1
1Associate professor of marketing, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Joseph Owino2
2Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, University of Nairobi
Henry Mutoro3
3Deputy Vice Chancellor, Academic Affairs, University of Nairobi
Abstract
This study sought to make a comparative assessment of public and private universities in Kenya, in order
to understand their orientation towards entrepreneurship and marketing practices used, as well as
assessing whether entrepreneurial orientation has influence on marketing practices. The study adopted a
descriptive cross sectional design, with the population being heads of department or program
coordinators in selected public and private universities in Kenya. Eight public and five private
universities were selected for the study. A proportionate stratified random sample of heads of department
will be selected form each university to participate as the respondents. A Semi structured questionnaires
was administered by trained data collection assistants. Pilot study was done to ensure validity and
reliability of the data collection instrument. Analysis was included descriptive statistics, particularly
means and standard deviation. Testing of paired sample means was done to rest the 1st two hypotheses,
while regression and correlation were done to test the third hypothesis. The study found that Private
Universities were doing better than Public Universities especially in the area of looking for and
exploiting new opportunities that generate money for the University. Private universities had a mean
score of 3.8621 (SD 1.17) compared to a mean score of 3.1639 (SD 1.04) for public Universities for
their ability to look for and exploit new opportunities that generate money for the University. Similarly,
Private universities had a mean score of 3.24 (SD 1.32) for taking cautious posture in order to minimize
the possibility of making wrong decisions, as compared to 2.98 (SD 1. 13) for public Universities. Private
universities were found to be doing better that public universities in most of the marketing indicators
tested. Private universities had a stronger believe in customer sovereignty (Mean 4.31, SD.76) than
Public Universities (Mean 3.7, SD 0.86) . Further, Private universities had better established marketing
department that handles marketing programs (Mean 4.1, SD 1.04) than Public Universities ((Mean 3.12,
SD 1.3). However, public Universities were better (Mean 4.1, SD.71) (in having systems for curriculum
35
review that match industry needs than private universities (Mean 3.79, SD 1.17). regression and
correlation analysis done showed that indicators of entrepreneurial spirit have a positive influence on
indicators of marketing practices. The regression model had an R2 value of 0.325(F = 9.882, p =0.00)
while the entrepreneurial factor of continuously looking for and exploit new opportunities that generate
money for university had positive and significant influence on having marketing department that handles
marketing programs (r =0. 321 ) and on strong believe in customer sovereignty r =0. 382), both
significant at 0.01). Similarly the factor that a firm takes a cautious posture in order to minimize the
possibility of making wrong decision has positive and significant influence on a marketing department
that handles your marketing programs (r =0. 445 ) and on strong believe in customer sovereignty r =0.
472), both significant at 0.01).
Key words: Entrepreneurial spirit, Private Universities, Public Universities, Marketing
strategy
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Paper#23 Linkage Strategies, Industry Forces and University Performance
Orucho M. Ngala,PhD1, Zachary B. Awino,PhD2
The Co-operative University of Kenya
Associate Professor, School of Business, University of Nairobi
[email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study sought to contribute to knowledge by assessing the moderating effect of industry forces on
the relationship between linkage strategies and performance of universities in Kenya. Michael Porter’s
five forces model was used as the main theory anchoring the study. Cross-Sectional survey was adopted
as the research design. The population of the study consists of sixty five (65) public and private
universities incorporated in Kenya. Out of this, a sample of forty seven (47) universities which had
undergone at least one graduation cycle was taken. Primary and secondary data was collected using
semi-structured questionnaires and review of existing university documents and regulatory bodies
websites respectively. The instrument was tested for reliability and found fit. Analysis was undertaken
using correlation and regression analyses to test hypotheses. Analysis of variance was also used to
determine the differences between group means. Coefficient of variation (C.V) was also used to measure
variability and consistency in scores of different universities when standard deviation and arithmetic
means are compared. Out of the targeted forty seven (47) respondents from forty seven (47) universities,
a total of forty four (44) questionnaires were returned, representing 94% response rate. It was established
that there is a moderating effect of industry forces on the relationship between linkage strategies and
organizational performance. The results provided rich implications for theory, policy and practice. The
significance of industry forces in strategy formulation and implementation requires concentrated
attention. The findings offer insights to university authorities and policy makers by answering the
question on the influence of industry forces on performance of higher learning institutions. The key
recommendation that the study offers to the stakeholders, is the need to consider industry forces as critical
determinants during strategy formulation and implementation process in order to enhance university
performance. The main limitation of this study is that primary data was collected from only one
respondent per university but common methods bias was mitigated through the use of additional
secondary data to validate primary data. Thus, the limitation did not affect the credence of the results as
presented and discussed. Secondly, although it was not possible to include all the determinants of
institutional performance, balanced score card was appropriately used to represent financial and non-
financial aspects that constitute performance indicators.
Key words: industry forces, linkage strategy, economic sector, university performance.
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Paper#24 University Business Incubators and its Role as Accelerator of Economic Development
in Sub-Sahara African Countries: State of the art
Ademola Taiwo, PhD1, Jürgen Bode, PhD2, Luc Da Gbadji PhD3,
1Candidate at the Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg,University of Applied Sciences – Germany;
[email protected] 2Professor, Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, University of Applied Sciences – Germany;
3Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, University of Applied Sciences – Germany
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
The purpose of this research paper is to review the body of knowledge on University Business Incubation
(UBI). This study builds on existing management and entrepreneurship literature on University Business
Incubation Models and explores UBIs contributions in accelerating local and country economic
development. It seeks to investigate the challenges associated with their implementation(in particular in
developing countries) while identifying success factors as well as best practices associated with them.
Methodology:
This research paper is based on a systematic review of the existing literature on Academic
Entrepreneurship, Academic spin-offs, Incubating Students and graduating start-ups, University
Business Incubation, Business Incubators and Accelerators,“Research, Science, and Technology Parks”,
as well as on institutions that facilitate the transfer and the commercialization of technology from
universities to firms (industry) such as Innovation Hubs, University Technology Transfer Offices, etc.
This study analyzes the unique institutional factors and the environmental business ecosystems that affect
the success of University Business Incubations in selected Sub-Sahara African countries (e.g. Nigeria,
Kenya and Ghana).
