7 l the solar system & beyond (boardworks)

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KS3 Physics

7L The Solar System and Beyond



Contents

Days, years and seasons

The Moon

The Solar System

Summary activities

Satellites and probes


The rotation of the Earth


How long is one day?

24 hours

How long is one year?

365¼ days

The Earth spins on its axis, which is tilted at an angle of 23.5°, and also orbits the Sun.

This causes day and night and the seasons.

Day and night


sun

ligh

t

It take the Earth 24 hours to complete one rotation about its axis.

Day and night


What time is it?

It is 04:00 in London. What time is it in other parts of the Earth?

Place GMT Time

Casablanca +1

Pretoria +2

Antanarivo +3

Philippines +8

05:00

06:00

07:00

12:00

Casablanca

Philippines

Antanarivo

Pretoria


The seasons

summer in the UK

winter in the UK

autumn in the UK

spring in the UK


What is the season?


east west

Copy the diagram above and add two ‘sun lines’ – one line for summer and one line for winter.

autumn

The position of the Sun and the seasons

summer

winter



Contents


The Moon

The Solar System

Summary activities



The Sun and the Moon look about the same size from Earth, but they are not.

The Sun is about 400 times wider than the Moon but is 400 times further away!

The Moon takes just over 27 days to orbit the Earth.

sun

ligh

t

The Moon


sun

ligh

tThese are called the phases of the Moon

These are the views of the Moon from Earth.

The Phases of the Moon


This is the view of the Moon from Earth.

new Moon

The Phases of the Moon – new Moon



crescent Moon

The Phases of the Moon – crescent Moon


half Moon


The Phases of the Moon – half Moon



gibbous Moon

The Phases of the Moon – gibbous Moon



full Moon

The Phases of the Moon – full Moon



gibbous Moon

The Phases of the Moon – gibbous Moon



half Moon

The Phases of the Moon – half Moon



crescent Moon

The Phases of the Moon – crescent Moon


Phases of the Moon activity


1. The Moon does not produce its own light - how can we see it?

2. How long does it take the Moon to orbit the Earth?

3. Why do we always see the same side of the Moon?

4. Why do we only see a full Moon once a month?

5. What is a new Moon?

6. What force keeps the Moon in orbit around the Earth?

7. Why is there very little atmosphere on the Moon?

Homework: Find out how the Moon causes tides.

Questions about the Moon


A solar eclipse happens when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth. This casts a shadow over the Earth.

The last solar eclipse over the UK was on 11th August 1999. Solar eclipses do not occur very often.

A lunar eclipse happens when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon. This casts a shadow over the Moon.

Lunar eclipses happen in most years.

Eclipses


Where must the Moon be for a solar eclipse to take place?During a solar eclipse the Moon moves directly between the Sun and the Earth.

What happens during a solar eclipse?

During a solar eclipse the Moon blocks the Sun’s rays from reaching part of the Earth.


Always use eclipse viewers, NEVER look directly at the sun.

The Earth

Viewing a solar eclipse


Where must the Moon be for a lunar eclipse to take place?During a lunar eclipse the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth to the Sun.

What happens during a lunar eclipse?

During a lunar eclipse the Earth blocks the Sun’s light from reaching the Moon.


1. Why do eclipses only last a few minutes?

2. Why do you think ancient people were frightened of eclipses?

3. What causes an eclipse of the Sun (a solar eclipse)?

4. What causes an eclipse of the Moon (a lunar eclipse)?

5. What would a lunar eclipse look like if you were an astronaut standing on the Moon?

6. Draw simple ray diagrams of a:

a) solar eclipse

b) lunar eclipse

Questions about eclipses



Contents


The Moon

The Solar System

Summary activities



rocky planets

gaseous planets

Click on the Sun and each planet to learn more.

Skip all planet slides

The Solar System


Sun Mass

[x Earth] 333000

Diameter [km]

1392000

Surface temp [ºC]

6000

Sun viewed in ‘soft’ X ray

return to Solar System

The Solar System – the Sun


Mercury Mass [x Earth] 0.05

Diameter [km] 4,880

Distance from Sun [Million km]

58

Time taken to travel around Sun

88 days

Time taken to spin once on axis

59 days

0 moons Surface temp [ºC] 350


The Solar System – Mercury


Venus Mass [x Earth] 0.81

Diameter [km] 12,112


107.5


224 days


243 days

0 moons Surface temp [ºC] 460


The Solar System – Venus


Earth Mass [x Earth] 1



149.6


365 days


24 hours

1 moon Surface temp [ºC] 20


The Solar System – Earth


Mars Mass [x Earth] 0.11

Diameter [km] 6,790


228


687 days


24h 37m

2 moons Surface temp [ºC] - 23


The Solar System – Mars


Jupiter Mass [x Earth] 318



778


11.9 years


9h 50m

63 moons [+ 1 ring]

Surface temp [ºC] -120


The Solar system – Jupiter


Saturn Mass [x Earth] 95



1,427


29.5 years


10h 14m

46 moons [+ rings]



The Solar System – Saturn


Uranus Mass [x Earth] 14.5



2,870


84 years


10h 49m

27 moons [+ rings]



The Solar System – Uranus


Neptune Mass [x Earth] 17.5



4,497


165 years


15h 48m

13 moons Surface temp [ºC] -220


The Solar System – Neptune


Pluto System

Mass [x Earth] 0.003

Diameter [km] 2,284


5,900 [variable]


248 years


6.4 days

1 moon Surface temp [ºC] -230


The Solar System – Pluto


Which planet?


