.

. .

.

. ,

.

?

? ,

. .

). (

: tulG . tulG retopsnarT esoculG

eussiT mK stnemmoC

noitacol

emaN

Mm 1

1TULG

02-51 nilusni fo noitaluger ni elor a syalp ,saercnap eht nI

Mm

2TULG

Mm 1

3TULG

.

. . "

. 3 1

Mm 5

4TULG

5TULG

O H

HO

H

HHO

HO

3OPO2HC2

H

HO

H

1

6

5

4

2 3

etahpsohp-6-esoculg

2 tulG

. . ?

. . .

. Mm3 .

. ) Mm 02-51(

4 ?

. ".

. , ). (

5 tulG

. ,

. 3 1

.

? .

.

. 01 .

). 3 ( 2 6

PTA 2 ). ( PTA 2

. G. HDAN

?. P6G

.1

. P6G .

. P6G .2

. P6G

.3

)..PTA(

. : 5 2

5 .1

2 .2

. PTA

? 10

.1

. .

. .2

.

. .3

.

:

.1

PDA PTA . PTA . P6G

2- . 6

) P6F( 6 P6G .2

. . .

6,1 esotcurF P6F .3

. PTA . etahpsohpsiB

" 3 2 PB6,1F .4

P 3 edyhedlA recylG .a

. 6

P enotecayxrordyHiD .b

2 ". P3AG P enotecayxordthiD .5

. P3AG

)P3AG 2( :

. P3AG .6

3,1: . P3AG

( . etarecylgohpsohpsiB

+DAN ).

. PTA ) X2( HDAN

PDA PTA 1 .7

. 0 . ). X2( PTA

etarecylgohpsohP3

etarecylgohpsohP 2 2 .8

etarceylgohpsohP2 .9

. etavuryP loneohpsohP

) X2( PTA PDA .01

.

esoculG 0 )P6G( etahosohP 6 esoculG

esanikoxeH

esaniK

P ( PTA

.)

.

PTA PTA

.

PTA

P6FP6G 2 etahpsohP 6 esotcurF

oxehohpsohP esaremosi

oculgohpsohP esaremosi

.

etahpsohP 6 esotcurF 3

etahpsohpsiB 6,1 esotcurF

esanikotcurfohpsohP )1KFP(

6 P 1

PTA

etahpsohpsiB 6,1 esotcurF 4

etahpsohp enotecayxordyhiD

etahpsohp 3 edyhedlarecylG

esalodlA

.

).(

3OPO2HC

2

C

HC

C

C

3OPO2HC2

HN

OH

HO H

HO H

emyznE 4)2HC(

6

5

4

3

2

1

+

etahpsohp enotecayxordyhiD 5

etahpsohp 3 edyhedlarecylG

etahpsohp esoirT esaremosi

,

etahpsohp 3 edyhedlarecylG 2 . . PTA 2 . etahpsohp 3 edyhedlarecylG 6

etarecylgohpsohpsiB 3,1

3 edyhedlarecylG etahpsohp

esanegordyhed

P

HDAN +DAN

.

6 . HDPAG

: + +DAN = + HDPAG

etahpsohp 3 edyhedlarecylG -

HDAN

: .1

+DAN ) e2+( = ) ( HDAN

1 .2 P P

HDAN .3 HDPAG - +DAN

HDAN

etarecylg

.

.

N

R

H

C2HN

O

N

R

C2HN

OH H

+

H + e2+

DAN+ HDAN

etarecylgohpsohpsiB 3,1 7

etarecylgohpsohP 3 +

PTA PDA

etarecylgohpsohP esanik

. PTA

PTA 2 0=

etarecylgohpsohP 3 8

etarecylgohpsohP 2

etarecylgohpsohP esatum

2 3

.

. .

.

etarecylgohpsohP 2 9

etavuryploneohpsohP

esalonE

.

etavuryploneohpsohP 10

etavuryP

+

PTA PDA

esanik etavuryP

!

PTA 2 2 PTA=

:

PTA 2 + HDAN 2 + etavuryp 2 iP 2 + PDA 2 + +DAN 2 + esoculg

( . ). (

. )

.

. -

. .

.

. ) +DAN HDAN (

.noitatnemref= : 2

: . .1

.a

.b

. +DAN HDAN . .2

( HDAN

. )

.

.

.

+DAN HDAN

. +DAN HDPAG

HDL= esanegordyheD etatcal:

:

. ". PTA

.

.

:

.

. %58

. +DAN HDAN

: 2

= 2OC edyhedlateca .1

.

.esalyxobraced etavuryp:

oryp enimayht( PPT .

. 1B )etahpsohp

.

lonahte edyhedlateca .2

.

. esanegordyhed lohohcla:

.

.

.

