7449balochistan problems solutions

8/12/2019 7449Balochistan Problems Solutions

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www.thevision21.org

BALOCHISTAN

Problems and Solutions


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BALOCHIST

PROBLEMSANDSOLUTI

Preface

Introduction

BritishEraandSandeman System

Reasonsfortheconflict

ProvincialAutonomy&EthnicCulture

ResourceExploitation

DeprivationandLackofDevelopmentlag

RoleofSardars

ReligiousExtremism

External FactorsandGeoPolitics

Historyoftheconflicts

The Current Insur enc and Baloch Nationalism

InsurgencyandGeoPoliticsofEnergyResources

InsurgentGroupsinBalochistan

Settlersissue&currentsituationinBalochistan

Pakhtun Factor

LiberationandViability:IsindependentBalochistanviable?

PossibleconsequencesforindependentBalochistananddividedPakistan

QuestionsforBaloch NationalistsandInsurgents

BalochistanPackage(seeappendixB)

Solution:Whatneedstobedone?

Conc usion

References

AppendicesAppendixA:Blochistan Provinces

AppendixB:AghazeHuqooqeBalochistan Package


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Balochistanhistorysincethetimeoftheformationofthecountry

representsanunendingnarrativeoftheincessantconflicts

.

mergerwithPakistanhaveledtothepresentcrisisintheprovince

andthewholecountry.

,

conflictswhichhavecontinuedtofesterandperiodicallygiven

risetotherevoltsandinsurgenciesresultingintothepresent

crisis,highlighting

the

recommendations

for

the

urgent

action

in

ordertoeradicatetherootcausesofthelon standin conflict.


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1

Balochistan:ProblemsandSolutions

Website: http://www.thevision21.org/ Blog: http://awaam.wordpress.com/

BALOCHISTANPROBLEMSANDSOLUTIONS

BalochistanisthelargestofPakistansfourprovincesbythegeographicalarea. Itisthe

leastpopulatedandresourcerichprovince. Ithascommonborderswithallthethree

provinces viz. NorthWest Frontier Province (NWFP) through Federally Administered

TribalArea

(FATA)

in

the

north,

Punjab

in

the

extreme

north

east

and

Sindh

in

east.

Balochistanhasa longcostallinewithArabianSeainthesouth.IntheWestithas814

kmlongborderwithIran;andfinallyinthewestandnorthwestithasaborderof1096

kmwithAfghanistan.

At 5%, about 8.5million Pakistanis reside in the province. Balochistan is home to

roughlyhalfamillionethnicPunjabis,ornearlysixpercentofitspopulation,andtoan

even smallerpercentageofUrduspeakers.About35%of thepopulation isPashtun.

EthnicBalochpopulation(includingBrahui)isabout6.8million.Oftheseabout5million

resideinBalochistanaccountingforabout55%ofitspopulation.About27%Balochlive

outsideBalochistan,

mainly

in

Sind.

AtthetimeofcreationofPakistan,Balochistanwasdivided intotwoparts:theBritish

Balochistan comprising Quetta, Pishin, Zhob, Loralai and Lasbela and the native

BalochistanconstitutingKalat,KharanandMakran.Makranbecameadistrictwithinthe

provinceofBalochistan,minusanareaof800kmaroundGwadar,whichwasthenstill

partoftheSultanateofOman.

In1783, theKhanof Kalathad grantedsuzeraintyover Gwadar toTaimur Sultan, the


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defeated rulerofMuscat.When thesultansubsequently retookMuscat,he continued

his rule inGwadarbyappointingawali(or"governor").Thiswaliwas thenordered to

subjugate the nearby coastal town ofChah Bahar(in moderndayIran). Until 1958

GwadarwaspartofOman.PakistanpurchaseditinSeptmeber1958.Themoneyforthe

purchase was generated by way of taxation and donations. It was made part of

theBalochistan

province

in

1977.

Balochistanprovince itself,asweknow ittoday,came intobeingonJuly1,1970,with

theabolitionofOneUnit inWestPakistan.TheadministrativedivisionsofQuettaand

Kalatweremergedtoformthisprovince.Balochistan istheabodeofdifferentpeople

mainly populated by Balochis, Barohi and Pathans. A great number of settlers from

aroundPakistan,particularlyPunjab,andnorthern Indiahavealsobeensettled inthe

provinceforgenerations.TheyareironicallystillknownasSettlerBalochis.

BritishEra&SandemanSystem

InLate

1800s

there

were

four

princely

states:

Makran,

Kharan,

Lasbela

and

Kalat.

In

1876SirRobertSandemanconcludedatreatywith theKhanofKalatandbroughthis

territoriesincludingKharan,Makran,andLasBelaunderBritishsuzerainty.