Using the information about the Solar System, plot a graph of ‘surface temperature’ [y] against ‘distance from the Sun’ [x]:

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

distance from the Sun [million km]

su

rfa

ce

te

mp

era

ture

[ºC

] What happens to the surface temperature of planets as they get further away from the Sun?

Predict the surface temperature of a planet that is 7000 km away from the Sun.

Temperature in the Solar System


1. Choose a planet you would like to know more about. You cannot choose Earth.

2. Using books or any other sources of information find out five facts about that planet.

3. Design a postcard from that planet. You need to draw a front to the postcard that suits your planet.

4. Write a postcard to someone on Earth as if you are visiting the planet you have chosen. You must use your five facts in your postcard.

Planet postcards


1. Choose a planet you would like to know more about.

2. Find out about that planet using books and other sources of information.

3. Design a travel brochure to encourage people to come and visit the planet. You could tell people:- how they can get there and how long it will take;- the climate of the planet;- where they will stay;- what sights they can see on the planet.

Planet travel guides



Contents


The Moon

The Solar System

Summary activities



For thousands of years, humans have been fascinated by the night sky and what lays beyond it.

Beyond the Solar System


Science fiction writers first suggested the idea that artificial satellites could be put into orbit around the Earth.

This only became reality in 1957 when the Soviet Union placed Sputnik I and Sputnik II into orbit – Sputnik II carried a live dog called Laika!

Today, artificial satellites are frequently launched by space shuttles and unmanned rockets.

Satellites – science fiction to science fact

Artificial satellites have many uses including communications, satellite TV, weather forecasting and navigation.


Astronomical satellites, such as the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), are large telescopes placed in a high orbit far from the effects of the Earth’s atmosphere.

These satellites can ‘see’ much further into space and give us images of stars and galaxies many light years away, like this cartwheel galaxy.

Using satellites to view space


Our search for answers and clues to the origin of the Solar System and the possibility of life elsewhere led to the development of unmanned space probes.

For years, science fiction had brought us stories of Martians - but could they really exist or have existed?

On 4th December 1996, NASA launched the ‘Pathfinder’ Discovery Mission to Mars. It cost $150 million and took 7 months to reach Mars.

Exploring space – mission to Mars

When it had landed, the ‘Sojourner Rover’ buggy tested Mars’ atmosphere, surface and weather, amongst other things.


Mars Mass [x Earth] 0.11

Diameter [km] 6,790


228


687 days


24 h 37m

2 moons Surface temp [ºC] - 23

Mission to Mars – about the planet


The Sojourner Rover

Mission to Mars – the Sojourner Rover


The tests carried out by the Rover showed that Mars is much more like the Earth than was expected.

Was Mars like the Earth until something catastrophic happened?

Mission to Mars – tests on Mars


Why did the volcanoes stop?

Did the gases they gave out kill any Martian life?

The tests also showed that the crust of Mars is very similar to continental crust on Earth and that volcanoes had played a part in Mars’ formation.

Mission to Mars – volcanoes on Mars


Did it rain on Mars?

How much water was there on Mars?

Was there life in the water?

The surface of Mars has undergone intense erosion by massive floods and by strong winds.

Mission to Mars – erosion on Mars


1. Give two uses of artificial satellites.

2. Why can the Hubble Space Telescope ‘see’ much further into space and produce much clearer images than telescopes on Earth?

3. Why didn’t NASA send astronauts to Mars instead of spending millions of dollars on the ‘Pathfinder’ Discovery Mission?

4. Give two reasons why there is unlikely to be life on Mars.

Questions about satellites and probes



Contents


The Moon

The Solar System

Summary activities



Glossary

axis – The line that the Earth rotates about, which is tilted at an angle of 23.5°.

lunar eclipse – The blocking of the Moon’s light, when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon.

luminous – An object that gives out light.orbit – The path of a planet around the Sun, or the path of

a satellite around a planet.satellite – Any object that orbits another object.seasons – The different periods of a year caused by the

tilt of Earth’s axis.solar system – A star with planets and other objects

orbiting around it.solar eclipse – The blocking of the Sun’s light, when the

Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun.


Anagrams


Multiple-choice quiz

7 l the solar system & beyond (boardworks)

Technology

moon eclipsea moon

sunlightthe moon

moon activity1

moon causes tides

moon half moonhalf moonthis

moon new moonnew moonthis

earth spins

solar eclipses