7. wmo - world meteorological organization - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Geneva
www.wmo.int
World Meteorological Organization
WMO" redirects here. For other uses, see WMO (disambiguation).
e World Meteorological Organization ( WMO) is an
ergovernmental organization with a membership of 191
ember States and Territories. It originated from the
ternational Meteorological Organization (IMO), which wasunded in 1873. Established in 1950, WMO became the
ecialised agency of the United Nations for meteorology
eather and climate), operational hydrology and related
ophysical sciences. It has its headquarters in Geneva,
witzerland, and is a member of the United Nations Development
oup.[1] The current Secretary-General is Petteri Taalas.[2] The
rrent president is David Grimes.[3]
he organization
e World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized
ency of the United Nations. It is the UN system's authoritative
ice on the state and behavior of the Earth's atmosphere, its
eraction with the oceans, the climate it produces and the
sulting distribution of water resources.[4]
MO has a membership of 191 member states and territories, as
February 2014. The Convention of the World Meteorological
ganization was signed 11 October 1947[5] and established upon
ification in 1950. W MO became the specialized agency of the
nited Nations in 1951 for meteorology ( weather and climate), operational hydrology and related
ophysical sciences. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which
unded in 1873.[4]
e WMO hierarchy:
The World Meteorological Congress determines the policy of WMO and meets every four year
Each Member country is represented by a Permanent Representative with WMO. The Perman
Representative should be the director of the National Meteorological or Hydrometeorological
Service.
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The Executive Council (EC) implements Congress decisions and meets once a year.
Six regional associations for addressing regional concerns (see the section on regional associa
below )
Eight technical commissions provide technical recommendations for WMO and the national
services.
The secretariat headed by the Secretary-General coordinates the activities of WMO with a reg
staff of more than 250 employees.[6]
ctivities
MO provides a framework for international cooperation in the development of meteorology and
erational hydrology and their practical application.[7]
nce its establishment, WMO has played a unique and powerful role in contributing to the safety an
lfare of humanity. Under WMO leadership and within the framework of WMO programs,[8] Natio
eteorological and Hydrological Services[9] contribute substantially to the protection of life and pro
ainst natural disasters, to safeguarding the environment and to enhancing the economic and socia
ing of all sectors of society in areas such as food security, water resources and transport.[7]
e WMO and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) jointly created the Intergovernme
nel on Climate Change (IPCC). It is also directly responsible for the creation of the Global Atmosp
atch (GAW). The IPCC has received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 "for their efforts to build up an
sseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the
easures that are needed to counteract such change."[10]
MO promotes cooperation in the establishment of networks for making meteorological, climatolo
drological and geophysical observations, as well as the exchange, processing and standardization
ated data, and assists technology transfer, training and research. It also fosters collaboration betw
e National Meteorological and Hydrological Services of its Members and furthers the application o
eteorology to public weather services, agriculture, aviation, shipping, the environment, water issue mitigation of the impacts of natural disasters.[citation needed ]
MO facilitates the free and unrestricted exchange of data and information, products and services
near-real time on matters relating to safety and security of society, economic welfare and the prot
the environment. It contributes to policy formulation in these areas at national and international
ation needed ]
the specific case of weather-, climate and water-related hazards, which account for nearly 90% of
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tural disasters, WMO's programs provide vital information for the advance warnings that save liv