Findings/Contributions:
This paper contributes to the identification of successful University Business Incubation Models that
have proved their worth in developed countries such as in Germany. Furthermore the paper develops a
conceptual framework and suggests adapted University Incubation Models that are taking the context
and some specificities of Sub-Sahara African countries in account
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Paper#25 Impact Assessment Of Informal Transport Sub-Sector On job Creation And Income
Generation In Nigeria: Evidence From Commercial Motorcycle Operators In Dutse Metropolis,
Jigawa State
Ibrahim Muhammad Adam
Department Of Economics & Development Studies, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The ability of the Nigerian formal sector to generate employment and provide means of livelihood has
been truncated by the economic crisis that dates back to SAP era in the 1980s. The informal sector
therefore, serves as an alternative means of survival and provides jobs to the teeming unemployed
population in the country. This paper therefore, examines the role of commercial motorcycle operatorsin
the urban informal transport sub-sector towards provision of employment and income generation in
Jigawa State, Nigeria. A total of 300 structured questionnaires were distributed to randomly selected
commercial motorcycle operators in Dutse metropolis, Jigawa State-Nigeria and the data obtained was
analyzed with the aid of SPSS software. In addition to the descriptive analyses, dual econometric models
were specified and estimated through regression analysis technique. The results show that the
commercial motorcycle transport sub-sector is a significant and important source of employment and
income especially amongst the youth providing employment to particularly jobless secondary school
leavers and seasonal urban migrants. Income earnings analyses shows that 72% of the operators earn an
average income of N930.00 daily which is far above the national minimum wage level of N18, 000.00
per month in the formal sector. Moreover, the study found that due to commercial motorcycle operational
flexibility and portability within the metropolis, is often preferred by the commuters and also, even social
deviants in executing crimes. The implication of the study is the need for policy makers to make
regulations and reforms that will enhance the sub-sectors capacity of employment and income generation,
promote safety of operators and their customers, and introduce measures that will make it difficult for
criminals to take advantage of the sub-sector in advancing their course.
Key words: Motorcycle, Commercial, Employment, Jigawa, Informal
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Paper#26 Effects of Managerial Competence on the Debt-position of SMEs in Ghana
Abraham Ansong, PhD
Senior Lecturer (Management), Department of Management Studies, University of Cape Coast, Cape
Coast-Ghana
ABSTRACT
This paper examined the effects of managerial competence on debt-position of small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana by controlling for firm specific variables such as firm size, firm reputation,
access to finance and financial performance. It contributes to our knowledge on how managerial
competence influences the extent of leverage firms accommodate in their business operations. Primary
data of 423 SMEs in the Accra Metropolis using regression analysis were analyzed. It documented a
significant negative relationship between managerial competence and leverage. This denotes that
competent managers play a key role in assisting firms in reducing their leveraged positions by either
depending more on internal financial resources and/or accessing debt-financing from cheaper sources.
Thus, it is recommended that entrepreneurs should invest more time and money at recruiting competent
managers and/or training existing executives to improve their managerial competences.
Keywords: Managerial competence; Leverage; Debt-position; Access to Finance; SMEs, Emerging
economy
40
Paper#27 Measuring the Performance Of Macroeconomic Policies On Entrepreneurship: A
Nigerian Perspective
A.J. Adegeye, PhD1, Akinseye Olowu2
1Professor of Agricultural Economics, Ondo State Medical University, Ondo, Nigeria
[email protected] 2University of Stellenbosch Business School, Bellville park campus, South Africa
ABSTRACT
The paper focuses on the effects of selected macroeconomic policies on entrepreneurship at country level
in Nigeria from 1990 to 2014. We review the monetary and fiscal policies to derive their implications
for business related entrepreneurship. We adopt a measure of entrepreneurship at country level using the
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) indicators to form our total entrepreneurship Activity (TEA)
in Nigeria. Specifically, we use the determinant of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship performance and
entrepreneurship impact as specified by the previous studies as the measure of entrepreneurship. The
study makes use of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation proposed by Shin, Yu and
Greenwood-Nimmo (2014) to examine the macroeconomic drivers of entrepreneurship. From the results,
we deduce policy implications and recommend policy options for entrepreneurship growth in Nigeria.
41
Paper#28 Integrating and Elevating Entrepreneurship Training and Education in Higher
Education: Strategies, Challenges, and Impacts
Bernard BRÈS
Technopole-2iE director, 2iE (International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering),
Burkina Faso
ABSTRACT
The success of Africa development depends on the ability of private sector to become more productive,
and more locally anchored. We also know that about one third of engineers become entrepreneurs during
their careers. Companies are interested by entrepreneurial skills and other “soft” skills giving staff the
ability to conduct a specific business project, or a specific department of the firm; the term of
‘intrapreneurship’ is sometime used. More globally, self-esteem and leadership are necessary to impulse
the movement toward economic autonomy, transparency, endogenic growth in developing countries. So,
this empowerment of students contributes to heighten the employability level of graduates. It is important
to build curricula in link with economy needs. More than entrepreneurship, the economic inclusion of
youth is at 2iE a long lived and monitored program that consists in a four stage program and can be
schematized as follows:
-First stage, skill approach: building curricula to match the needs of economy and private sector. Develop
graduates employability and economic inclusion. Modules, courses, derive from target skills.
-Second stage, entrepreneurial skills: compulsory modules for all students, according the fact that 1/3 of
engineers will be entrepreneur one day, and that entrepreneurial skills and soft skills are popular among
companies (intrapreneurship)
-Third stage, disruptive pedagogy: projects, internship periods, business competitions, “hold-up”
sessions as a way to develop autonomy, creativity, leadership and professional network of students.
Leading a business is a case study that can became true.
-Fourth stage, transformational innovation: create businesses and startups, identify champions, prove that
youth can transform society, prove that innovation is possible in developing countries As Canadians say,
“innovation needs a champion”. Successes of alumni incite students to follow suit.
42
Paper#29 Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Employment and Job Creation: A study of
Graduates of Technical University of Kenya
Evans Vidija Sagwa, PhD
Senior Lecturer, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi Kenya
ABSTRACT
There have been concerns from stakeholders on the employability of graduates from public universities
in Kenya. Studies have in the past been conducted regarding preferences of employers that seem to
suggest that employers prefer graduates from private universities as compared to public universities.
Though concerted efforts have been made in public universities in Kenya to incorporate entrepreneurship
education in the curriculum to enhance chances of employment and job creation, the studies have not
examined the effect of entrepreneurship education on employment and job creation. The purpose of the
proposed study will be to assess the effect of entrepreneurship education on employment and job creation
among graduates of Technical University of Kenya. The hypothesis of the study will be; entrepreneurship
education has a significant effect on employment and job creation among graduates of Technical
University of Kenya. The study will be guided by the Resource Based Theory. The study will adopt an
action research design. The study will be a descriptive survey. The population of the study will be the
graduates of 2016 of the Technical University of Kenya. The snowball technique will be adopted to
collect data using a questionnaire from the respondents. The questionnaire will be pre-tested in a pilot
study to ascertain its reliability. The data collection instrument will also be examined by experts to ensure
content validity. Data analysis will be done with the aid of SPSS Version 21. Correlation and regression
techniques will be used to analyze the data. The regression results will be used to bring out the
relationship between entrepreneurship education on employment and job creation among graduates of
Technical University of Kenya. Conclusions will be drawn from the findings of the study and
recommendations made.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship education, employment, job creation, university graduates
43
Paper#30 Making responsible engineers through SRE training
Facia Giraud, Field ADEOSSI
2iE (International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering), Burkina Faso
ABSTRACT
With trainings and research oriented towards sustainable development since 2006 (Water and
Sanitation, Infrastructure, Renewable Energies and Energy Processes), 2iE Foundation is positioning
itself as a reference institute that trains innovative engineers-entrepreneurs for the needs and challenges
of Africa’s development. Center of Excellence of the UEMOA and theWorld Bank, CSR is at the heart
of the Strategy of the institute which aims to be a showcase in this field in Africa. Thus, several major
actions were carried out from 2009 to 2017:
• A CSR diagnosis which enabled us to take stock of our social and Environmental practices in
accordance with the Burkinabe legislation,
• Membership in the global compact of the United Nations and the commitment to communicate our
progress on the respect of the 10 principles
• Membership in the conference of the high school of Paris and the publication of two CSR reports
according to their CSR reporting framework
• The introduction of the eco-citizenship course for bachelors and the introduction of CSR management
for Masters.