+ esoculg 2 esotlam

esatlam :

etahpsohP 6 esoculG esoculG esanikoxeH:

esotcurf + esoculg esorcus

esarcus :

etahpsohP 6 esoculG esoculG esanikoxeH:

: .1

. etahpsohP 1 esotcurF . o . PTA . esanikotcurf:

:esoirT 2 esotcurF o . 3 edyhedlarecylG

" . etahpsohp 3 sedyhedlarecylg

.PTA . esanik esoirt: etahpsohp enotecayxordyheD

etahpsohp 3 sedyhedlarecylg , )6 ( esanikoxeh esanikotcurf .2

. etahpsohp 6 esotcurf

2 PTA

.

esotcal

:esotcalaG. etahpsohP 6 esoculG esoculG esotcalag + esoculG . etahpsohP 1 esotcalg esotcalG .1

PTA .esanikotcalag: o ) PMU ( esotcalag PDU etahpsohP 1 esotcalg .2

esarefsnart lydiru etahpsohp 1 esotcalag: o 2 etahpsohP 1 esotcalg ) etahpsohp irt lycarU( PTU o

etahpsohP 1 esotcalg PMU PTU . (esotcalagPDU

. . etahpsohporyp P 2. ) ) ( iP

: 2 . .1 ( .2

) . . esoculg PDU esotcalag PDU .3

esaremipe - 4 esotcalag PDU: o PMU etahpsohp 1 esoculg esoculg PDU .4

esalyrohpsohporyp esoculg PDU: o etahpsohp 6 esoculg etahpsohp 1 esoculg .5

esatumoculgohpsohP: o

.

.

S

V

esanikoxeH

sanikoculG

e

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

2 5.1 1 5.0 0

Mm ]etahpsohp-6-esotcurF[

PF

KA

cit

vti

y

]PTA[ hgih

]PTA[ wol

. =

G .01,3,1: 3

) 0G( G . ). (

. ) G(

?

:

.... , , , .1

. : .2

etahosohP 6 esoculG esoculG: 0

esanikoxeH:

:

: 2

P6G .1

. essanikoxeH

P6G .2

.

esanikoculg

.

esanikoculG esanikoxeH "

.P6G " esanikoculg . 6

etahpsohpsiB 6,1 esotcurF etahpsohP 6 esotcurF: 3

)1KFP( esanikotcurfohpsohP:

. 2

:

PTA PTA " .1

. .

. = T R PTA

PTA . R T PMA

. PTA

)PB6,2-F( . )PB 6,2-F( etahpsohpsiB 6,2 esotcurF .2 esanikotcurfohpsohP

PB 6,2 F , .

PTA PTA

.

:

. PB 6,2 F ) 1KFP(

PB 6,2 F

.PTA

) PB 6,2-F(

:)( 2 . 2 esatahpsohpsiB esotcurF / 2 esanikotcurfohpsohP:

.2 - esaniK .I

.2 esatahpsohP .II

.

.

?

. ) (

.

). (

:

) PTG G . ( G .1

esalcyc etalynedA .2

PTA "). PMA cilcyc( PMAc PTA esalcyc etalynedA .3

. PMAc

noitcudsnarT langiS= =

:

yramirP -

regnesseM

yradnoceS - PMAc

regnessem

?PMAc

esaniknietorP(= AKP .1

) A

esatahpsohp 2PBF/2KFP esanik AKP .2

esatahpsohpsiB 6,2 esotcurF etahpsohp 6 esotcurF esanik .3

. = esanikotcurfohpsohP PB 6,2-F .4

.

" . 1KFP

.

=

. =

. ) (

...G

?

. . . thgilF ro thgiF=

. . ", PTA

etavuryP etavuryploneohpsohP: 10

esaniketavuryP:

.. . PTA 01 KFP ". 3 PB 6,1 esotcurF: .

"). ( -) eninalA( .

:

. esaniketavuryP AKP .

. esaniketavuryP epyt L

esaniketavuryP epyt M . .

O H

HO

H

HHO

HO

HO2HC

H

H O

H

HHO

HO

HO2HC

H

O

O H HH

OH

HHO

HO

2HC

HO H H

H

HHO

HO

HO2HC

H

HO

O HH

OH

HHO

HO

HO2HC

H

O

H

O

4 1

6

O H

H

HHO

HO

HO2HC

HO H H

H

HHO

HO

HO2HC

HH

O

1

HO

3

4

5

2

negocylg

. .

.. ,

%57

%52

) esolymA( .1

)4-1(

6 - )nitcepolymA( - .2

. 03-42 . )6-1(

-

) 4-1( .

.

.

. "

11

.

%57.

. %52.

.

" esalyrohpsohP .1

. 4 . etahosohP 1 esoculG

). . ( PTA

.I

.

etahpsohplaxodiryp .II

. 6B

):emyzne gnihcnarbeD( 2 .2

3 - esarefsnarT .I

.