TheboundaryofwesternBalochistanwasfixedin1872,when Iranconqueredit inthe

19th

century. After theSecond Afghan Warof 187880, theTreaty of

Gandamakconcluded in May 1879, theAfghan Emirceded the districts of

QuettaPishin,Sibi,Harnai, andThal Chotialito the British. In 1883 the British leased

theBolanPass, southeastofQuetta, from theKhanofKalatonapermanentbasis. In

1887someareasofBalochistanweredeclaredBritishterritory.

Thisbrief summaryofevents is crucial tonote, as it severelyundermines the claims

madebyBalochnationalists. Insummary,Balochistan thatexisted in1947wasminus

the British Balochistan as noted above aswell asminus Gwadar,whichwas part of

Oman. Evenmore importantly these areas had been ceded legally by then Baloch

rulers toother rulers and empires. Theother important event thathappenedduring

thatperiodwasincreaseindirectautonomyandpowerofSardars.Theconsequenceof

this was that it undermined the traditional social system and helped deepen class

divisionsanddeprivation.

The Sandeman systemof administration thatwas introduced inBlaochistan gave the

chiefscomplete

autonomy

with

respect

to

their

power

over

their

subjects.

They

were

themselvessubjecttoBritishsupervisionwhopaidtheirsalaries.TheKhanofKalathad

no direct power to run the affairs of Sardars under the system. He could not even

approvethedevelopmentalprojects.ThiswassupervisedbytheBritishpoliticalagents

only.

This new administration changed the character of the jirga (adjudicating assembly)


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altogether:Whereas the Jirgaused tobeacommunalcourt todispenseparticipatory

justiceinthepast,anewshahi(royal)jirgawasintroducedinstead.Inthisnewjirgaonly

theSardarsandthearistocracatscouldsit.ThisgavetheBritishapowerfulweaponto

control any rebellions against them, broke the last remaining institution of a purely

tribal character, reinforced class conflict and gave the Sardars immeasurable powers

overthe

lives

and

belongings

of

the

masses.

The

new

jirga

could

impose

taxes

not

only

in property but also labor and could expropriate women; the decisions could be

reviewedonlybythePoliticalAgent.[TheNationalQuestionEjazAhmed]

TheroleofSardarswasextendedgreatlytotheextentthattheycouldmakedecisions

independent of the will and benefit of people. They were made responsible for

organizing the lawandorder situation. For this levies corps was established, which

recruited tribalpersonnelunder thepowerof theSardars.TheseSardarsused topay

the tribalpersonals the subsistence salaries and kept in theirownpocketswhatwas

givenforthepurposebyBritishArmy.

In 1893 after fighting twowarswithAfghanistan, SirMortimerDurandnegotiated an

agreement withAmirof Afghanistan to fix theDurand Linerunning fromChitralto

Balochistan to as theboundarybetween theAfghansand theBritish. Theborderwas

drawntodividethePashtunandBalochtribesoftheareaintotheinternationalborders

ofIran,AfghanistanandwhatlaterbecameWestPakistan.

TheBritishcontinuedtoformulatelawsandregulationsfromtimetotimetokeeptheir

holdonthepopulation.[ThehistoryofBalochistan194790]TheBritishImperialismalso

tendedtostrengthenthedependencyofBalochistanandstagnateitssystem.

Since1947

Balochistan history since 1947 represents an unending narrative of the incessant

conflictsunfortunately.The long standing resentmentsdatingback to itsmergerwith

Pakistanhaveledtothepresentcrisisintheprovince. Theissuesandgrievances,which

gaverisetothepreviousconflictsandpresentcrisisrelatetodemandsandaspirations

about theeconomic,ethnicandpolitical rightsofand for thepeopleof theprovince.

The reasonsof thepresentcrisishavebeenknown to thepoliticallyawarepeopleall

along.Butlittleornothinghasbeendonetoaddressandresolvethesemattersbythe

successive governments. Consequently the wounds have continued to fester and

periodically

given

rise

to

bleeding

insurgencies

and

revolts.

There have been five insurgencies in Balochistan since the creation of Pakistan.

According to the official estimates, these have resulted inmore than five thousand

deathsamongtheinsurgentsandalmostthreethousandamongthePakistanarmy.The

recentviolencewhichstarted in2005tookaseriousturnattheendofyear2009and

becameapotentialthreatto thestabilityofPakistanistate,asthe insurgentsspurred

and inflamed, and in all likelihood aided and abetted by the outsider international


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playersinthearea,gaverisetotheseparatistmovementintheprovince.

The present government has recently initiated certain measures to address these

complaints and grievances. For past two years there is a democratic set up in the

province.Buttheresentmentsstillpersists,asnopracticalstepshaveyetbeentakento

actuallytackle

the

problems.

According

to

the

nationalist

groups,

the

government

has

only provided a lip service to their problems so far. In fact, despite the promises to

resolve the problems, the trust deficit between the nationalists and state has not

narrowed.It isessentialtounderstandthatthecrisisisgraveandrequiresseriousand

urgentactionbyallstakeholders,atalllevelsinordertoeradicatetherootcausesofthe

longstandingconflict.