• The development of continuous training on climate change, green growth and social green business for
the benefit of end-of-training students and public administration officers and project and program
managers. Moreover, 2iE is a member and provides the executive secretariat of the multi-stakeholder
forum for CSR in the mining sector in Burkina Faso; with domains of interest such as research and
innovation in which engineers can propose local technical solutions for the control of environmental
aspects. Based on this expertise, 2iE in partnership with the France Volontaires association, offer
consulting support in the field of Audit, Implementation and CSR reporting for companies in all sectors.
Bimonthly thematic coffee shops are regularly organized at 2iE with these companies to discuss the news
of their activities or to share good practices.
44
Paper#31 Existing Metrics Use In Indexing University Information Technology Teaching
Professionals’ Improvement In ICT Integration
James OnyangoAbila1, Wamocho Leonard2
1PhD Candidate Department of Information Technology,Kibabii University –Kenya
[email protected] 2Professor, Faculty of Science ,Masinde University of Science and Technology
ABSTRACT
Despite the recent progress in the development of ICT integration indices to support management of
teaching in institutions, very little empirical research focusing on metrics for continuous improvement in
ICT integration indexing of university information technology teaching professionals (UITTPs) has been
conducted. This situation exists despite the leadership role that university Information Technology
Teaching Professionals continuous improvement indexes can offer. This study examined extent in use
of existing ICT integration metrics to index ICT integration by the University Information Teaching
Professionals (UITTPs). Quality of integration depends on quality indexing which also depend on quality
of existing metrics. The study examined the extent in use of five barrier metrics to index ICT integration;
the extent in use of these metrics; time, workshop course content relevance, technical malfunctions,
support conditions, support services, and motivation and commitment to student learning and staff
professional development. A descriptive survey design was used in the study which was conducted in
three (3) public and three (3) private purposively selected universities in Kenya. This provided ideal
population for the study .The obtained results was analyzed systematically using descriptive and
inferential statistics and presented with help of frequency tables, figures and percentages. The findings
revealed that the existing metrics are rarely used for indexing ICT integration, in which ICT integration
workshop course content relevance was the most frequently used metrics while Technical malfunction
metrics was the least used metric (not used at all) .This implies that socio based metrics for integration
are given more emphasis as an integration metric as compared to Technical metrics. The study
recommends that a socio-technical metrics balance need to be done by the universities management in
determining and suitability in use of metrics in indexing integration.
Keywords: ICT, integration, Index, Metrics, University, IT Teaching.
45
Paper#32 The teaching and learning of entrepreneurship as a course: Its effect on the
employability of Ghanaian tertiary graduates
Kofi Ashiboe-Mensah
Quality Assurance Officer, Ho Technical University, Ghana
ABSTRACT
Accelerated industrial growth is one of the priorities of Ghana in order to boost the welfare of her
citizenry as well as economic development. This therefore, requires that tertiary education provides
graduates with job-relevant skills to meet the demands of industry and the economy as a whole. Based
on this overarching development objective, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP);
The Association of Ghana Industries (AGI); the National Council for Tertiary Education (NCTE); and
the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MOTI) have in various national documents called for the need to
build effective and strong linkages between tertiary education and industry (Bawakyillenuo et al, 2013).
This paper, therefore is to investigate the effect of teaching entrepreneurship on employment
opportunities for graduates passing out from our tertiary institutions and to ask the questions, do the
lecturers have the competencies (attitudes, knowledge and behaviour) that are meant topromote the
production of quality graduates who are motivated to set up their own businesses in order to become
employers rather than employees? To partly resolve this problem, tertiary institutions have introduced
entrepreneurship in their curriculum which in the view of the researcher, the methodology in teaching
and learning this curriculum is not practically-oriented. An interaction with an entrepreneurship lecturer
at Ho Technical University indicates that the course is not intended to help graduates establish their own
businesses but for them to have an idea about what entrepreneurship entails. This assertion has
emphasised the fact that graduates produced by tertiary institutions are not baked to undertake any
personal venture but to look up to the government for jobs that are rarely non-existent hence contributing
to the high unemployment rate of 8.6% (Ghana Statistical Service, 2016). Nonetheless, the government
is also encouraging Competency Based Trainingin higher institutions of learning to increase the supply
of skilled labour in the Ghanaian economy.
Key Words: Entrepreneurship, Employability, Curriculum and Quality Graduates.
46
Paper#33 Towards a mindset change from job seeking to job creation amongst Kenyan
graduates: The Case of Graduate Enterprise Academy (GEA), Kenya
Mwangi Peter Wanderi1, Makandi Lilian1
Mount Kenya University,
ABSTRACT
The fast escalating challenge of graduate unemployment in Africa can only be fathomed after
comprehending the huge number of graduates released by Universities annually against an overall very
low number of jobs created per year in each country. For instance, in Kenya, according to the
Commission for University Education (CUE) report in 2016,more than 120,000 persons graduated from
Kenyan Universities between 2012 and 2015yet the country had no guaranteed employment for these
graduates. In Ghana, the unemployed graduates have instituted themselves into an association of
unemployed graduates. Likewise, despite Nigeria considering itself as Africa’s biggest economy, nearly
a quarter of Nigerian graduates are unemployed. Little wonder then that, a 3 year study by the British
Council published in 2014 which was based in Kenya, Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa entitled “Can
Higher Education Solve Africa’s Problems?” showed that, it takes 5 years for some graduates to get a
jobwithin some of the countries covered by the study. This is an unprecedented phenomenon viewed
widely as a time-bomb that desperately needs addressing. Different institutions in different countries
have responded to this challenge in different ways where for instance, Nigeria, has come up with a policy
that makes entrepreneurship education compulsory. This paper presents the case of Mount Kenya
University’s response to this challenge by establishing the Graduate Enterprise Academy (GEA) in 2013
in Kenya. GEA serves as an accelerator for nurturing graduates’ start-ups and assists the apprentices
through training, mentoring and networking. Notable results have been experienced following this grand
initiative which included a contribution of US dollars 400,000 by the Mount Kenya University’s Board
of Directors to support the initiative between 2014 and 2019. The paper show-cases GEA as a model for
emulation by other African universities with the sole objective of assisting graduates in Africa to be job
and wealth creators rather than being perennial job seekers.