duce damage to property and the environment. WMO also contributes to reducing the impacts of
man-induced disasters, such as those associated with chemical and nuclear accidents, forest fire a
lcanic ash. Studies have shown that, apart from the incalculable benefit to human well-being, ever
llar invested in meteorological and hydrological services produces an economic return many time
eater, often ten times or more.[citation needed ]
MO plays a leading role in international efforts to monitor and protect the environment through i
ograms. In collaboration with other UN agencies and the National Meteorological and Hydrologic
rvices, WMO supports the implementation of a number of environmental conventions[11] and is
strumental in providing advice and assessments to governments on related matters. These activiti
ntribute towards ensuring the sustainable development and well-being of nations.[citation needed ]
MO publishes the International Cloud Atlas, the international standard cloud atlas since 1896.[cita
ded ]
eteorological codes
keeping with its mandate to promote the standardization of meteorological observations, the WM
aintains numerous code forms for the representation and exchange of meteorological, oceanograp
d hydrological data. The traditional code forms, such as SYNOP, CLIMAT and TEMP, are charact
sed and their coding is position-based. Newer WMO code forms are designed for portability,
tensibility and universality. These are BUFR , CREX, and, for gridded geo-positioned data, GRIB.[
ded ]
World Meteorological Day
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World Meteorological Day is held annually on 23 March.[12]
wards and prizes
International Meteorological Organization Prize [13]
Vilho Väisälä Award [14]
Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award [15]
WMO Research Award for Young Scientists [16]
Professor Mariolopoulus Award [17]
WMO conference on climate prediction and information for decision-makin
orld Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) was held from 31 August to 4 September 2009 in Geneva,
witzerland, under the auspices of WMO. Its goal was to address advancements in seasonal to multi
cadal climate predictions and to spur their applications to decision-making in socio-economic sec
cluding food, water, energy, health, tourism and development sectors. The Conference aimed to
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ntribute to the achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals and broader U
mate goals through support for climate adaptation.[18]
embership
of February 2014, member states of the organisation include 183 of the 193 UN members, the Co
ands and Niue, for a total of 185 member states. Additionally there are 6 member territories, liste
low.[19]
ere are 10 states that are members of the United Nations, but not of the WMO. These are: Andorr
uatorial Guinea, Grenada, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, S
ncent and the Grenadines and San Marino; the most populous of these countries is Equatorial Gu
th nearly 700,000 inhabitants. Non-members of either organisation include the Vatican City and
ates with limited recognition.[citation needed ]
e six member territories are: the British Caribbean Territories (joint meteorological organisation
embership),[20] French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Macau, Curaçao and Sint Maarten (joint meteorolo
rvice and membership),[20] and New Caledonia. Below is a table of all members with admission da
ation needed ]
urrent member states
ates that joined the WMO before they joined the UN are marked with a blue background. States th
embers of the WMO, but not of the UN are marked with a green background. For comparison, see
ember states of the United Nations. The dates are the dates of the ratification of the WMO Conven
the member, or the date of accession.[21] The national meteorological services belonging to each
ember state are also listed.[22]
Member states National Meteorological ServicesDate
admis
Afghanistan Afghanistan Meteorological Authority 11 Sept1956
Albania Hydrometeorological Institute of Albania 29 July
Algeria 4 April
Angola16 Mar1977
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Services16 Nove1988
Argentina2 Janua
1951
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Armenia 16 Sept1992
Australia Bureau of Meteorology 14 Mar1949
Austria Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics23 Febr1955
Azerbaijan27 Dece1993