. esadisoculG )6-1( .II

. esanikoxeH "

. esalyrohpsohP .3

OO

HOHO

HH

H

2HC

H

NH

N

O

O

PO

O

O

P

O

O

O H

HO

H

HHO

HO

HO2HC

H

O

H

O

P

O

O

O H

HO

H

HHO

HO

HO2HC

H

O

H

OO

HOHO

HH

H

2HC

H

NH

N

O

O

PO

O

O

P

O

O

POO

O

O

iPP

+

esoculg-PDU

PTU etahpsohp-1-esoculg

esalyrohpsohporyP esoculG-PDU

) ( ) (

.

esalyrohpsohP negocylG

2 ") 2(

T R . R R T .

.

. T R

. R

. . .

a

. . b

.

:

.1

.2

.

.

. PTU . esoculG PDU

PTU etahpsohporyp

PMU

( .

).

. esoculG PDU

. PTU PTA

X . 2. PDU . PDU

. PTU X

.

. ninegocylG

. ) HO (

HO . esoculG PDU

. 1 . PDU PDU

. . 4

. esatnys negocylG. ) remirP(

. emyzne gnihcnarb

6-1 .1

. 7 .2

. b esalyrohpsohP) ( esalyrohpsohP

P6G PTA .

. P6G . T R

. R

"

.

"

:

) thgilf ro thgif( .1

.

.2

PMAc G .3

AKP PMAc .4

.

. AKP .5

esanik esalyrohpsohP

.

Aesanik esalyrohpsohP Besanik esalyrohpsohP esanik esalyrohpsohP .6

.

. P 6 ulG P 1 ulG .7

. .

:.

esalyrohpsohP AKP

esanik esalyrohpsohP esanik

, esalyrohpsohP

xirtam

renni enarbmem

retuo enarbmem

-retni enarbmem

ecaps

noirdnohcotim

eatsirc

O C C C3H

O O

S C

O

AoC C3H

AoCSH

DAN+HDAN

2OC +

esanegordyheD etavuryP

AoC-lyteca etavuryp

. esahtnus negocylG

.

: esanik esalyrohpsohP

.

, .

, . esanik 4esalyrohpsohP

AKP " esanik esalyrohpsohP

.

): (

). ( . esatahpsohP 6 ulG .1

.

. esaesid nosredneH emyzne gnihcnarB .2

.

esalyrohpsohp negocylG .3

AoC

. ) ( etavuryP

:

.1

) ( - .2

. "

.

.3

" .4

) eatsirc( .

%03 %07.

.

. PTA

xirtam= = .5

. ). (

(

. , )

.

. AoC lytecA

xelpmoC esanegordyheD etavuryP aoClytecA

C

CCH

C

C

HC

NC

CN

NC

HNC

C3H

C3H

O

O

2HC

CH

CH

CH

C2H

HO

O P O P O

O

-O

O

-O

esobiR

HO

HO

eninedA

C

CCH

C

C

HC

NC

C

HN

NH

C

HNC

C3H

C3H

O

O

2HC

CH

CH

CH

C2H

HO

O P O P O

O

-O

O

-O

esobiR

HO

HO

eninedA 2HDAF DAF

e 2H 2 +

+

enizaxollaosilyhtemid

)PPT( etahpsohporyp enimaiht

N

2HN C3HN

2HCS

C

N

O P O P O 2HC C3H

OO

2HC

H

O O

+

H cidica+

2HC S

2HC

SHC

HC 4)2HC( HN C 2HC 2HC 2HC 2HC

HN

O C

O

2HC SH

2HC

SHHC

HC 4)2HC( HN C 2HC 2HC 2HC 2HC

HN

O C

O

e2H2 +

+

edimaopil

edimaopilordyhid

dica ciopil enisyl

( . 2OC AoCcA

). 2HDAF\HDAN

(= 5B AoC. ) HS( AoC

. ).

: 3 . AoC

03 1E

1E

( 1E 4

).

enimaihT etahpsohporyp

PPT 1B

). (

) (

.

06 2E

edimaopiL

.

. HS

.

.

21 3E 3E

21

gnidnib(

) nietorp 2E

DAF 2HDAF 2B

C OH + HS-A emyzneoC

O

3HC

C S-A emyzneoC

O

O2H + 3HC

dica citeca

AoC-lyteca

N

R

H

C2HN

O

N

R

C2HN

OH H

+

H + e2+

DAN+ HDAN

HDPAG -

HDPAG. .

. ) (

( . PTA

PTA . ) PTA

. 0 "

, . PTA

. .

. ,

. AoC

) ( 2

( HDAN .HDAN +DAN

) 2HDAF , HDPAG

. ) (

.