Keywords/ terms: Job and wealth creation, enterprise academy, unemployment, apprentices
47
Paper#34 Building Bridges across Continents: Promoting Cultural Diversity
Brautlacht Regina1, Agyapong Daniel2, Rauhut Nils3,Owino Joseph4
1Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences;
2 Cape Coast University 3 Coastal Carolina University
4 University of Nairobi
ABSTRACT
The cultural diversity project is a student centered learning approach that seeks to promote international
communication and developing 21st century competencies to enable students to learn the essential skills
needed for our interconnected world. The project, which is in its fourth phase of implementation,
connects students online from Germany, America, Ghana and Kenya working on a common goal directed
research assignment for a period of 10 calendar weeks. The students in each country are selected by a
project leader drawn from the faculty of the participating universities. Selection of the students is guided
by criteria which include willingness to participate, knowledge of online communication tools and
availability throughout the project period. The students are assigned into virtual teams with at least one
participant from each of the participating universities. The project leader in each country provides
technical support and intellectual leadership by organizing kick-off meeting where students are taken
through project guidelines and basic training on online communication tools. Thereafter, students prepare
a short introductory video message that is posted on a Facebook group. Regular meetings between project
leader and students in each country are held to support students in their collaboration assignments and to
monitor progress. The main communication channels consist of Skype, Facebook, Wiki, emails and
WhatsApp. Students conduct a survey using a standard instrument prepared by the teams; analyze and
prepare research report posted in the wiki. Project evaluation and poster presentation is the last task
performed by the students before they exit. In 2016, forty students were involved in evaluating
perceptions about genetically modified foods (GMO) in their respective countries. The project leaders
also hold regular virtual meetings on Skype to review project implementation and report project status
in each country. The students were asked to evaluate the project by completing a semi-structured
questionnaire. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and content analysis. Participating
students in all countries reported that the project helped them increase their cultural and global awareness
and their ability to communicate and interact with native and non-native English speakers in different
countries. Students came to realize that working and negotiating styles in different countries affected
their project outcomes. Students also reported that they gained a better understanding of why ethical
questions about genetically modified foods are perceived differently in other countries. Furthermore,
students indicated that their abilities to communicate with the help of Web 2.0 tools such as Skype, Wiki,
and Facebook increased significantly through their participation in the project. Based on the overall
evaluations, the project gave students the opportunity to develop essential skills in critical thinking,
problem solving, communication and collaboration.
Key words: cross-cultural, communication, students, project, competencies
48
Paper#35 Dymystifying Cultural Gender Disparities Experienced In Socio-Economic And
Political Development In Africa
Mushori, James
PhD Candidate – Project Planning & Managment, School of Continuing and Distance Education,
University of Nairobi,
ABSTRACT
Gender disproportions have been part and parcel of most African cultures since time immemorial.
Demographically, women are over a half population in most of the African countries but their
participation in sectors of socio-economic and political spheres have remained inadequately represented.
The enduring and biased beliefs on gender roles that view women much less important as compared to
men are what forms the basis of concern to the welfare of women and most importantly the women
entrepreneurs. This study reveals the long-standing cultural practices that have contributed to gender
inequality and goes further to demystify areas in which women have continually experienced inequality
and thus affecting their entrepreneurial spirit. Through the the desk research methodology, it can be
deduced that the following are key areas that pause a threat to women socio-economic and political
development and hence the inequality being experienced even today in the twenty first century: harmful
marriage, female genital mutilation, wife inheritance and HIV scourge, access to land including land
rights and right to property, over-emphasizing patriarchal system of family, and gender violence. These
factors compounded together, have resulted for unfortunate experiences that have been witnessed in the
education sector, political participation, participation in policy making, gender division of labour and
inaccess to credit facility. These experiences have severely thwarted entrepreneurial growth of women.
The study therefore recommends that there is imperative need for a paradigm shift in these areas to ensure
women are not only liberated and empowered but also their full participation in the entrepreneurship
activities are highly strengthened and promoted.
Keywords: Culture, Gender, entrepreneurship, Development
49
Paper#36Culture and value trade-offs for successful entrepreneurship in Africa
J. Otto Kroesen, PhD1, David J. Ndegwah, PhD2
1Assistant Professor business ethics and cross-cultural entrepreneurship at the Technical University
Delft, Jaffalaan , The Netherlands
2Senior Lecturer philosophy and religion, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and
Technology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Bondo, Kenya
ABSTRACT
In Africa slowly but steadily a transformation is taking place in the management styles of enterprises.
There is a trend towards more precise time management, more precision in dealing with increasingly
sophisticated technology, more professionalism and independence of the individual worker, more
feedback from the bottom to the top in order to manage the processes properly, cooperation on a larger
scale in an open society under the umbrella of effective governance. This raises the question what cultural
transformation is actually going on and where it is heading.
This contribution makes two points: first, neither cultures nor the so-called mental states of individuals
are ever static, but always on the move. Second, the force of passion and inspiration by which particular
cultural values are endorsed in a particular context makes all the difference in their impact.
The importance of these two propositions comes to the fore, if the concept of an “economic culture” is
taken into consideration. The claim of the authors is that the ongoing cultural transformation can be better
understood in the dynamic approach of cultural values as proposed here. It presupposes and effectuates
a translation of older layers of culture from the tribal roots of Africa to the new situation of an open
society and universalist governance. Africa maintains the continuity of its own roots in the new situation
of large-scale modern technology and governance.
Keywords: development, economic culture, intercultural management, values, entrepreneurship
50
Paper#37 Intercultural challenges of on-line international collaborative projects
Munyao Mulwa1, Eileen Kueppe2
1Univeristy of Nairobi School of Business, Kenya
2University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Germany
ABSTRACT
Globalization, the undisputed way into the future has presented higher education institutions and business
enterprises with enormous opportunities to take knowledge sharing and business partnerships beyond
national frontier to the global arena. This has led to social/cross cultural interactions presenting
academicians and practitioners with insurmountable challenges like facilitation of mobility for home and
international students, overcoming global cross cultural barriers to partnerships, knowledge and
information sharing, providing lived multicultural experiences and developing graduates and
practitioners whose character and business acumen fit the global workplace. The paper explored how to
deliver solutions to the aforementioned challenges through a piloted virtual interaction project between
university students in Kenya and Germany through a case study of University of Nairobi students and
students of University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Germany.
While the benefits of international student mobility are acknowledged, the numbers of students who
benefit from 'real' mobility are relatively small due to financial, time and linguistic constraints. An
alternative to real mobility is ‘virtual’ mobility; the use of ICT (Information and Communication
Technology) to enable students to collaborate and communicate across borders of space and time. At the
inception of a cultural interaction project between entrepreneurs, universities and students, expectations
are usually quite high. Such projects have an excellent kick off at the idea and expectations sharing stage.