Bahamas Bahamas Meteorology Department
29 Nov
1973 Bahrain 21 Apri
Bangladesh Bangladesh Meteorological Department24 Aug1973
Barbados Barbados Meteorological Services22 Mar1967
Belarus 12 Apri
Belgium Royal Meteorological Institute2 Febru1951
Belize Belize National Meteorological Service 25 May
Benin 14 Apri
Bhutan11 Febr2003
Bolivia, Plurinational State of 15 May
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 June
Botswana16 Octo1967
Brazil 15 Marc1950
Brunei Darussalam26 Nov1984
Bulgaria12 Marc1952
Burkina Faso31 Octo1960
Burundi30 Octo
1962 Cambodia
8 Nove1955
Cameroon17 Dece1960
Canada Meteorological Service of Canada 28 July
Cape Verde21 Octo1975
Central African Republic 28 June
2 Febru
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Chad 1961
Chile 9 May 1
China China Meteorological Administration25 Febr1972[23
ColombiaInstitute of Hydrology, Meteorology andEnvironmental Studies
5 Janua1962
Comoros15 Marc1976
Congo 21 Nove1960
Democratic Republic of the Congo5 Novem1960
Cook Islands18 Octo1995
Costa Rica Instituto Meteorológico Nacional16 Dece1960
Côte d'Ivoire31 Octo
1960
Croatia Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service9 Octob1992
Cuba 4 March
Cyprus 11 April
Czech Republic Czech Hydrometeorological Institute25 Janu1993
Denmark Danish Meteorological Institute 10 July
Djibouti 30 Jun Dominica
21 Febr1980
Dominican Republic15 Sept1949
EcuadorInstituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología(Ecuador)
7 June
Egypt10 Janu1950
El Salvador 27 May Eritrea 8 July 1
Estonia Estonian Meteorological and Hydrological Institute21 Augu1992
Ethiopia3 Decem1953
Fiji Fiji Meteorological Service18 Mar1980
Finland Finnish Meteorological Institute7 Janua
1949
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France Météo-France 5 Decem1949
Gabon 5 June
Gambia2 Octob1978
Georgia1 Septe1993
Germany Deutscher Wetterdienst 10 June
Ghana 6 May 1
Greece Hellenic National Meteorological Service20 Janu1950
GuatemalaInstituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología,Meteorología e Hidrología
21 Marc1952
Guinea27 Mar1959
Guinea-Bissau15 Dece1977
Guyana 22 Nov1966
Haiti14 Augu1951
Honduras10 Octo1960
Hungary 15 Febr1951
Iceland Icelandic Meteorological Office16 Janu1948
India India Meteorological Department 27 Apri
IndonesiaIndonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology andGeophysics
16 Nove1950
Iran, Islamic Republic of 30Septem1959
Iraq21 Febr1950
Ireland Met Éireann14 Mar1950
Israel Israel Meteorological Service30Septem1949
Italy Servizio Meteorologico9 Janua1951
Jamaica 29 May
Japan Japan Meteorological Agency 11 Augu1953
Jordan 11 July
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Kazakhstan 5 May 1
Kenya 2 June
Kiribati26 Mar2003
Democratic People's Republic of orea
27 May
Republic of Korea Korea Meteorological Administration15 Febr1956
Kuwait 1 Decem1962
Kyrgyzstan 20 July
Lao People's Democratic Republic 1 June
LatviaLatvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre
15 May
Lebanon22 Dece1948
Lesotho3 Augu
1979
Liberia7 Febru1974
Libya29 Dece1955
Lithuania Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service 3 June
Luxembourg29 Octo1952
Republic of Macedonia[24] 1 June
Madagascar 15 Dece1960
Malawi15 Febr1965
Malaysia Malaysian Meteorological Department19 May1958[25
Maldives 1 June
Mali11 Nove1960
Malta28 Dec1976
Mauritania23 Janu1961
Mauritius 17 July
Mexico Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico) 27 May
Micronesia (Federated States of)20Septem1995
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Republic of Moldova 21 Nove1994
Monaco 9 April
Mongolia 4 April
Montenegro Hydrometeorological Institute of Montenegro6 Decem2006
Morocco3 Janua1957
Mozambique Mozambique National Institute of Meteorology 21 June
Myanmar19 Augu1949
Namibia6 Febru1991
Nepal12 Augu1966
Netherlands Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute12 Sept1951
New Zealand Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited 2 April Nicaragua
27 Febr1959
Niger28 Octo1960
Nigeria30 Nov1960
Niue 31 May
Norway Norwegian Meteorological Institute9 Decem
1948 Oman
3 Janua1975
Pakistan Pakistan Meteorological Department 11 April
Panama12 Sept1967
Papua New Guinea15 Dece1975
Paraguay 15 Sept
1950 Peru
30 Dec1949
PhilippinesPhilippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
5 April
Poland 16 May
Portugal Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera15 Janu1951
Qatar 4 April
Romania 18 Augu