ReasonsfortheConflict

Conflicts in BALOCHistan historically have several underlying reasons. The fiercely

independent Baloch sardars have resisted state interference,mainly to protect their

continuedinfluenceandwealthandtoseekrentfromthestate;thegrievancesofthe

masses relating to political, economic and cultural rights, that have given rise to

nationalist movement; absence of problem resolution mechanisms, even in the

democraticsetups;continuednegligenceofthewellbeingofthemassesthathasbeen

thehallmark,thoughoutPakistansinceitscreation;religiousextremism,andperhaps

most importantly continuedmishandlingof these issuesby theCentralgovernments,

whoonoccasionshaveresortedtobruteandunrestraineduseofforce.

The most recent surge of violence in BALOCHistan is mainly a recurrence of the

longstanding stateperiphery tension. The turn and shape, the present conflict has

taken,has

alot

to

do

with

two

sea

change

factors

within

Pakistan

and

the

due

also

to

international geopolitical situation. First there has been a telemedia revolution in

Pakistan,whichhasresultedinnotonlyheightenedawarenessofthesituation,butalso

paradoxicallyheightened the situation like apositive feedback loop,byproviding the

insurgentleaders,mediaexposurethatmanyrightlyclaimisoutofproportion. Internet

hasalsohelpedinternationalisetheproblem.Second,withnearlytwothirdpopulations

undertheageofthirty,theimmediacyandacutenessoftheproblemanditseconomic

roothasassumednewanddeepermeaningandsignificance.

Finally, the conflicthashad anunintended catalyst in the formof thepresentglobal

geo

political

conflict

that

rages

across

the

border

in

Afghanistan.

Taking

advantage,

certain well known external players have continued to provide aid, in the form of

money, shelter, ammunitions andweaponry to the separatist element.However the

attention outside interference gets in themedia is far out of proportion to its real

contributiontotheissuesthatunderliethewholeconflict.


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ProvincialAutonomy&EthnicCulture

ThegrievancesofBalochpeoplearemanifold.Themartialpolicyofthecentreindealing

withtherecentinsurgencyhasaddedfueltothefire.ThemaincomplaintoftheBaloch

Nationalists has always been that the provincial autonomy promised in the 1973

constitutionhas

not

been

recognized

and

practically

nonexistent

till

today.

The

Baloch

people have demanded the right of self administration to the province through a

process of complete decentralization of powers.

Moreover, the silent but visiblewar by army andparamilitary in past few years has

raisedthelevelofresentmentinordinaryBaloch.Theactionofthegovernmentagainst

theBalochnationalistshasalsobeenseenastheimperialismofthestate.Thesetupof

militarycantonmentswasalsoseenasawaytosuppressthem.

Balochistan like theother threeprovincesofPakistanhas itsunique cultural identity.

This,somenationalistscomplain,hasnotbeengivenduerepresentationinthecentre.

Thereforewheneverpeoplefromdifferentethnicgroupsfeeltheirdesertiononnational

levels, they feel being neglected and this creates frustration among such groups.

Resultantlytheyresistanynewideasofdevelopmentormodernizedlifestyleduetothe

fearthattheywilllosetheirtraditionsandculturalidentity.

ResourceExploitation

BalochnationalistsmaingripeandgrumblerelatestoPakistansdomesticnaturalgas

industry. They complain that the gas industrys wellpaid managers and technicians

werealmostinvariablydrawnfromoutsideBalochistan;localBaloch,inevitablyviewed

withsome

suspicion,

were

mainly

employed

in

low

end

jobs

as

day

laborers.

No

efforts

were made to remedy the shortage of technically skilled Baloch such as providing

governmentfundingoftechnicaltraininginstitutionsinBalochistan.

However thestrongestdissatisfaction isaboutBalochistans lopsidedlydeficientshare

of revenues from the governments sale of natural gas. Balochistan receives

proportionatelyonlyaboutonefifthasmuchinroyaltypaymentsastheothertwogas

producing provinces. Thismeans that poorest province actually subsidises the richer

provinces.Thenationalistsalsomaintainthathistoricallyverylittleofthehugeearnings

ofthecentralgovernmentinnaturalgasrevenueswaseverreturnedtotheprovincein

the

form

of

development

expenditures.

DeprivationandLackofDevelopmentlag

The complaints and issues of the local people in Balochistan, about the situation of

developmentorthelackofit,areabsolutelygenuinebeyonddoubt.Thereisnodoubt

thattheprovincehasbeenneglectedforsixdecadesandhastakenabackseat inthe

minds of the ruling elite. The basic facilities of life including health, education,


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Dr.WaheedBalochsaidwhilegivinghisviewaboutthecurrentsituationinBalochistan,

thattheprovince(Balochistan)hasbeendeprivedofthebasicdevelopmentneedsfor

morethan60years.Hesaidthattheyoungpeopleonmountainsarethose,whoonce

hadtrustindemocraticforcesfortheirwelfare,butthedillydallyingonthepartofthe

successivegovernmentshasbroughttheresentmentinpeopletothepresentlevel.He

saidthat

political

solution

of

ending

the

crisis

is

in

the

hands

of

the

government

and

it

is

simple:deliverthepromisedrightstothepeopleofBalochistan.