However at full blast interactions, disappointments, diverging targets, misunderstandings in personal and
student relations, unplanned events take center stage affecting significantly project outcomes and
timelines. While different perspectives and backgrounds can make for a better and diverse project
outcome, they can also produce conflict and teamwork challenges. In our methodology, we propose to
use interactive workshop approach where we will explain the objectives of the project, theory behind
setting up cultural interactions project then detail the modalities used in the Kenya – Germany project
and explore outcomes and challenges of the project. A shared recommendations session between the
presenters and the participants will then be used to solicit feedback from the workshop participants. This
session will be intended for participants with interests in working collaboratively online or who already
have experience with such digital projects, with emphasis on African/European exchanges. The
presenters will allow time for participants to share their strategies for such collaborative strategies as
well as a question and answer session for developing a way forward.
Key Words: Intercultural interactions, virtual mobility, globalization, learned experiences
51
Paper#38 Experiential Learning through the Transformational Incubation Programme: a
Ghanaian case study
Stephen Dobson,PhD1, Professor Gideon Maas1, Professor Paul Jones1, Joan Lockyer, PhD1
1International Centre for Transformational Entrepreneurship, Coventry University
ABSTRACT
The paper offers a case study evaluating a Transformational Incubation Programme from a collaboration
between Coventry University and the British Council in Ghana. This programme embeds a blended,
experiential learning approach to practice-based entrepreneurship education through an incubator
designed to support business startup and growth.Whilst entrepreneurship plays an important role in socio-
economic development it is argued that entrepreneurial activity which focuses predominantly on the
individual entrepreneur may not have the desired impact on socio-economic development. Thus, it is
important to consider individual entrepreneurial activities within the wider socio-economic setting and
create a transformational mind-set. Transformational entrepreneurship is defined as the creation of an
innovative virtue-based organization to move resources out of an area of lower productivity into an area
of higher purpose and greater value under conditions requiring an holistic perspective. A reliance on
grants may negatively influence the nascent entrepreneurial mind-set fostering a dependency culture. By
focusing on business incubation and start-up through experiential learning we seek to support greater
entrepreneurial independence and resilience developing greater ‘pro-social’ awareness amongst
incubatees.This case study presents a programme designed to support the creation of a range of
businesses equipped for transformational entrepreneurship. Working with a local support team, along
with mentors, the approach supports incubatees as individuals and their group development; assists
entrepreneurs develop a robust business model with growth aspirations, relative to its requirements and
resources; and, helps the business become investor ready.The programme builds experiential learning
through three levels - the individual, the team (where relevant), and the business and its context. This
multi-dimensional approach requires coordination with the local support teams and a degree of flexibility
in the approach to the delivery of training to reflect the fact that businesses will progress at different
rates. A learner-centric approach is required to adapt to the individual and their particular business needs.
52
Paper#39 Re-Thinking University-Industrial Linkage Towards The Promotion Of
Entrepreneurship Education: A Case Study Of OAU Centre Of Excellence In Software
Engineering (COEX)
T.A. Aladesanmi1, H.O Aderemi2, G.A. Aderounmu3
1Information Technology and Communications Unit, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. [email protected], [email protected]
2Department of Management & Accounting, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 3Department of Computer Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The imperative to stem the rising graduate unemployment in Nigeria and its attendant negative
consequences on the socio-economic polity necessitated the intervention of the Nigeria
University Commission (NUC) in 2014. Consequently, the approval and subsequent integration of
entrepreneurship studies into Nigeria Universities curricula. Few Universities have gone further
to incorporate vocational trainings in fashion designing, agro allied business, phone repairs and
small scale enterprises in order to produce self employable graduates though not necessarily self
sustaining. Largely neglected however is the potential of the thriving global software industry
to mass generate sustainable employment. This paper, employing empirical evidences and
secondary data, reviewed and proposed an alternative but innovative model that brings together
students, lecturers and the industry within a redefined context of university-industrial partnership.
It highlights lessons learnt from the World Bank designated Centre of Excellence in Software
engineering project and its potential to create jobs and generate income.
53
Paper#40 Widening The Employability Horizon For Non-Business Students Through
Entrepreneurship Education
Xinxin Wang1, Mohammed Khalil2
1Entrepreneurship & Intrapreneurship Programme Coordinator 2Research Centre International Trade Management
Faculty of International Business and Communication, Zuyd University of Applied Science
Brusselseweg 150, 6217 HB, Maastricht, the Netherlands
ABSTRACT
The European Commission published the Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan to reignite the
entrepreneurial spirit in 2013. Entrepreneurship is seen as an empowering accelerator of economic
growth, not only in Europe but also in fast-growing economies like Africa and China. In this global
innovation and entrepreneurship era, learning from each other is the key to strengthening the
establishment of the positive effects of entrepreneurship on employment and economic growth. When it
comes to entrepreneurship education, non-business students tend to have little or limited prior business
knowledge. However, they are expected to apply their domain specific knowledge to recognize business
opportunities in certain fields of business (Maryse Brand, Ingrid Wakkee & Marijke van der Veen, 2006).
The workshop we propose is designed with the aim to show how to enable the non-business students to
gain practical entrepreneurial experiences. This is expected to enhance their employability, through
embedding entrepreneurship in curricular activities. The challenge is how to embed entrepreneurship
education in non-business studies, especially for technical and art studies. This challenge will be
discussed during the workshop from the following perspectives 1) using role models from business in an
educational programme; 2) creating a nurturing environment; 3) assessing learning behaviors instead of
traditional testing method. The workshop will demonstrate a real life case from the Netherlands
embedding an Entrepreneurship Programme in a cultural and language curriculum to reveal the
challenges. This workshop will show how we transferred the published research results and existing
conceptual models into entrepreneurship education practice.
54
Paper#41 From Donor-Dependence To Sustainability Through Enterprise: A Case Study of the
Kenya Red Cross Society.
Elijah Bitange Ndemo,PhD
Associate Professor, University of Nairobi, School of Business.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The purpose of this research is to highlight what needs to be done to mitigate against
decreasing donor funding of projects in developing countries through use of successive entrepreneurial
models. The Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS) is one such model that has beaten the odds to fund its
operations from social enterprises. KRCS was established in 1965 through an act of Parliament as an
affiliate of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. This international humanitarian
movement was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to
prevent and alleviate human suffering.
This article presents the outcome of an investigation into how the KRCS managed to build a sustainability
model that continues to come up with new innovations despite increased pressure from heightened
emergency services from conflict, unpredictable extreme weather and other disasters.
Design: This research identified a key change agent and existing theoretical and conceptual frameworks
from change management and applies them to KRCS organizational changes as a reasonable tool from
which deeper insights and understanding will be gained.
Findings: Although the act does not explicitly state where the funding of KRCS was coming from, a
significant amount of resources have been spent on emergency services. Most if not all the resources
came from donor countries to the extent that the country became dependent on foreign money. The
appointment of Abbas Gouledas Chief Executive led a small but effective team to shift the paradigm
toward sustainability through enterprise. Since then, Mr. Gouled and his team have neither looked back
to foreign donations nor have they compromised services for lack of resources.
Implications: The findings from preliminary inquiry, will show that there is sense to begin detailed
research that will build some evidence base to underpin further research on how social services can be
funded sustainably through entrepreneurial models. Thus the research will be of interest to
donor/government funded projects seeking to sustain themselves much longer as well as the creation of
opportunities for entrepreneurial practice to herald independence.
