Chapter 7 Ethnicity7.3 + 7.4

• African-American Migration

• Discrimination by Race

Clustering of ethnicities within the U.S.

shows the diffusion of cultural factors through

migration.

Recall the types of migration:

◦ International versus Internal Migration

U.S. Ethnic Distributions:

Where are:

•Latinos/Hispanics

•African-Americans

•Asians

International Migration

◦ 1500-1801 Forced Migration

Forced migration from Africa to the American colonies

(British, Spanish, Portuguese, & Caribbean)

Portuguese responsible for the Transatlantic Slave Trade

Europeans purchased Africans

British, Spanish, Dutch, & French

African-American Migration Patterns

African-American Migration Patterns Triangular Slave Trade

◦ Efficient trading pattern between

◦ Africa – labor

◦ Americas – raw materials

◦ Europe – finished goods

Internal Migration

◦ First ½ of 20th Century (1910-1920s; 1940-1950s)

AKA – The Great Migration

◦ Many African-Americans left the South & migrated

to cities in the NORTH: Northeast, Midwest, & West

Plantation work declined because of the increased

mechanization of farming tools

Lead to LESS FARM LABOR

◦ Why did African-Americans migrate north?

1910-1920s: _____________________________

1940-1950s: _____________________________

Where did these African-Americans live? ______________

African-American Migration Patterns

The Great (African-American) Migration (20th century in the U.S.)

African-Americans

migrated from the rural

south to cities of the

Northeast, Midwest, and

West.

Increased farm mechanization led to less demand for farm labor

Great (African-American) Migration in 20th century

Dramatic geographic shift in the distribution of African

Americans from the rural south to northern cities

What kind of diffusion? ____________________

Second ½ of 20th Century = 1950s-1960s

present

◦ Migration from inner-city ghettos to other urban /

suburban neighborhoods

◦ Expansion of the ghetto adjacent areas GHETTO – segregated ethnic area in a city

African-American density grew

Many families were forced to live in one room

= poor living conditions

◦ Correlated with WHITE FLIGHT

Where did the whites go? ______________________

AFRICAN-AMERICAN MIGRATION PATTERNS

Cabrini Green

Robert Taylor

Homes

African-American Chicago Settlement Patterns

Ethnicities in Chicago

Fig. 7-5: African Americans,

Hispanic Americans,

Asian Americans, and

European Americans

are clustered in

different areas of the

city.

Racism – Belief that race determines human traits & capacities Biological classification◦ Differences produce a superiority of a particular race Cultural or intellectual differences shown in achievement Belief right to rule others

DISCRIMINATION- prejudicial treatment of different groups based on race, age, sex, etc. ◦ Why does discrimination still occur today? Past, present, & ???

SEGREGATION:◦ Separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group Voluntary or forced De facto vs. De jure Segregation

Restrictions, barriers, lack of interaction, & discrimination

Conflict Among Ethnicities

Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896 – US Supreme Court

◦ “Separate But Equal” doctrine of “racial equality”

Equality meant whites and blacks could not mix!

◦ U.S. Supreme Court legalized SEGREGATION!!

AKA JIM CROW LAWS – laws in the South

Famous U.S. Court Cases Dealing with Segregation

Brown v. Board of Education of

Topeka, Kansas - 1954

◦ U.S. Supreme court ended racial separation of

public places

Separate schools & public facilities was unconstitutional

◦ Racial separation branded minorities as inferior & unequal

Famous U.S. Court Cases Dealing with Segregation

“White Flight” – Emigration of whites from an

area because blacks migrating there

◦ Ex. Detroit = white population dropped 1 million between 1950-1975

& another 1/2 million between 1975-2000

Blockbusting – real estate agents convinced

white homeowners near a black area to sell their

houses at low pricesPreying on their fears that black families migration into the

neighborhood would cause property values to decline

Instead of Integration Led to . . .

Apartheid – geographic separation of races in

South Africa

◦ 4 races each having different legal status

Black, white, colored (black and white), or Asian

◦ Laws determined where people could live

(Homelands), attend school, work, shop, & own land

Discriminated people!

Blacks restricted to certain occupations &

paid lower wages

Blacks could not vote or hold political office

Discrimination by Racein South Africa

Who are the Whites in South Africa?

Dutch & British Ancestry

◦ DUTCH – Netherlands colonized in 1652

Settled in Cape Town

Known as the Boers or Afrikaners (speak Afrikaan)

◦ BRITISH – seized this Dutch colony in 1795

Ruled South Africa until 1948

Nationalist Party = Afrikaner dominated ruled

who created Apartheid laws

Discrimination by Race in South Africa

Government established 10 homelands for blacks

◦ Designed to isolate races

◦ South African government attempted to declare segregated

areas independent countries, but no other countries

recognized the claim

Discrimination by Race in South Africa

Black “Homelands” in South Africa

Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black

“homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen

of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

Apartheid laws repealed in 1991◦ International boycotts repealing restrictions on property

ownership and classification of people at birth by race

◦ National elections held in 1994

◦ Nelson Mandela first black president

African National Congress

South Africa governed by black majority◦ Other countries have reestablished economic & cultural ties

◦ Political equality, but blacks still much poorer

Discrimination by Race in South Africa

Invictus

Opening

◦ Start at 0:54

1st Day on the Job

Security & Forgiveness

Leadership

Playing with kids

Invictus – poem

Social Studies

Extra Credit

Wednesday, 2/28

@ West 6 p.m.

Making of Invictus