RobertWirsing inhisveryperceptivestudy, BalochnationalismandtheGeopoliticsof

Energy Resources says, two important facts should be kept inmindwith regard to

Balochdemography.One isthatmanyPakistaniBaloch,23.9percentofthetotal ifwe

extrapolatefromthefiguresabove,liveoutsideofBalochistan,especiallyinSindh.The

second isthattheBalochmayalreadybeaminority inBalochistan,ortheyarealmost

certainly heading in that direction. The fact is that modernization, globalization,

Pakistans steadily rising population, and themassive forces of change unleashed by

economicdevelopmentarethreateningtoleavetheBalochfarbehind.Theyareamong

thepoorest,leasteducated,andleasturbanizedofPakistanspopulation;andtheyare

tooeasilypassedoverorpushedaside in thehighlycompetitive socialandeconomic

environmentsnowgainingtractioninPakistan.

He furtheraddsthatwhilethis is inpart,ofcourse, astructuralproblem,not lending

itself readily to policy manipulation, circumstances did not arise unassisted by the

government,whosepolicieshavealmostneverbeendesignedtogiveseriousattention

toBalochproblems.

Andthisiswhere,inouropinion,liesthecruxoftheproblem.

GovernmentsNeglect

Thecentralgovernments inabilityand reluctance to identifyand tackle theproblems

foralongperiodisthemajorreasonfortheprevailingsituation.Butthegovernmentin

Balochistan has also never represented the genuine interests of the people of

Balochistan.Theelectedrepresentativesoftheprovincehavealsoshownanapolitical

andnondemocraticattitudeinsteadofhighlightingthegenuineneedsandinterestsof

theirpeople.Converselythepeoplesrepresentativessupportedthecriminalsactivities

in

the

region

through

dictating

their

orders

to

the

local

police.

Pakistanicentralgovernmentsontheotherhandhaveattemptedtoestablishastrong

centralizedstate.Andintheprocesstheyhaveneglectedthebasicdevelopmentrights

of people and their peculiarities. The checkered history of Pakistani democratic

government has also proved a hindrance in the way of addressing the grievances

politically; instead thearmy rulehasalmostalways favored themilitary solutionover

politicalones.


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ItwasthisattitudethatledMusharraftodeclareabouttheinsurgentthattheywillnot

knowwhathitthem.HowsadacommentaryonaNationssfatethatsuchremarksare

madebythepresidentofthecountry.Inhistime,Islamabadadopteda virtuallyzero

tolerance model, allegedly consisting of psychological warfare, public diplomacy,

politicalharassment

and

intimidation;

decapitation

of

separatist

leadership;

co

option

of tribal leadership, increaseddeploymentof security forces and relianceonmilitary

repression.

The failureof themodel isclearasaday light.Theharassmentandhoundingof the

Baloch, withoutanytangiblebenefitstothemassesontheground,onlyledtoincrease

inthepopularsupportandhelpingtoprovetheclaimmadebytheinsurgentsthat the

governments real aim is to marginalize them and to reduce them to second class

citizenshipintheirownland.

RoleofSardars

In 15th centuryMir Chakar Khan Rindbecame first king of BALOCHistan. Balochistan

subsequently was dominated by empires based inIranand Afghanistanas well as

theMughalEmpirebased in India.NadirShahand thenAhmedShahDurraniwon the

allegianceoftherulersofBalochistan.LatertheseareasweredominatedbyBalochsand

Pashtuntribes.

Theperiodbetweeneleventhandfifteenthcenturywasimportantforthetransitionof

Balochi community from clan units to the development of chieftaincieswhich is the

predecessorofpresentdaySardarisystem.ThehistoryofBalochipeople inthisphase

wentthrough

afundamental

social

transformation.

Ejaz

Ahmad

in

his

article

The

nationalquestioninPakistan writes:

Permanentchieftaincywasinstitutedandthechiefsbegangraduallytoaccumulateat

leastaprimitivekindofcapital,notonlythroughacquisitionfromoutsidetheresources

of the tribe, but also in form of expropriation of labor aswell as commodities from

membersofthetribeitself.ThisgaverisetotheclassconflictinBalochistan.

The system of sardarkheli (chieftains clans)was essentially a feudal system,where

sardarwas the feuadal lord and theothermembersof the clanwere relegated to a

secondary

position.

They

then

worked

for

sardars

as

well

as

collected

revenues

for

them.

GraduallytheinterestsoftheBalochipeopleceasedtobeinalignmentoftheinterests

of the Balochi Sardari system as it existed then. Ejaz Ahmad further says The great

wealth,powerandconspicuousconsumptionoftherulingelitefound,atthebottomof

thesociety,itsexactequivalentinunspeakablepovertyandpowerlessnessofthegreat

massofserfs,slavesandlabouringpeasants.