Originality/Value: This research fills the gap in the literature on building sustainable entrepreneurial
models in the face of a changing world. Uncertainties’ about the Brexit and the entry of President Donald
Trump who has promised to cut donor funding to many projects. The research will be of value to policy
makers hoping to close emergent funding gap, academics and practitioners watching the events as they
unfold in countries that traditionally were the source of donor funding.
Key Words: Sustainability models, entrepreneurship, Donor Funds
55
Paper#42 Bundles of Resources: Analysis of firm Performance
Zachary Bolo Awino, PhD
Associate Professor, School of Business, University of Nairobi
ABSTRACT
The field of strategic management is primarily concerned with how firms develop and sustain
competitive advantage. Performance being the ultimate goal, is driven by sustenance of the competitive
advantage in the long run. Scholars and managers often have to grapple with the reasons why some firms
in the same industry outperform others. Several theories have been brought forth to try and explain this
phenomenon, but currently there still exist inconsistencies and studies done have been inconclusive.
Since large manufacturing companies in Kenya have the same motivation of optimizing performance,
they may use their varied dynamic capabilities to alter existing resource base to counter the ever changing
effects of environmental dynamism in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. This study
conceptualized the relationship between organizational resources, environmental dynamism, dynamic
capabilities and organizational performance of large manufacturing companies in Kenya. The study used
a structured questionnaire to obtain data from CEOs, General Managers and Departmental Heads of 56
large manufacturing companies listed in the Kenya Association of Manufacturers data base of 2014
which was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. It was observed that several factors
influence performance, key among them being organizational resources. The study revealed that
organizational resources have significant effect on organizational performance; organizational resources
has significant effect on dynamic capabilities; the external dynamism has no significant moderating
influence on the relationship between organization resources and dynamic capabilities. Dynamic
capabilities have no significant intervening influence on the relationships between organizational
resources and financial performance but have a significant intervening effect on the relationship between
organizational resources and non-financial performance; the joint effect of organizational resources,
dynamic capabilities and environmental dynamism on organizational performance is significantly
different from the independent effect of each study variables. Theoretical implications of the study
illustrate full support of the resource based theory from dynamic capabilities, evolutionary theory from
dynamic capabilities, stakeholders’ theory from organizational performance, open system theory and
contingency theory from environmental dynamism. Methodological implication show operationalization
of the organizational resources as an independent variable, environmental dynamism as a moderating
variable, dynamic capabilities as the mediating variable and organizational performance as the dependent
variable. The non-financial using Likert type scale and financial indicators were measured using ratio
type scale. Managerial implication illustrate that organizations embrace the sustainable balanced
scorecard performance measurement, employ organizational resources through altering the same using
dynamic capabilities regardless of the degree of environmental dynamism. The study recommends future
research on specific concepts on organizational resources and dynamic capabilities for example
acquisitions and knowledge management on how they alter the resource base using case studies and
longitudinal studies with a focus on organizations that have fully embraced the sustainable balanced
scorecard as a tool for measuring organization and performance.
56
Paper#43 Effect of Legal and Regulatory Factors on Entrepreneurship Growth in Accra, Ghana
Kwamena Minta Nyarku
Senior Lecturer, Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, School of Business,
College of Humanities and Legal Studies, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
ABSTRACT
Entrepreneurship has been generally recognised as one of the important dynamics leading to
development. However, promoting entrepreneurship depends on enabling business climate. The
objective of this study was to explore the effect of legal and regulatory factors on entrepreneurship
growth among SMEs in Accra, Ghana. The study was quantitative and primary data from 382 owners
conveniently selected for the study were analysed using Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square
(SEM-PLS). Findings reveal that bureaucracy, unstable policy climate, unfriendly customs and trade
regulations, tight monetary and credit policies, corruption, and excessive tax regimes but workforce and
labour regulations negatively affect entrepreneurship growth in Ghana. It is, thus, concluded that for
entrepreneurship growth to be realized, there is the need for sound legal and regulatory framework at all
levels of government. We, therefore, recommend that the government should create policies that support
the development of entrepreneurship by simplifying loan conditions through relaxed credit policies,
lessen the registration processes, lower and reform tax systems, engineer effective price stabilization
policy, flexible customs and port regulations while maintaining transparency and accountability among
public officials in charge of SMEs regulation.
Key Words: Legal and Regulatory Factors, Entrepreneurship Growth, SMEs, SEM-PLS.
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Paper#44 Effect of market strategies on performance of SMEs in Ghana and Kenya: The
moderating role of Environmental Dynamics
F.O. Boachie-Mensah, Raymond Musyoka, PhD, Gloria Agyapong, PhD
Professor, School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
University of Nairobi, Kenya
School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
ABSTRACT
The importance of choice of marketing strategies in enhancing business performance has long been
recognized by academics and practitioners. The study examines the relationship between marketing
strategies and SMEs performance in Ghana and Kenya and the possible moderating role of environmental
dynamics. The study will adopt a correlational design in testing the relationships among the variables of
marketing strategies, environmental dynamics and business performance. Data will be collected from
500 SMEs in the spare parts dealership sector in Ghana and Kenya. Survey questionnaires, comprising
both open-and close-ended questions, will be used for collecting data. Data will be analysed using
descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation and multiple regression. It is
expected that the result from this study will inform policy makers on formulating environmentally
friendly policies that will enhance SME operations in Ghana and Kenya. It is also expected that the
findings will be useful to owner/managers of SMEs in the spare parts dealership sector on the appropriate
marketing strategies to be adopted in achieving their business objectives. Finally, this study will provide
a better understanding of how SMEs in the spare parts dealership sector would utilise their capabilities
in the turbulent business environment to achieve sustained competitive advantage.
Keywords: marketing strategies, environmental dynamics, capabilities, performance
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Paper#45 Entrepreneurial Orientation And Performance Of Pharmaceutical Firms In Nairobi
City County, Kenya
Ashbell Macharia1, Justus Munyoki, PhD2
1Post graduate student, University of Nairobi, Kenya 2Associate Professor, Department of Business administration, School of Business, University of
Nairobi, Kenya
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation (OE) on the
performance of pharmaceutical firms in Nairobi. Specifically, the study was to establish the influence of
innovativeness and risk-taking on the performance of Pharmaceutical firms in Nairobi. The study
adopted a descriptive survey design, with the target population being registered pharmaceutical
manufacturers, registered pharmaceutical distributors, registered wholesalers and registered retailers in
Nairobi. A total sample of 139 was selected comprising about 10% of each of the respective group. A
semi structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Piloting was undertaken in order
to determine the effectiveness and validity of the questionnaire. TheStatistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0 was used to carry data analysis. The study found that
innovativeness and risk taking were satisfactory variables in explaining performance of pharmaceutical
firms. This was supported by coefficient of determination R square of 35.6%. The study revealed that
that risk taking was positively related with performance of pharmaceutical firms (r= .496, p=0.000).
