7 일본의 소주택과 ‘작음’의...

27
https://doi.org/10.29154/ILBI.2019.20.224 조현정(曺賢禎) 카이스트 인문사회과학부 조교수. 서울대학교 고고미술사학과를 졸업하고 미국 남캘리포니아대학( USC) 미술사학과에서 일본 전후건축에 관한 연구로 박사학위를 받았다. 주요 논문으로는 「일본전통논쟁과 타자, 조몬적인 것」( 2015), “ Tange Kenzōs Tokyo Plan, 1960, A Plan for Urban Mobility”( 2018), “ Metabolism and Cold War Architecture”( 2014), “ e Making of Postwar Japanese Architecture: Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park”( 2012) 등이 있다. 이 논문은 2016년도 정부(교육부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 기초연구사 업임( No. 2016S1A5A8017820). 마스자와 마코토, 최소한주거 드로잉, 1952, 마스자와 마코토 건축설계사무소 소장 조현정 일본의 소주택과 ‘작음’의 담론 전후에서 탈전후 건축으로 7/

Upload: others

Post on 12-Apr-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

(USC) .
, (2015), “Tange Kenz’s Tokyo Plan, 1960, A
Plan for Urban Mobility”(2018), “Metabolism and Cold War Architecture”(2014), “The Making of Postwar Japanese Architecture: Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park”(2012) .
2016 ()
(No. 2016S1A5A8017820).

7/
1.
1990
.1
,
.
‘ ’ . 100

(Minihäuser in Japan) (Atelier Bow-Wow) Small
is ok
.2
,

. ,
, .
, (Roland
Barthes) ,
(1982)
.3

1 — , , , , , 9 — . ()
, (), (), ( ) , (), 9 (9 ) 2000 .
2 2000 (Hannes Rössler)
(), FOBA,
. 2002 (Freiburg)
(Centre d’Art Contemporain Kunsthalle) Small is ok(2002)
.
3 Roland Barthes, Empire of Signs, Richard Howard trans., New York: Hill and Wang, 1983; ,
, , 2008.







, .
, ,

. , , ‘
’ , ,
.
.
1980
‘’()
.

.4 ‘’
,
. 1990
,

.5
‘’
,
.
,
1940 1950 , 1990
4 ‘’ 1979 3 (EC) .
“ ” . , EU·EPA:
EUFTA, 213(3), 2016, 16 .
5 Cathelijne Nuijsink, How To Make A Japanese House, Rotterdam: nai010 publishers, 2012, pp. 23~29; Naomi Pollock, Jutaku: Japanese Houses, London: Phaidon, 2015; Igarashi Tar, “Japan’s Housing Conditions and Residential Architects,” in From Postwar to Postmodernism: Art in Japan 1945~1989, edited by Doryun Chong, et al., New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2012, pp.289~290.
227 ‘’
(2011) . ‘’

.
‘’
.
‘’ , .
2.
1940 ,
.
. () 1946

.6 12, 15
()
,
. 1946 5
15 (1947 2 18 ) , 1950
9 18
. ()
.
(, 1920~1979)
(, 1950) (, 1925~1990)
6 1946 1949 .
(1948. 1), (1947. 5), 12 (1948. 4),
(1948. 8), 15 (1948. 11, 12), (1949. 5),
(1949. 3, 4, 6).
(, 1952) . ,

( no. 95 ) 3 (< 1>).

14 2 . (,
) ,
,
.
“ ” ,
/ .7
,
(< 2>). 200
9 2
‘ ’ .8

, ,
7 , , 25 7, 1950, 203~209.
8 , , 27 7, 1952, 310~316.
< 1> , , 1950,
()
()
()
. ,
(<
3>). ,
,
,
(< >).
(minimum house)
‘ ’(The Minimum
Dwelling) .9
, ,
(prefabrication)
. 1929 (CIAM) ,
‘ ’

.
, 1940 (, 1901~1969)
1945 1951
(, 1905~1986) (Premos,
1945~1951) (< 4>).10


, ()
.
(, 1911~1994)
9 . Karel Teige, The Minimum
Dwelling, Cambridge and London: MIT Press, 1932. 10 . Jonathan M. Reynolds, Maekawa Kunio
and the Emergence of Japanese Modernist Architecture, Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 2001, pp.142~149.
230 20
(: , 1947)
(, 1915~1988) (, 1949)
.11 1940
,
. “

10 .
(), () , .