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This subjugation and exploitationwas veiled over by myths of tribal solidarity and

brotherhood. As this stateofaffairsgotworse for theordinaryBaloch, themythof

tribal classlessnesswaspropagatedwith loudnoise. It remainedamythnevertheless

andworkedasanopiateonthemasses.

In reality,Balochpeoplehavebeen crushedbetween the state and the Sardars.The

grievances about social and economic backwardness have escalated due to the

entrenched sense of tribalism and deprivation. TheMany different Sardarswho rule

their respective tribes,have a very poor record of protecting the rightsof the tribal

peoplethemselves.

TheproblemstartedwithPrinceKarimsinvasionfromAfghanistan.Itwasrepressedby

the state. Since then foundations for mistrust were laid down. The neglect and

exploitationcontinued,with sardarsplaying their roleofappeasing theestablishment

andnevertakinganypart inthedevelopmentofPakistanorBalochistan.Forexample

BugtiSardarshavebeenpaidbillionsofRupees.Howmuchofthathasbeenspenton

theirowntribesmen?

There iscertainlyweight intheargumentthatthefederalgovernment inPakistanhas

neglectedthedevelopmentofBalochistan,butequalresponsibilitylieswiththeSardars

ofBalochistanwhoenjoyimmensepowerintheirtribes.Theseverysardarshavebeen

partoftherulingeliteintheprovince,bothunderthemilitaryandcivilianrulers.

Perhapsnotsurprisingly,thesameBalochleadershavecensuredthedevelopmentplans

whichwerelikelytobringimmenseopportunitiesfortheprogressoftheirpeople.Even

thehorrific

human

rights

atrocities

taking

place

in

the

province

have

been

defended

by

thetribalchiefsinthenameoftheirculturalnorms.

Prof.MukhtarAliNaqviwrites that thedemandsofa FairDealhavealsobeen set

forthbythesesardarsandnotbytheelectedmembers.Theyareunwillingtocomeinto

themain stream society,havemonopolyover the laws and regulationsof the state,

whiletheythemselvessitinprovincialandnationalparliaments,yettheydontworkfor

the development of their own people. Through brutal customs, and practices, they

target their own people. Their opposition to the development plans stems from the

apprehensions that employment opportunities and consequent change will liberate

people

from

their

bondage.

ProfNaqvi furtherpointedout thatSince the situation in theprovincehasbeen the

subjectofdiscussioninthecountry,thenewsmediahaspresentedviewsofallshades

ofopinion.Many intervieweesbelongingtothesametribeexposedthetribal leaders.

Theygavefirsthandinformationabouthowpeopleareoppressedandhowdespicable

methodsareusedtokeepthem inbondage.Thedetailsofcaptivity inprivatejailsare

simply harrowing. The leaders are running a parallel government and consider


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themselvestobeabovethelaw.

ReligiousExtremism

Thestate

of

deprivation

has

made

the

people

of

the

province

vulnerable

to

the

aggravationandmilitanttendencypromotingreligiousextremisminBalochistan.Lackof

education and awareness, sense of deprivation and acute poverty gave space to

terroristactivitiesbybothexternalandinternalenemies.

Abdul Rahim Ziaratwal, former parliamentary leader of the Pakhtunwa Milli Awami

Party also alleges that government itself promotes the extremist activities in the

province.Hepointedoutwhenspeakingtoaseminar thatThispolicyhadpreviously

radicalizedthePashutnareasoftheprovincebutnowithadalsoexpandedtotheBravi

speakingbeltofBalochistanwherescoresofyoungpeoplewerebeinginclinedtowards

sectarian militancy and violence.

External FactorsandGeoPolitics

Despitebeing amajor factor, thebackwardness anddevelopment lag isnot the sole

explanation of the insurgency in Balochistan. According toGlobal Research scholar,

MichelChossudovsky: Inthecurrentgeopoliticalcontext,theseparatistmovement is

in the process of being hijacked by foreign powers. British intelligence is allegedly

providingcovertsupport toBalochistanseparatists (which from theoutsethavebeen

repressed by Pakistan 's military)Ten British MPs were involved in a closed door

sessionoftheSenateCommitteeonDefenseregardingtheallegedsupportofBritain's

SecretService

to

Baloch

separatists

(Ibid).

Also

of

relevance

are

reports

of

CIA

and

MossadsupporttoBalochrebelsinIranandSouthernAfghanistan."