Regression of coefficients results showed that innovativeness and performance of pharmaceutical firms
were positively and significantly correlated. Result findings further revealed that that innovativeness was
positively correlated with performance of pharmaceutical firms (r= .514, p=0.000). Regression of
coefficients results also showed that risk taking and performance of pharmaceutical firms were positively
and significantly correlated. The study concludes that innovativeness and risk taking in entrepreneurship
affects the performance of pharmaceutical firms. The study recommends intensive research and
development in the pharmaceutical industry to address the emerging demands of customers.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial Orientation, performance, pharmaceutical firms
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Paper#46Sustainable Business Practices Among Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises:
Evidence From Ghana
Daniel Agyapong1, Keren NaaAbeka Arthur1
1University of Cape Coast, Ghana
ABSTRACT
Pollution poses major health risks to man and other living creatures, especially in developing countries.Its
sources include industrial emissions and improper waste by households and organisations. However,
large firms have often been accused as the main actors of polluting water bodies, land and air. Despite
this, some studies argue it is difficult to identify culprits for air and water pollution; hence, the need to
analyse the business practices of MSMEs to determine their sustainability, since they contribute over
90% of businesses in developing countries. The study, therefore, looked at plastic pollutant, a major
waste concern in Ghana. This is because, despite several government interventions in cleaning cities and
towns of plastic waste; the problem still persists. Statistics indicate about 501,875 tons of plastic waste
are generated annually, and it has created serious health and environmental risks such as the blocking of
drains leading to flooding, the breeding of mosquitoes that spread malaria and the causing of severe
aesthetic nuisance in terms of smell and appearance in communities. Using a mixed method, 500 MSMEs
engaged in the production of Sachet Water in the Accra and Kumasi metropolis were sampled.
Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. Data was analysed using descriptive and
inferential statistics. The results showed that MSMEs, though contributes significantly to plastic waste,
do not have any strategy in managing the waste generated. Furthermore, there is a map of complex
network of actors in the plastic packaging chain, and therefore, it was concluded that the idea of plastic
management policy should not target only sachet water producers. This study recommends that policy
formulation aimed at dealing with this menace should target all actors in the plastic value chain including
suppliers of plastic raw material, consumers of plastic packaged products, collectors of plastic waste as
well as processors.
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Paper#47 Sustainable Development Goals Climate Change Agenda Implementation in the Public
Sector in Kenya
Mary W. Kinoti, PhD
Senior Lecturer &Associate Dean Graduate Business Studies, School of Business, University of
Nairobi
ABSTRACT
The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP
21) in Paris in December 2015 adopted seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and adopted
Agenda 13 dubbed Climate Action specifically to deal with climate change globally. The Agenda urge
the world to take urgent action to mitigate against climate change. During the conference, more than ever
in history, issues relating to climate change were brought to the attention of the world. Climate Change
Agenda became pegged on the fact that the re-Industrial Temperatures rarely went to the extremes;
however, in what became known as the hockey stick effect, the rise of temperatures in the last century
caught the attention of the world. This went on till scientists like Cramer (2015) declared that to avoid
unprecedented climate risks to society and business, the world must maintain the global mean
temperature rise to less than 2°C above Pre-industrial levels. This therefore, became the major reason for
championing for the Climate Change Agenda. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), governments globally were tasked to ensure that the Agenda was
implemented.
Kenya, like other countries world over has experienced and continues to experience the negative impacts
of climate change as well as the related socio-economic fatalities. The state of affairs is aggravated by
the high reliance on climate susceptible natural resources. In response to the challenges posed by Climate
Change, Kenya had developed prior to 2015 SDGs a National Climate Change Response Strategy
(NCCRS 2010), National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP 2013), and a National Adaptation Plan
(NAP) which is under preparation and is aimed at providing a vision for low carbon and climate resilient
development pathway, while a National Climate Change Framework Policy and legislation are in their
final stages of enactment to facilitate effective response to climate change. Furthermore, Kenya is in the
process of operationalizing these policies and plans through the implementation of climate change
actions in various ways such as afforestation and reforestation, geothermal and other clean energy
technology development, energy efficiency, climate smart agriculture, and drought management. The
purpose of this study is to investigate how the public sector, namely, the government of Kenya through
its ministries and other government agencies have to date implemented the Climate Agenda 13 of SDGs.
Key words: Sustainable Development, Climate Change, Sustainable Development Goals
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Paper#48 Collective Action And Commercialization Of Smallholder Agriculture: Perspectives
From Transaction Cost Economics
Yakubu Balma Issaka1, Theophile Bama2 and Paul Kwami Adraki1
1 Faculty of Agribusiness Management and Finance, University for Development Studies, Tamale,
Ghana 2 Free lance Consultant, EMAC, Tamale, Ghana
ABSTRACT
Collective action has found expression in efforts to enhance the participation of smallholder agricultural
producers in output markets. Cooperatives, as forms of collective action, have been widely promoted as
a solution to market imperfections occasioned by high transaction cost among smallholder farmers. The
rational is that collective action will increase competitiveness of smallholder farmers and build resilience
of smallholder agriculture to the changing, and often challenging, dynamics of agricultural markets.This
paper examines the effectiveness of marketing cooperatives in facilitating access to sustainable markets
for smallholder farmers in the Upper West region of Ghana. The study employed a mixed methods
approach. Questionnaires were employed to obtain quantitative data while focus group and key informant
interviews provided the main source of qualitative data. The results indicate that area cultivated, output
and access to markets for major crops increased significantly.The main catalyst were improved access to
credit, inputs, extension services and access to a reliable market. Sales volume increasedby 402%with
91% of FBOs marketing produce under contract. Credit access increased by 328%with averagerecovery
rates of 98%. Access to inputs and servicesalso increased significantly.However, constraining
government policies, poor infrastructure, unreliable markets, poor contract enforcement and risks
associated with rain fed agriculture have rendered cooperatives uncompetitive in output markets. We
identifythe following as necessary for improved competitiveness of cooperatives in output markets: co-
investment by government and private sector in critical infrastructure and services, trust and transparency
necessary for effective enforcement of contracts and the catalytic role of a reliable buyer.
Keywords: Collective action, cooperatives, Ghana, smallholder, transaction cost, agricultural
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Paper#49 Academics and Entrepreneurship in Kenya: No longer strange Bedfellows
X.N.Iraki, PhD
School of Business, University of Nairobi
ABSTRACT
There is belief that Kenyans who pursue higher degrees, specifically PhD are not entrepreneurial and use
qualifications to mask their “entrepreneurial inadequacies”. This paper investigates this belief by using
empirical data collected from a sample of PhD students in one Kenyan university. The study analyzes
the entrepreneurial activities of the sample based on gender, age, undergraduate specialization, exposure
(proxied by travelling abroad), professional orientation and social mobility (proxied by their current
position in the organizations they work). The study is cross-sectional, and finds that most students are
pursuing a PhD not because of “entrepreneurial inadequacy” but have capacity in terms of time, energy
and some finance. Self actualization and creating a “hedge” against unemployment and retirement are
other reasons driving Kenyans, whose average age is about 40 years into classroom. The amount of
money they make from “side hustles” leaves no doubt that they did not get into entrepreneurship by
chance. The study further debunks the myth that entrepreneurship is for “failures.” The analysis on
entrepreneurship across parameters such as age, gender, professions and surprisingly weight yields some
interesting observations.