:) ( AoC

2OC ) 1E( PPT etavuryP 1

. etavuryP

1B

) 2E( edimaopiL 2 . 2 e2 etavuryP

etavuryP

( AoC 3 AoC lytecA )

) 3E( DAF 2E .2HDAF DAF

2B

AoC 5B

DAF 2HDAF 4 +DAN

. 2HDAF

DAN 3B

xelpmoC esanegordyheD etavuryP

. AoC

.AoC lytecA

+DAN HDAN AoC lytecA "

. AoC AoC lytecA AoC

.

.

"

.

AoC lytecA HDAN

.

). . (

. +DAN

. etavuryP AoC lytecA !

.

. AoC lytecA

:) (

. 9. 2OC AoC

. . "

:

. - elcyC dicA cirtiC

elcyC dicA cilyxobraC irT elcyC ACT

C

etatecaolaxO+ AoC lytecA 1 etartyC

AoC esahtnys etartiC

AoC

6

etarticosI etartyC 2 etatinoca-sic

6 O2H esatinocA

esanegordyheD etarticosI etaretulgotek etarticosI 3 +DAN

2OC

HDAN

5

AoC lyniccuS etaretulgotek 4

etaretulgotek

esanegordyhed etaretulgotek xelpmoc

esanegordyhed etavuryP

AoC

2OC

HDAN 2HDAF

4

etaniccuS AoC lyniccuS 5

esahtnys AoC lyniccuS

( ) ,

AoC

PTGPDG AoC

PTG

4

etaramuF etaniccuS 6

esanegordyheD etaniccuS

+DAF .2HDAF

4

etalaM etaramuF 7

4 O2H esaramuF

esanegordyhed etalaM etatecaolaxO etalaM 8 +DAN

4 HDAN

:

2OC 3

PDA HDAN PTA.

.

. HDAN AoC lyniccuS, PTA 4

.

:

etartiC

etaretulgotek

.

AoC lyniccuS

(

)

etatecaolaxO

) (

).ANR AND (

.

yawhtaP etalyxoylG ehT

. " .

.

AoC lytecA( . etavuryP AoC lytecA

( AoC lytecA . )

. )

. " . AoC lytecA ) (

'

etatecaolaxO+ AoC lytecA 1 etartyC

6

etarticosI etartyC 2

6

2+46 etalascoylG + etaniccuS etarticosI 3

42+2 etalaM AoC lytecA+ etalascoylG 4

etatecaolaxO etalaM 5

lytecA

2 AoC

. 2

. 2

.

: 3

.1

.2

.3

)GNG( sisenegoenoculG

.

. , ) (

). ( AoC lytecA

3.

.

.

.

. .

. .

: .

). PTA ( etahpsohP 3 lorecylG lorecylG

.esanik lorecylG: o

. etahpsohp enotecayxordyheD etahpsohP 3 lorecylG

esanegordyhed etahpsohp lorecylG: o

. etahpsohp enotecayxordyheD

etatcaL

(

)

.

) (

) esanegordyheD etatcaL(

.

.

.elcyC iroC ehT ,

. . 3

) :ssapyB(

( esanik etavuryP 0

)10

etatecaolaxO ) 3( etavuryP

) 4(

H ) ( , esalyxobraC etavuryP: o

.=

- PTA ,O2H ,2OC: o

o

etavuryploneohpsohP etatecaolaxO

".

etalaM etatecaolaxO

. "

esanegordyheD etalaM: o

etatecaolaxO etalaM

esanegordyheD etalaM: o

.

letavuryponeohpsohP etatecaolaxO

KCPEP: o

- PTG o

. esanik etavuryP

"

). epyt L( esanik etavuryP

PTG + PTA + etavuryp "

. 2 .

. etahpsohpsiB 6,1 esotcurF ) 3 (

)3 ( esanikotcurfohpsohP 2

1

esatahpsohpsiB 6,1 esotcurF: o

. PTA .

esatahpohpsiB 6,2

. esanikotcurfohpsohP

esatahpsohpsiB 6,1 esotcurF

.

)3 ( esanikoxeH 3

esoculG etahpsohP 6 esoculG

esatahpsohP 6 esoculG: o

.

.

nemul RE etahpsohP 6 esoculG

.

. .

).thgilF ro thgiF( ) ( : 2

. .

)rotpecer nogaculG( ulG )rotpecer cigrenerda ( ipE rotpecer cificeps a gnidniB

enarbemeM lleC

.

esalcyc etalynedA , G

. PMAc PTA

. ) edacasac(

. PMAc PTA

. ) A esanik nietorP( AKp PMAc

: AKp

= etavuryP etavuryploneohpsohP esanik etavuryP epyt L o

.

esatahpsohP . ) 2esaPBF-2KFP( 2esatahpsiohpsiB esotcurF 2esanikotcurfohpsohP o

.

P6F. etahpsohp 6 esotcurF etahpsohpsiB 6,2 esotcurF esatahpsohP

.

etahpsohpsib 6,2 esotcurF

KFP. ) KFP( esaniKotcurFohpsohP

PTA PTA

.