Ina2006researcharticleonBalochistanwhichwaspublished inPakTribune in2006,

FarzanaShah,acurrentaffairsanalystforBrassTacks,highlightedtherolewhichisbeing

playedbyaBritishthinktankagainstBalochistan.Shahwrites:

InthisregardtheForeignPolicyCentre (FPC)UnitedKingdomarrangedaseminaron

BalochistanprovinceofPakistan incollaborationwith thesocalledBalochistanRights

Movement on 27th June 2006 in the House of Commons, London. It was highly

disappointingasitwasabashedlyaonesidedcheappropagandaratherthandiscussing

the realsituation.Byamere lookat thepanelof theparticipantsof theseminarone

couldeasily figureout that itconsistedofonlyantiPakistanelementsand some self

styled activists advocating terrorism in the province. Therewere no representatives

from government of Pakistan or even from the elected provincial government of

Balochistanintheseminar.ItisjustunfortunatethattheForeignPolicyCentrewhichis

expectedtopresentfairsuggestionstotheBritishgovernmenttoengageacountryof

their concern for important issues, indulged in such a blatant onesided propaganda


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Historyoftheconflicts

ControversiesinvolvingtheareascomprisingBalochistandatebacktotheestablishment

oftheDurandLinein1893, thatdividedPashtunandBalochtribeslivinginAfghanistan

fromthose living inwhat laterbecamePakistan.Afghanistanvigorouslyprotestedthe

inclusionof

Pashtun

and

Baloch

areas

within

Pakistan

without

providing

the

inhabitants

withanopportunityforselfdetermination.

Since1947,thisproblemhasledtoincidentsalongtheborder,withextensivedisruption

ofnormaltradepatterns.Themostseriouscrisis lasted fromSeptember1961toJune

1963,when diplomatic, trade, transit, and consular relations between the countries

weresuspended.

Balochnationalistsdemandinggreaterpoliticalrights,autonomyandcontrolovertheir

naturalresources,haveledfourprevious insurgencies in1948,195859,196263and

197377.The fifth conflictbetween theBalochnationalists and theCentre started in

2005 and this time the insurgents have gone a step further and demanded for

seccession.

DividedinthenineteenthcenturyamongIran,Afghanistan,andBritishIndia,theBaloch

found their traditionalnomadic life frustratedby thepresenceofnationalboundaries

and the extensionof central administrationover their lands.Moreover,manyof the

mostmilitantBalochnationalistswerealsovaguelyMarxistLeninistandwillingtorisk

SovietprotectionforanautonomousBalochistan.

In 1947,When India and Pakistan eventually gained independence from the British,

princelystates

were

given

the

choice

of

either

joining

Pakistan

or

India

or

being

independent. Initially Khan of Kalat, Mir Ahmed Yar Khan declared Kalat's

independence.However, in1948 theprincelystateofKalatwasannexed toPakistan.

According to the then ruler of Kalat, the agreement had been to accept the unique

statusof the stateby incorporating it into Pakistan as a sovereign, independent and

autonomousunit.Buthe then signedanaccessionagreementendingKalat'sde facto

independence,whichhe laterclaimedhehadonlydoneunderduress.HoweverKhan

wasneveranabsolutemonarch.HewasrequiredtoactundertheprovisionsofRawaj

andwasundoubtedlyundertheinfluenceofBritishempire.

In

1948,

Prince

Karim

Khan,

the

younger

brother

of

Khan,

decided

to

conduct

a

rebellion

andguerrillawarfareagainstthePakistanarmybasinghimself inAfghanistan. It issaid

thathehadapersonalgrievanceinthatPakistanrecognizedSardarGichkiasMakrans

ruler insteadofacceptinghimasagovernor.Thisendedwiththearrestoftheprince,

whowas imprisoned inQuetta Jail.Hewas later sentenced to ten years of rigorous

imprisonment.

After this NawabNowroz Khan (1958) took up arms in resistance to theOneUnit


17/42

13



policy.Heandhis followerswere chargedwith treasonand arrestedand confined in

Hyderabadjail. Five of his family members (sons and nephews) were subsequently

hanged.NawabNowrozKhanlaterdiedincaptivity.

Later on themore serious insurgency happened in 196369 led by SherMohammad

BijaraniMarri

against

he

establishment

of

Pakistan

Armys

garrisons

in

the

troubled

areasofBalochistan.Andthefourthconflictin197377wasledbyNawabKhairBaksh

Marri. Undoubtedly this was provoked by Mr Bhuttos arrogance and federal

impatience,highhandednessandundemocraticconduct.

TheCurrentInsurgencyandBalochNationalism

ThecurrentscenariofortheconflictinBalochistanstartedbuildingupwhenthefederal

authorities in Pakistan started developing Gwadar Portwith road and rail links. The

development projects of the coastal highway and the Gwadar port have been also

opposedtoothandnailbyBalochnationalists.Balochiresistancetodefygovernments

efforts to start Gwadarwas based on the charge that itwill change Balochi ethnic

culture.

Balochi disaffection grew more in the aftermath of the attack on the Taliban in

Afghanistan and the establishment of US bases in Pasni, Gwadar, Dalbandin and

Jacobabad in Sindh. Thiswas not somuch because of theUSmilitary presence, but

because the then administration decided to establish some army cantonments in

Balochistan.