‘’()
,
. (,
) ,

.
,
11 , : , , 1947; , , , 1949.
< 4> ,

231 ‘’
.

, 1955 ()
nLDK
.
, ,
.12 ‘’ ,
, ,
. , , ,
()
() . ,


.
3. 1960~1970


.13 1950

. ()
12 . , - , , 1998.
13 . , , , 1995, 161~173.
232 20

.

. , ,
‘’ .
1962 (, 1925~2006)

.14 ‘’

. “ ”
, 1950
(Metabolism)
.15
() ,
, “ ”
.16
.
,

.
.17
14 , , (1962. 5). , , SD, 2012, 79~85
.
15 , , (1961. 1). , , SD, 2012, 67~76 .
16 , , 75.
17 , , (1962. 10), , , SD, 2012, 107~125 .
233 ‘’

, ‘’

. 1970
, (,
1941~) (, 1941~)
.
(, 1976)
U-house(1976)
.
‘’
.
, ,

.
, . 1980


.
.
4. 1990 ‘’

,
1990 . ‘ 20’

234 20







.
,
, , 1
,
. 1990
, ,
,
.
1990 .
, 1980
, .
nLDK ,
.
,
(, 1947~) .18
1995
‘’()
,
“ ” (< 5>).19
“9 ” .20 9 1998
(OZONE) ‘ ’

. (, 1960~)
9 (1999)
18 , : , , 1998. 19 , : , , 2006. 20 2000 9 , , 10+1 no. 30, 2003,
184~193 .
,21
9 (< 6>).
‘’ 9 ,

.22 ‘’ (MUJI) “ ”(editable)
, 9
.23

, 1990
21 9
.
, , 9 , , 2012(, , ,
2000); , , 9 , , 2012(, , , 2001), 2010, 2006 .
22 , : , 86~93.
23 9 Boo-Hoo-Woo.com .
< 5> , , 1995~
. ©kAZUHiko nAMBA+kAi WorkSHoP()
< 6> , 9 (
), , 1999. ©koizumi Studio & koizumi Douguten()
236 20
, .
, 1990
“” .
9 , , , DIY(Do it
yourself)
.24

,
. (
, 1965~) (, 1969~ ) (
·) .


, “ ” .25

, (··, 2001)
(··, 2001)
.26 (Robert
Venturi), (Denise Scott Brown), (Steven Izenour)
(Learning From Las Vegas, 1972),
(Bernard Rudofsky) (Architecture without Architects, 1964),
(Delirious New York, 1978)
24 1980, ‘’
. Jasper Morrison et al., MUJI, New
York: Rizzoli, 2010. 25 Igarashi Tar & David Noble trans., Contemporary Japanese Architects, JPIC, 2008, p. 199. 26 , ··, , 2001; ·, ·
·, , 2001.

.27

“ ”
(< 7>). ,
a b , “
”() .28 ‘’
, , , , , ,
.

.
, ,
.

27 Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, Steven Izenour, Leaning from Las Vegas: Cambridge and Lon- don: MIT Press, 1972; Bernard Rudofsky, Architecture without Architects, New York: MoMA Press, 1964; Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York, New York: Oxford University, 1978.
28 , , , ··, 9.
< 7> ,
.
. ‘’
,
(bottom-up) .29

1990 .

(, 1966~) (, 2005)
(
, 1971~) N(2008) .

1980

.
,
,
,
.