) ( KFP etahpsohpsib 6,2 esotcurF

esatahpsohPsiB 6,1 esotcurF

esatahpsohPsiB 6,1 esotcurF

. nietorP gnidniB tnemelE esnopseR PMAc: BERC PMAc

2 KCPEP . PMAc

. 1

esanik esalyrohpsohP AKp

esalyrohpsohp negocylG esanik esalyrohpsohP o

P6G etahpsohp 1 esoculG esalyrohpsohp negocylG o

esoculG

. esahtnys negocylG AKp

nogaculG nirhpenipE

CA G

PMAc PTA

AKp

etalaM

etavuryploneohpsohP

.

:

:revil ni edacsac PMAc-nogaculg fo stceffe fo yrammuS

.detalumits si sisenegoenoculG

.detibihni si sisylocylG

.detalumits si nwodkaerb negocylG

.detibihni si sisehtnys negocylG

.doolb eht ot esaeler rof demrof si esoculg eerF

' 5/2

)PPP( yawhtaP etahpsohP esotneP ehT

: 2 . "

ANR AND .1

HPDAN .2

) (

: HPDAN

, , ,

.

). (

"

.

.

:

HPDAN .1

. .2

.

): (

) ( etahpsohP 5 esolubiR etahpsohP 6 esoculG

X2 +DAN HPDAN 2 o

2OC o

)DP6G( esanegordyheD etahpsohP 6 esoculG: o

: etahpsohp 5 esolubiR

etahpsohp 5 esobiR o

etahpsohp 5 esolulyX o

- +PDAN

.HPDAN

: :

7C+3C5C+5C

esaloteksnarT o

4C+6C7C+3C

esalodlasnarT o

3C+6C5C+4C

esaloteksnarT o

3C+6C25C3:

).1B ( PPT esloteksnarT

: 4

. . HPDAN etahpsohP 5 esobiR .1

P3AG . HPDAN . P6F

HPDAN ). 3 ( P6F

.

. HPDAN .2

HPDAN .3

.

. PTA HPDAN .4

:

HPDAN ) (

.

-

). ( . PPP

.

, . HPDAN

. ) (

. ) ( , noihtatulG o

. e

. GSSG ) ( HSG

, o

. . HPDAN

DP6G

. HPDAN DP6G

. GSSG ".

.

, ,

, . . = sisyL

. .

. ). (

. . X

.

.

)CPT( enahC tropnarT nortcele

. :

. .

. 2HDAF HDAN . 2OC lytecA

.

.

.

" .

. "

:PTA

PTA 5.2 HDAN

PTA 5.1 2HDAF

n

F

:

. =

+DAN HDAN

: E

: G G

G

.

G E E

. .

: 3 %07

tropsnarT .1

.

niahc yrotaripseR .2

PTA esahtys PTA .3

.

.

.

. "

.

:

+DAN HDAN. HDAN 0

. 1 HDAN o

3 QoC o

: o

nivalF) ( ( NMF 2HNMF NMF

) 2B = dituelcun onom

2HNMF

+ 3 . SeF 2HNMF

SeF . +. 2

.

Q. Q SeF

. NMF .

. ) (

4 c emorhcotyC o

" enoniuqibu QoC

.

.

) SeF ( o

.enoniuqimeS

enoniuqibU= loniuqibU SeF o

2HenoniuqibU=

PTA 01Q Q o

. etaniccuS 2HDAF :2HDAF

. 2 etaramuF etaniccuS 2

. . o

.

: . ) ( esanegordyheD etaniccuS o

" . 2HDAF DAF etaramuF etaniccuS DAF

: " .

( DAF . SeF

)

. QoC SeF .

.PTA

. esanegordyheD AoC lycA o

3

o

). meH(= ). semorhcotyC(

. ). + (3

4 c emorhcotyC o

4

o

(

)

.

. o

o

.

. o

1F 0F xelpmoc\esaPTA \ esahtnys PTA 5

: . ) (

H 0F .1 - +

, = + - PTA 1F .2

esahtnys PTA . PTA PDA

. PTA .

. "

ecrof evitom notorP=

esacolsnarT PDA-PTA

". PTA

( PDA . PDA

. " )

. PTA PDA

.

:

PDA

PTA

. PTA

:

"

) 4-( PTA ) 3-( PDA

.

, ) HDPAG ( HDAN

: - . HDAN .

' elttuhs etahpsohP 3 lorecylG .1

HDAN etahpsohP enotecayxordyheD .a

P3 lorecylG etahpsohpenotecayxordyheD +DAN

P3 lorecylG .b

.