Duringthe

eight

years

of

Musharrafs

military

rule

in

Pakistan,

the

absence

of

political

processthatisnecessarytodealwiththeinsurgenciesresultedinthefurtheralienation

ofevenmoderateBalochnationalistfromtheFederationofPakistan. Itshutthedoors

ofnegotiationprocesswiththeBalochLeaders.

Thisconflictbecamemoreintense,in2006whenNawabBugti,theBalochtriballeader

andexchiefministerandgovernorofBalochistanwaskilled inanarmyoperation.He

hadbeenaccusedbyPakistansgovernmentforseriesofbombblasts,killingsofhisown

peopleandmainlytherocketattackonthethenPresidentofPakistan.Hewaslaudedas

a leaderofBalochby thenationalistswhohaddied fighting for their cause andwas

turned

into

a

hero.

During this time the political parties did not play their role to raise the issues of

deprivationandneglectattheserious level.Thiswasnot limitedtotherulingparties;

unfortunately opposition also ignored the Balochistan issue. In the All Parties

Conference thatwasheld in2007, toplanacollective lineofaction todealwith the

differentproblemsfacedbyPakistan,theBalochistanproblemwasnotevenincludedin

theagenda.


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14



CloseanalysistellusthattheBalochnationalistmovementisnotaunitaryforcethatit

may appear. There is notmuch love lostbetween the leading tribes involved in the

insurgency. There is no single voice which can claim to speak for all. There is no

coherent second tiermiddleclass leadership,despite increased support in theBaloch

areas.In

fact

the

middle

classes

may

still

be

on

the

side

of

moderate

federally

inclined

Balochpoliticians.ForsomeBalochnationalismonlymeanstribalidentitysuchasMarri

orBugti,atbest.SomeBalochnationalistsdemandcompleteindependence.Most,still

believe that 1973 Constitution is the most workable basis for a reconstructed and

strengthenedfederalism,andalltheywantisgreaterautonomy.

Thereforewhileitistruethatantistateviolencehasbeenthechosentacticofsome,for

thegreatmajority,federalframeworkstaysthechosenmethodtoaddressgrievances.

AnditisthisthatPakistangovernmentmustcapitalizeonto.

Thedangeraswementionedearlieraretwofold.Theeducatedmiddleclass inBaloch

townshasstartedrallyingbehindnationalistsandevenSardars.Thesesardarswillnever

deliverbutlikeallotherPakistanis,theyarebeingfooledintoutopianidealism.Second

variousvestedlocal,nationalandinternationalinterestsaretryingtotakeadvantageof

thissituation.

Steven Metz has persuasively argued that contemporary insurgency has undergone

fundamentalchangeinitsstrategiccontext,structure,anddynamics.Heassertthatthis

requiresPakistansfederalandprovincialgovernmentstoadoptaverydifferentwayof

thinking about (and undertaking) counterinsurgency. The real threat posed by

insurgency,heobserves,isthesustainedconflictleadingtopoliticaldestabilizationand

relatedsocio

political

pathologies.

Protracted

conflict,

he

declares,

not

insurgent

victory,isthethreat.

To summarise thenationalists complaints aremixofold andnew.Older complaints

consist of lack of autonomy, exploitation of resources and lack of development. In

addition since then, the new complaints are that hundreds of people aremissing in

action and there has been a silentwar that nationalists allege state iswaging upon

them.

Aboveanalysismaketwothingsabsolutelyclear.Onethatthere isvirtuallynochance

that

the

problems

confronting

Islamabad

arising

from

the

current

resurgence

of

Baloch

nationalismcanbesweptaside.Whiletheactualscaleoftherebellionmaybeamatter

ofconsiderablecontroversy,thedangerispresentandclear;andthereasonsunderlying

itaregenuineandreal.Second,thereisconsiderableavenueofhopewithmajoritystill

willingtoworkwithinthestateframeworkandthroughpoliticalmethods.


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15



InsurgencyandGeoPoliticsofEnergyResources

Selig Harrison writing in his book In Afghanistans Shadow in 1981, predictedominously Aglanceatthemap,quicklyexplainswhystrategically locatedBalochistan

andthe

five

million

Baloch

tribesmen

who

live

there

could

easily

become

the

focal

point

ofsuperpowerconflict.

WiththepresentenergycrisisitshouldbenosurprisethatenergysecurityinPakistan,

nowstandsatornearthe topofnationalpriorities.Pakistanseconomy isoneof the

worldsmostnaturalgasdependent.Naturalgas,accounting forabout50percentof

Pakistanstotalenergyconsumption,iscurrentlythecountrysprincipalenergysource.

OutofPakistansprovennaturalgasreservestwothirdsarelocatedinBalochistan.But

while Balochistan accounts for about 40% of Pakistans natural gas production, but

consumesonlyamodest17percentofit.