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Administra!ia Na!ionala de Meteorologie 1948
Russian FederationFederal Service for Hydrometeorology andEnvironmental Monitoring of Russia
2 April
Rwanda4 Febru1963
Saint Lucia 2 March
Samoa 11 July
São Tomé and Príncipe
23 Nov
1976
Saudi Arabia26 Febr1959
Senegal1 Novem1960
Serbia Republic Hydrometeorological Institute of Serbia21 Febr2001
Seychelles15 Febr1977
Sierra Leone 30 Mar1962
Singapore24 Janu1966
SlovakiaSlovensky Hydrometeorologicky Ustav / Slovak Hydrometeorological Agency
11 Febr1993
Slovenia Slovenian Environment Agency 20 Aug1992
Solomon Islands 6 May 1
Somalia 2 March
South Africa South African Weather Service17 Janu1950
South Sudan14 Dece2012
Spain Agencia Estatal de Meteorología27 Febr1951
Sri Lanka 23 May
Sudan
3 Decem
1956
Suriname 26 July
Swaziland2 Nove1982
Sweden Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute10 Nov1948
Switzerland MeteoSwiss23 Febr1949
Syria Syrian Arab Republic 16 July
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Tajikistan 10 Augu1993
Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania Meteorological Agency 14 Sept1962
Thailand 11 July
Timor-Leste, Democratic Republicf
4 Decem2009
Togo28 Octo1960
Tonga Tonga Meteorological Service25 Febr1996
Trinidad and Tobago1 Febru1963
Tunisia22 Janu1957
Turkey Turkish State Meteorological Service5 Augu1949
Turkmenistan
4 Decem
1992
Tuvalu22Septem2012
Uganda15 Marc1963
Ukraine 12 Apri
United Arab Emirates17 Dece1986
United Kingdom of Great Britainnd Northern Ireland
Met Office 14 Dece1948
United States of America National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4 May 1
Uruguay 11 Janu1951
Uzbekistan23 Dece1992
Vanuatu 24 June
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 16 June
Viet Nam2 July 1976[26
Yemen22 May1990[27
Zambia28 Dec1964
Zimbabwe12 Janu1981
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istorical member states
ember territories
embership by regional associations
e member states of the WMO are divided into six regional associations. The division is as follows:
Region Number of memberstates
Percentage of total
Number of memberterritories
Percentagtotal
57 31% 0 0%
33 18% 2 33%
I 13 7% 0 0%
V 25 14% 2 33%
21 11% 2 33%
I 50 27% 0 0%
WMO 185 100% 6 100%
e sum of member states in the regional associations is larger than the total number of member sta
cause some nations are members to more than one regional association.
e member states of the World Meteorological Organization divided into the six regional associatio
own on a world map
egion I (Africa)
gion I consists of the nations of Africa and a few former colonial powers, and has 57 member stat
member territories; these are:[29]
ot member
Equatorial Guinea
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egion II (Asia)
gion II consists of nations in Asia, having a total of 33 member states and 2 member territories. T
ember states are:[30]
e member territories are:
Hong Kong - China
Macau - China
egion III (South America)
gion III consists of the nations of South America, including France (French Guiana is an overseas
gion of France in South America). It has a total of 13 member states and no member territories. Th
ember states are:[31]
egion IV (North America, Central America, and the Caribbean)
gion IV consists of the nations of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean, including t
tions based in Europe with dependencies within the region. It has a total of 25 member states and
ember territories. The member states are:[32]
egion V (South-West Pacific)
gion V consists of nations in the south-west Pacific. This includes 21 member states and 2 membe
ritories. The member states are:[33]
egion VI (Europe)
gion VI consists mostly of nations in Europe, but also of a few in Western Asia. It has 50 member
d no member territories. These are:[34]
ates with membership in more than one region
otal of ten member states have membership in more than one region. Two nations are members t
fferent regions, while eight are members of two regions. These nations, with their regions, are as f
ee also
Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)
Cloud atlas
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Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP)
International Cloud Atlas
Maria do Rosàrio Veiga
Regional Specialized Meteorological Center
eferences
xternal links
WMO.int – Official Website
WMO country codes from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set
WCC-3