P 3 lorecylG .c

. etahpsohpenotecayxordyheD

DAF

. 2HDAF

Q 2HDAF .d

PTA 5.1 .e

]2O[

emit

dedda PDA

lla PDA detrevnoc PTA ot

a

b c

PTA elttuhS etatrepsA etalaM .2

.

etatecaolaxO " HDAN .a

. (etalaM

).

etalaM .b

etatecaolaxO

) (

. HDAN

. PTA 5.2 1 HDAN .c

etametulG ) ( " etatrepsA etatecaolaxO .d

. etaretulgotek

" etatecaolaxO " etatrepsA .e

).etametulG ( etaretulgotek

.HDAN etatecaolaxO , HDAN : .f

:PTA

!5

. PTA

. .

PTA PDA ,

. PTA

. PDA .

" "

.

.

: PTA

. .

. .

PTA .

.

= ninegomrehT= PCU= nietorP gnilpuocnU "

H . ). (

. PTA .

. PND

5

. H

.

sisehtnysotohP

, . .

. O2H 2OC

:

2O6 + 6O21H6C O2H6 + 2OC6

. =

:

. . .1

eloucaV .a

.b

.c

: .d

.i

" .ii

.iii

(

). amorts=

( munarG .

anarG 2 ). anarG

. allemal amorts

) amots( .2

2OC. 2 .a

,

. lyniccuS .

.

.

: 2

( HPDAN . HPDAN PTA = .1

. HPDAN ). HDAN

. HPDAN

" noitaxif 3C= \ .2

. " PTA

" ). (

.

: . " .

. )emehcs Z( ) (

SP .

. 2 1) metsys otohP(

.

mn086 2SP

a

mn007 - 1SP

a

: PTA HPDAN

mn086 2SP "

o

fb o

- o

" o

. ) gnittilps retaw(

4nM=

PTA o

1SP ) (

. HPDAN +PDAN

PTA

.

- +PDAN

.esatcuder +PDAN

. amorts PTA

frodnegaJ

" PTA

4=Hp .

. 7=Hp

.". PTA

' . 1SP

).HPDAN ( PTA

:

evitadixO sisehtnysotohP noitalyrohpsohP

PTA

xirtaM amorts

amortS

HPDAN PTA . 3C %08

. = .

. HPDAN 21 PTA 81 . 6 "

:

. PAHD

etahpohpsiB 5,1 esoluobiR . ocsibuR 2OC

. etarecylgohpsohP 2

: 2OC ocsibuR

etalocylgohpsohP .

.

.

. - noitaripserotohP . . " . etalocygohpsohP

, ) ( "

. "

. , , . " %51. , ) ( 4C

" .

.

). 4( etalam

etakam

esalyxobraC PEP " 2OC .

etavuryploneohpsohP

etalam , etatecaolaxO

.

etalam ) htaehs eldnub(

2OC 2OC

. ocsibuR

etavuryP etalam . .

.HPDAN

ocsibuR " .

. 2OC

. ) ( MAC

. " %5. ,

dica kabalalalbarC(

. ). msilobatem

ocsibuR ,

).(= 2OC

.

). ( 2OC , .

. . 4C

2OC , . etalam . etalam PEP

.

?. \ \ . \ "

. , ) ( ,

. . .

). setycopida, (= "

. . 3

.

?

, ) (

. .

?

G

PMAc

AKP

. esapil lorecylglycairT

. esapil lorecylglycairT

.

,

.

. enimoblA

. ,

.

. .

.

. )BBB( reirraB niarB doolB= =

:

.1

.notlaDk001-07 .2

) 3+1tulG( .

..... .

:

( + .1

. . )

....2 , 1 .2

) ( noitadixo = =

.

. (AoC = AoC - \

)

esahtnys AoC lycA: o

PMA PTA 2: o

. o

AoC lycA

AoC o

o

AoC enitinraC o

esacolsnarT enitinrac lycA:

)(

P2 e 2

AoC lycA esanegordyhed

)2 ( DAF2HDAF

HO H

O

P e

HDAN +DAN

AoC lytecA AoC

AoC lytecA

:

: 81

8=1-2/81

: 81

;" PTA

2- 2-

88 09=9X01 )( AoC lytecA 9

001 21=8X5.1 2HDAFX8

021 02=8X5.2 H+HDANX8

. 4 3 : 0

: 3 2 saremosi

PTA 5.1 . AoC lytecA

. PTA 5.1

PTA 5.1

. 5 4 : 2

3 2 esanegordyheD

. 4 3 3 2 5 4 esatcudeR

. esaremosI

:

.PTA .1

.PTA 5.1 2HDAF .2

:

: AoC elinoyporP 3

) ( elinoyporP .1

- AoC elinolam lyhteM .2

AoC lyniccuS .3

.4

. AoC

. lyniccuS

AoC lytecA

. lytecA

" . AoC lynolaM

. esacolsnarT

). ( \

. etatecaolaxo .

etatecaolaxO ) ( AoC

. AoC .

.