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Paper# 50Towards a University of Needs - Rethinking University Structures for
Developing Countries
Tobias Klaus
University of Paderborn, Germany
tobias.klaus@uni-paderborn
ABSTRACT
Universities worldwide follow the western model of universities which has grown over centuries, within
western societies, and in line with cultural, social and economical developments. While expanding
knowledge is the main purpose of universities, this knowledge in the western context was always closely
related to ideas and needs of the respective society. When developing countries copy (or western
countries implant) this system, especially in engineering gaps become obvious: Students get their degree
for work on nuclear energy, rocketry. Studies are conducted within a community that on the one side is
often substandard, internationally, and on the other side doesn't have any ties to businesses that allow for
a baseline check of the relevance of the work. As a result, students graduate with an unsatisfying level
of knowledge, and without being employable. In contrast, as need based university concept will be
proposed, based on ideas of the late Nobel Price winner Elinor Ostrom, that focuses on the needs of the
respective societies, and works in a very integrated way with existing institutions. Recently, this concept
was proposed for a university which is to be founded in Mbarara, Uganda.
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Paper#51 University And Entrepreneurship In Algeria
Zine M. Barka
Professor, Groupe de Recherche en Economie des Finances Publiques – GREFiP, University of
Tlemcen
ABSTRACT
Usually, entrepreneurship education refers to a specific knowledge given to the students which has some
characteristics such as risk-taking and innovation particularly for creating new products or services
(Kanothi, 2009).
Entrepreneurship education when effectively and efficiently taught has the likelihood to generate self-
employment among learners and accelerating sustainable growth and development. That is the
experience behind the success in several developed nations like Japan and America particularly.
Whereas, in the developing countries we tend to follow the traditional approach of teach-and-listen,
(Raimi et al., 2011).
Initiatives that focus on increasing entrepreneurship and increasing employment share a great deal in
common, as entrepreneurship be a special form of employability. Entrepreneurship has often been cited
as a key factor to improving economic growth in developing countries. To be successful, entrepreneurs
need skills such as creativity, problem solving and communication skills. These skills can also be
developed through entrepreneurship education and training programs specifically targeting enterprise
founders and owners.
This paper is based on a case study where we look at the curriculum taught in universities and the business
environment in Algeria. We will explore also the barriers to entrepreneurship. Are universities providing
the necessary knowledge for students to engage in business once they have completed their degrees? In
the end, we offer some concluding remarks and the way forward.
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Paper#52 Future Agriculture: Socio-ecological transitions and bio-cultural shifts
Bonn Climate Project; Renewable Energy and Sector coupling Projects for Developing Countries
Heinz J. Sturm
Iceps Ctc Bonn, Administration, Germany
ABSTRACT
Bonn Climate Project; German Solar and Renewable Energy Grid Technologies based on Low and Zero
Carbon Gases, Bio Hydrogen gas and Bio Methane gas, from local and natural ressources, in
combination with gas motors and gas fuel cells, for universal use in household and for mobility and for
industrial use as a feedstock.
Performing holistic sector Coupling Projects for the Production, the storage, the Trans-port and the
utilisation of Off Grid Energy in Form of clean gases for the Development of Emerging and Developing
Countries, specially in Rural Areas.
About ICEPS, International Clean Energy PartnerShip eV, Bonn, Germany, had already participated (
on special request of UN ) for Germany, in the very complex international competition of the UNFCCC
for the host of a climate technology centre in2012,astheonly German organisation and one of a total of
9 worldwide applicants with the topic of hydrogen and fuel cells, especially here in Bonn and NRW, to
make the topics internationally known at an early stage.
About the Bonn Climate Project; has been internationally active for 15 years and was founded in Bonn
in 1999/2000 at the presentation of Hydra, the world’s first from GL offcially certified and licensed boat
for passenger transport, with hydrogen / fuel cell propulsion. The whole idea, the basis, the concepts and
all technical details and preparations of the development projects for the international climate protection
are based on hydrogen and fuel cells and have been developed by a multitude of specialists. The network
of specialists is national and international, NRW is the world leader in know-how and provides best work
and knowledge through the Energy Agency NRW, which has been benefiting and cooperating since the
beginning, since 2000.
Bonn Climate Project bundles all the knowledge and all the projects necessary for energy generation
with H2 under one label, for the immediate worldwide offensive and marketing. It can now specifically
support governments to implement hydrogen as a clean universal energy in the respective country.
Keywords: Bonn Climate Project, Hydrogen gas/Fuel Cells, , Grid Energy, Sector coupling
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Paper#53 A win-win approach for university and SME sector: Evidence from Applied German
University for development of Marketing Research Projects in Kenya and Ghana.
Syed Afraz Gillani
Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences , Germany
Tomas Bata University, Zlin.
Phd (Fellow)
Coordinator, German-African Entrepreneurship Project, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied
Sciences, Germany
ABSTRACT
Today Academic- Industrial relationship is a buzzword in all African universities but unfortunately these
universities have been unable to decrease the trust gap between the universities and Industries. Applied
University model is one of the most successful educational model in Germany. The basic difference
between the applied and the traditional university is the research culture which decreases this gap and
improves the academic-industrial relationship. African countries are expanding their existing universities
and are more focused on quantity of students rather than quality of research. Therefore, the core objective
of this paper is to give an insight into how a German university involves and facilitates small and medium
enterprises (SMEs), who want to explore African markets. This objective is achieved by engaging their
students in applied marketing research who are pursuing their bachelor or Master’s thesis.
When African universities want to collaborate, they try to contact the big players of the Industry i.e.
telecommunication companies and banking sector but they could not get a decent response by these large
corporations. German universities realized that SME sector (which is the 80% of German industry) has
more welcoming attitude and need more help from university services because SME sector has very
limited resources. They desire to conduct marketing research but are often unable to bear expenditure of
marketing research especially when they want to explore new international market. Therefore, German
applied universities change their focus from large corporations to small and medium enterprises.
This papers explains two case studies. First case is about market analysis for silicones used in Ghanaian
cosmetics industry and second case is focused on market entry strategies for German SME into the East
African market; with a focus on the Kenyan Furniture market. With the help of the flow chart. This paper
explains the successful marketing research projects for German SMEs in 10 steps. 1) Kick-off meeting
with German SMEs. 2) Collection of marketing research topics. 3) Advertising scholarships for
respective project 4) Selection process for awarding scholarships. 5) Linking selected students with
German SMEs to develop final research proposal. 6) Coordinating German students with African
Universities. 7) Report writing. 8) Result submission to universities and SME. 9) Implementation of the
study.
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Key words: Marketing research, academic-industrial linkage, Germany, Kenya, Ghana
GERMAN AFRICA UNIVERSITIES PARTNERS
University of Cape Coast
University of Nairobi
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