.
“small is ok” 1990
,
.
29 2010 ,
(Tokyo Metabolizing)
. Koh Kitayama et al., Tokyo Metabolizing, TOTO
Publisher, 2010.
5. ‘ ’
2011 3 11,
1990
.
‘’() ‘’()
.30
,
. ‘’
, .
()
.
(JIA)
, 4 (Archi+Aid)
, ,
.31
,
‘ ’ .
(, 1957~ )
PPS 4(Paper Partition System)
3 () ,
() GK
QS 72, ‘ ’

30 , , , , 2011. 31 http://archiaid.org; no 9, 2013
.
8>).
,

,


. 2012

, 2013
(Pritzker) . 2014
.
, 1994
, , ,
.
,
.
, , , ,
, ‘’
(, 1954~). 2013
(, 2013)
“ ”
32 , , ,
, 2014(, , , 2012); ,
: , 32 8, 2016, 165~185 .
< 8> , ,
, 2012.
.33
(, 1932~ )
, .

“ ”, “ ”, “
( )” .34
20 ()
,
‘ ’ ,
.
‘ ’ ,
‘’, ‘’, ‘’,
‘’
.
.
.
,
.

.
,
.35
33 , , , , 2015, 273(, , ,
2013). 34 , , , , 2009(, , , 2004);
, , , , 2010(, , ,
2008); . , , , , 2012(, , , NTT, 2010).
35 , , , , 2013, 193(, : ,
, 2012).







(, 1862~1913)
“ ”
.36

16 (, 1522~1591) (), ()
(< 9>). (
, 1582)
,
. ()
, “ ”
.37
(, 1931~)

. 2000
(, 1946~)
36 Karatani Kojin, “Japan As Museum: Okakura Tenshin and Ernest Fenollosa” in Japanese art after 1945: Scream Against the Sky, edited by Alexandra Munroe, New York: H. N. Abrams, 1994, pp.33~40.
37 Kengo Kuma, “What is a Teahouse,” in Kengo Kuma: Breathing Architecture, edited by Volker Fischer and Ulrich Schneider, Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008, pp.8~16.
< 9> ,
( ), 1582.
,
2008 ‘
’ (Frankfurt) .
,
“ ”, “ ” .38
‘’ , ,
.
()
,
.

, , /
. 2010 :
(: , 2010)
.39
, ,
, ,

. “”()
.40
()
,
. 2011
< > .41 <
38 , , 259, 271.
39 , : , , 2010. 40 , : , 6~18.
41 , , House Vision: 2013 Tokyo Exhibition, , 2013, 72~73.
244 20







>

. , ,
, .

, “” ,
.
‘’ , , ,
. (, 1976~)

“ ”(
) .
< >

“ ” .42
.

(2019 ).
2020

. 2012 (Zaha
Hadid, 1950~2016) ,
.

,
42 HOUSE VISION , House Vision: , , 2012, 232. < > .
245 ‘’
.43
,
.44
2015
,45
. ‘ ’
(< 10>).
. “
43 .
, ,
. 2013 10
dezeen . https://www.dezeen.com/2013/10/10/japanese-architects-rally-against-zaha- hadids-2020-olympic-stadium( : 2018. 11. 18).
44 2013 10, (, 1928~) “
” 8
()
. . , , , , , 2014.
45 . , : , , 2016, 17~28.
< 10> , , 2019. ©
246 20
” .46
,
70m 49.2m , 8
78,100 72,406
.
,

.
‘’()
.47 ,
“ ”
. “


.48
‘ ’
. ‘’
, ,
.
46 designboom 2018 7 5 . https://www.designboom.
com/architecture/kengo-kuma-interview-07-05-2018( : 2018. 11. 18). 47 , : , 17.
48 ·, , BP, 2017.
247 ‘’
‘’
, 1990