: 3 . AoC lytecA

. Hp . - etaretubyxordyh .1

. Hp . etatecaoteca .2

. . , enoteca .3

. AoC lytecA

. ). sisodica( = Hp

:

lytecaotecA AoC lytecA 2

AoC GMH lytecaotecA

etatecaotecA AoC GMH

etaretubyxordyh ) 2OC ( 2 etatecaotecA

. ' .

. AoC lytecA

. AoC lytecA .

.

) reirrac nietorp lycA( PCA AoC lycA

. .

' . esahtnys dica yttaf

AoC lytecA . . HPDAN

. esanikotcurfohpsohP etartiC. etartic

. . etartiC

AoC lytecA

+ AoC lytecA etartiC etatecaolaxO

PDA PTA

PTA (

)

. etalam etatecaolaxO HDAN

emyznE cilaM etavuryP etalaM

HPDAN

esalyxobracetavuryP etatecaolaxO etavuryP

: HPDAN

.1

emyznE cilaM .2

AoClytecA AoC lynolaM

.

AoC lytecA esalyxobrac

)CCA(

:

.

AoClytecA PCA lyteca

2

-

AoC lynolaM PCA lynolaM

3

+ PCA lynolaM PCA lyteca

PCA lytcaotecA

2

2OC

4

PCA lytcaotecA

PCA lycaotecA

.

"' HPDAN

:

+ PCA lyrytuB PCA elynolaM

6

2OC+

.

" . 61

. 61.

:

"

:

. lynolaM . esalyxobrac AoC lytecA

:

:

. etartic "

: . AoC lyotimlaP "

. etaretic

etartic esacolsnart etartic

esanegordyheD P 6 ulG

.

:

: PMAc

esatahpsohP AKP . CCA

. CCA

. 0391. 4871.

. 72

: 4 . .

. AoC GMH 3 AoC lytecA etanolavem .1

. 6. AoC esatcuder " etanolavem GMH

. . 5 etanolavem .2

. " 03 .3

elinareG= 5X2 .a

51 lisenraP= nerposI + elinareG .b

. 3 . 03= lysenraP 2 .c

. D , , "

' .

.

.

(

).

: 4

.1

nietorpopil ytisned wol yreV LDLV .2

nietorpopil ytisned wol LDL .3

nietorpopil ytisned hgiH - LDH .4

. LDH.

.

.

. . .

. LDLV .

LDLV

"

. LDL .

". " LDL ) (

" , , .

. LDH .

.

? LDL

. " LDL

LDL .

,

. .

,

.

sysotycodnE detaideM rotpeceR

. "

. LDL

. esatcudeR AoCGMH .

). (

.

"

. .

.

. 01-7 .

.

.

. ". " "

. ...). , ANR AND (

. . %

. ,

:

.1

, .2

.

. .3

.

.4

.

". .5

.

. .

.

: .

. . . .1

. . " .

. etametulG etaretulgotek .2

) ( . etametulG

. etamatulG

. .

( 6B ) esarefsartonioma eninala (

.etahpsohp laxodiryP PLP). esalyrohpsohp

. " . ) TLA(

. etaretulgotek

. . +PDAN . +DAN. esanegordyheD etametulG

PTG\PTA

.

onima (

: ) dica

. . etametulG etaretulgotek .1

etatrepsA etatecaolaxo .2

.

. .

.

.

. . .

:

.1

.

.2

.3

etametulG etaretulgotek

. .4

. esahtnys enimatulG

.

. . :

. .

:

( 2OC .1

) ( )

( .2

( )

)

( .3

)

) ( .4

.) (

. .5

, , .6

.

.

:

2OC+4HN etahpsohp lyomabraC

esahtnys etahpsohp lyombraC PTA 2

etahpsohp lyomabraC +

eniohtinrO

eniolortiC

etatrepsA + eniolurtiC

etaniccusoninigrA

PMA PTA 2

.

etaniccusoninigrA

:

etaniccusoninigrA

eninigrA + etaramuF

etalaM etaramuF

.

eninigrA

eninigrA

aerU + enitinrO

enitinrU

enitinrO

. aerU

: "

. . " .

. sdica otek

. etatecaolaxo ,etaramuf ,AoC lyniccus ,etaretulgotek ,etavuryp '

= )cinegocuolG(

.

. )AoC lytecA 2 ( AoC lytecaotecA AoC lytecA

. cinegoteK

.

.

2: :

. L 2. . enisyL enicueL

: eninalalynehP

enisoryht .1

. esalyxordyh eninalalynehP ) ( .a

eninalalynehP . . aironteklynehP

. 00031:1. eninalalynehP

. . . .

. . .2

. enonalalynehP .3

. . .

. , ), (

.

. .

. . . muibozyhR

:

. . .