.
‘’
.
,
. ‘
,
. ‘’
,
,
.
, ‘ ’(): ,
99, 2014.
, , 17, 1938. 6.
, (), , 1940. 9.
, , , 1942. 2.
, , , 1977. 12. 25.
, , , , 1971.
, , , , 1975.
, , , , 1975.
, , 56 1, 1971. 1.
, ·, 60 3, 1975. 3.
, , , , 1977.
, : , , 2005.
, : , , 2018.
, ( No.45), , 1997.
, : , 15,
2011.
Aso, Noriko, “Sumptuous Re-past: The 1964 Tokyo Olympics Arts Festival,” positions: asia critique
10:1, Spring 2002.
, , , , 2015.
, , , , 2009.
, , , ··, , 2001.
, : , , 2010.
, : , , 2006.
, -, , 1998.
, : , , 2016.
, , , 2000.
, , SD, 2012.
Nuijsink, Cathelijne, How To Make A Japanese House, Rotterdam: nai010 publishers, 2012.
Taro, Igarashi, David Noble trans., Contemporary Japanese Architects, JPIC, 2008.
381
, ‘’
. , —
, , , — ‘’
.
‘’ ,
,
, —
‘’ .
: (), , 20 ‘’, ()
‘’ : |
: 2018. 11. 28 | : 2018. 12. 7 | : 2018. 12. 8
1990 .

.
‘ ’ .
‘’
, .
‘’ ,
.

. 2
, 1990
.
‘’
. ‘’
,
, .
: , , 9 , ,

, : (1912~1926)
|
: 2018. 12. 7 | : 2018. 12. 20 | : 2018. 12. 21

.
389
particularly asks how his photogrpahs of Buddhist statues were received as masterpieces of
photography within the rapidly growing market of art publication in the postwar era; and
how his works provided a wider range of audience a new interpretative frame through which
to perceive ‘Japanese art’ as the object for pure love and appreciation, as well as a recuperative
object to obliterate the contested memories of the wartime past. • Keywords: Domon Ken, Photographs of Buddhist Statues, ‘Japanese Art’ in the Mid-Twentieth
Century, Koji Junrei(Pilgrimages to Ancient Temples)
smallness in Japanese house: from postwar to post-postwar Japanese architecture | CHO Hyunjung The development of small and unique housing in Japan was a phenomenon that has not
been seen anywhere in the world. Responding to Western expectations of ‘small Japan,’ one
of the most influential stereotypes of Japanese people and its culture, the radical designs of
small detached houses have attracted international attention. This paper aims to examine the
‘smallness’ of Japanese housing not merely as Japan’s essential nature or a clever adaptation to
dozens of constraints, but rather as a strategic choice of architects who try to present a new
concept of architecture at the critical juncture in postwar Japanese society.
In the wake of World War II, architects’ radical proposals for minimum dwelling were
associated with American lifestyle and its democratic ideals, which were clearly distinct from
feudalism and imperialism of prewar Japan. Entering the 1990s, the popularity of extremely
small detached houses was identified with an alternative minimalist life of post-postwar
Japan. The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 served as a turning point in the discourse of
‘smallness’ in Japanese architecture. The past few years have witnessed the refashioning of the
implication ‘smallness’ as a highly ethical and therefore superior Japanese quality compared
with the bigness in Western modernism. Japanese architect Kuma Kengo is a key figure who
tries to promote Japanese peculiar ability to design small as an invaluable cultural asset and a
key survival skill in a time of global economic and environmental crisis. • Keywords: Small house, minimum dwelling, 9 tsubo house, Kuma Kengo, Atelier Bow-
Wow
arTiCLes arrogant nation, anxious empire: a search for new national and imperial identity in Taish Japan, 1912~1926 | HAN Jung-Sun This paper explores the changing national identities and foreign policies of Taish Japan by
focusing on its attitudes and policies toward China. During the Taish era, Japanese foreign
policies toward China oscillated between cooperative and unilateral policies. I argue that
8. _
8-1
8-2
8-3