). esanegordyhed etamatulG ( "

. etamatulG etaretulg otek

. etamatulG

etamatulG . esahtnyd enimatulG

. enimatulG

.etamatulG enimaqtulG etaretulg otek

. R ,

. L ). . (

(

):

".

".

.

: 2

.

.

. 9

:

. 2OC .1

. PTA "

. . .2

. . " .3

., ,

. . .4

. .5

... . .6

. , PTA .7

:

. PTA PTA .1

.

+DAN . HPDAN .2

. .3

. . .4

?

,

o

. 2OC 2 o

. 2

.

o

o

etatecaolaxO AoC lytecA

.

. C B . B ). H ( -) nitoib(

. KEDA K E, D, A

. PTA

PTA PTA

notoib

.

" .2OC

.

.

+

)CCA( esalyxobraC AoC lytecA

. . .

esalyxobraC AoC lynoiporP

) ( . .

esalyxobraC etavuryP

. .

enimaihT 1B

PPT enimaihT

etahpsohporyp

.

xelpmoC esanegordyheD etavuryP

xelpmoC esanegordyheD etaretulg oteK

esaloteksnarT . 3 2 . .

esalyxobraceD etavuryP

. .

enixodiryP

6B

esalyrohpsohP negocylG 4-1 . 1

esanimasnarT

enimalaboC

21B

esatuM lynolamlyhteM

. .

enivalF 2B

2HDAF DAF

esanegordyheD etavuryP . 1

esanegordyheD etaniccuS

. 2 esanegordyheD AoC lyecA

. . elttuhS etahpsohP 3 lorecylG

. HDAN

.

3B

3B DAN

. HDPAG DAN

. A 5B

. HDAN 2 PTDA 2 2 = "

: , G , 3

esanikoxeH .1

. esanikotcurfohpsohP .2

esaniketavuryP .3

:

. etahpsohpsiB 6,2 esotcurF .1

.

PMA .2

.

:

6,2 esotcurf esanikotcurfohpsohP PTA . PTA .1

. etahpsohpsib

. etartiC .2

. etatecaolaxO AoC lytecA

.

.esalyxobraC AoC lytecA etartiC .a

KFP .3

.

.

etahpsohpsib 6,2

.

. .1

. G

PMAc PTA CA

.

thgilF ro thgiF .2

. \

) 3 1( tulG ). yad rep esoculg g021( %06

enimoblA. .

. BBB

) etatecaolaxo ( ,

AoC lytecA BBB .

. . etatecaolaxo .

.

.

), , = (

. . . %58

. '

. %57.

.

. .

. ) (

, ) (

.

. . "

. .

. " 07 51.

. .

. esapiL "

.

. .

" .

.

. . .

. .

2 tulG .

. . 3,1tulG

esanikoxeH . esanikoculG

. P6G " . esanikoxeH .

. ). %52(

.

: etahpsohP 6 esoculG

.1

.2

.3

, .4

. HPDAN .5

.

" RE {P 6 esoculG P 1 esoculG

. esatahpsohp esoculG

:

. .1

.2

" .

.

.3

, ,

.

.4

,

.

.

.5

AoC lytecA .6

.1

AoC HDAN .2

LDL .3

)Jk( lack ni ygrene elbaliavA

snietorp elbaziliboM slorecylglycairT negocylg ro esoculG nagrO

)0( 0 )002( 54 )052( 06 doolB

)0071( 004 )0002( 054 )0071( 004 reviL

)0( 0 )0( 0 )03( 8 niarB

)000,001( 000,42 )0002( 054 )0005( 002,1 elcsuM

)071( 04 )000,065( 000,531 )033( 08 eussit esopidA

def lleW

:

. = OHC

' .

.

4. 4 tulG

4 tulG .

.

.

. 4 tulG .

.1

HPDAN .2

.3

) (

etartic .4

.

:

HPDAN .1

.2

:

.1

. .2

.3

:

:

. .1

.

.a

. .

. .b

. =

AoC lytecA etatecaolaxo .c

.

. .2

. . etatecaolaxo

.

.

. AoC lytecA etatecaolaxo

). (

Amount formed or consumed in 24 hours

(grams) Fuel exchanges and

consumption

3rd day 40th day

Fuel use by the brain

Glucose 100 40

Ketone bodies 50 100

All other use of glucose 50 40

Fuel mobilization

Adipose-tissue lipolysis 180 180

Muscle-protein degradation 75 20

Fuel output of the liver

Glucose 150 80

Ketone bodies 150 150

:

.

.

:

. MDDI / sutillem setebaiD tnedneped nikusnI / 1 epyT .1

4 tulG 4 tulG

. . .

.

. . " .a

MDDIN\sutillem setebaiD tnedneped nilusni noN .2

nilusnI.

. . . ecnatsisser

.

. . ? . .a

.

..., , , . .

.

?

. .

.

.

" C 1 A nibolgomeH

. 3. 3