Pakistanscurrent

annual

consumption

of

natural

gas

is

about

1.2

trillion

cubic

feet

and

fast increasing.ThismeansthatthereareextremepressuresonPakistansnaturalgas

resourcescomingfromindustrial,commercial,transport,andresidentialconsumers.But

anymoreaggressiveeffortsfordomesticexplorationandextractionriskmilitantstrikes.

TheremedyistogettheordinaryBalochsoutofmilitantmindsetandbacktopolitical

grounds.AslongasPakistanhasgassupply,therewillalwaysbeaflashpointforasharp

controversybetween IslamabadandBalochnationalists.Thereforethesecurityofthis

supplyforPakistanistopoftheagenda.

Balochinsurgencydirectlythreatensthisenergysecurity.RobertWirsingpointsoutthat

thiscontext

is

related

to

Baloch

nationalism

in

at

least

three

ways.

One

is

that

Balochistanisrichinenergyresources.Themostpersistentandlongstandinggrievance

that nationalists have is that these resources have been exploited by the central

governmentwithoutadequatecompensationtotheprovince.Second,Balochistan isa

transitrouteformajorproposednaturalgaspipelinesfromeitherIranorTurkmenistan

to Pakistan and from there potentially to India. Balochmilitant attacks are amajor

threat to any suchundertaking.Third,Gwadar is the siteofamajorport facilityand

energyhub.

Hefurtherelaboratesthatthisenergycontextalsoexertsapowerfulthreefold impact

onBalochnationalismitself.First,itvastlyincreasestheimportanceofBalochistanand

Baloch nationalism to the central government. Second, the changed energy contextsimultaneouslyincentivizestheBalochinsurgentstoclaimcontrolofBalochistan.Third

andmost important however, he states that to both sides advantage, the changed

energycontext,whichincludesthepotentialformajorincreasesinPakistansrevenues

and dramatic improvements in Balochistans economy and Social infrastructure, also

suppliesnovelandabundantopportunitiestoaddressBalochnationalistdemands ina

positiveandmutuallyacceptablemanner.


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16



Thereforetoconclude,asintheprevioussectionweagainseethatthedangerandthe

avenueofhopeexistsidebyside.ThechoiceremainsforthePakistansgovernmentin

howtodealwiththesematters.Beingswift,decisive,fair,justandtransparentarekey

tosuccess in thepoliticalengagement,which is theonlyoptionavailable toPakistan.

Balochnationalism

has

to

be

accommodated

in

good

faith.

The

Baloch

need

to

become

partnersofenergydevelopment,notitsenemies. Therearenotwowaysaboutthis.

InsurgentGroupsinBalochistan

Accordingtogovernmentsources,presentlytherearefivemilitantoutfitsoperating in

Balochistan.Baloch LiberationArmy (BLA) is themostprominent amongst them that

seeks separation of Balochistan from Pakistan. Besides BLA, four other militant

organizationsincludingBalochistanLiberationFront(BLF),BalochistanRepublicanArmy

(BRA),LashkareBalochistanandJhalawanBalochTigershaveemergedtochallengethe

writofthegovernment.Theseoutfitshaveclaimedtheresponsibilityofvarioussporadic

attacksongaspipelines,powertransmission lines,powerpylons,securitycheckposts,

FCforts,securityforces,railwaytracks,oiltankers,governmentoffices,progovernment

tribesmen,official residencesandciviliansetc.BRA is themostprominentamong the

newly emerged Baloch militant groups. [Khurram Iqbal: Counter insurgency in

BalochistanPakistansstrategy,outcomeandfutureimplications]

Despitetheviolentresurgenceofthenationalists it isstillanalmostcertaintythatthe

voiceofBlochnationalistsisnotreallythevoiceofallBalochis.While,unfortunatelythe

fact is that generalBalochipeople are theultimate victimof exploitation in thewar

between state and insurgents. Insurgent groups, in the opinion of many moderate

Balochipeople,

do

not

represent

the

whole

of

provinces

population.

They

do

not

have

majoritys support as they too do not have any record of serving common peoples

interests.Infactthereishardlymuchlovelostbetweendifferentinsurgentgroupsand

unityacrosstheseistenuous.

Settlersissue&currentsituationinBalochistan

ThetermsettlersisusedinBalochistantodescribethoseBalochiswhoareethnically

neitherBalochnorPathan.ThesesettlersinBalochistanhavebeenlivingintheareafor

generations. We find this term extraordinary. Ethnic Balochis are also themselves

settlers

under

one

definition,

and

so

are

Pathans,

as

both

ethnic

groups

arrived

a

few

hundredyearsearlierandarenotindigenoustoBalochistan.

The migration of settlers has been going on for at least two centuries. Their first

migration tookplacewhenPunjab in late1700s. And the second flowof immigrants

wasstartedin1800sduringdevelopmentalmovementsineducation,socialservicesand

journalismpeopleofBalochistan invitedvariousscholarsfromUP(NorthernIndia)and

PunjabtosettleinBalochistan.[HistoricalperspectiveofBalochistanp.8]Bytheendof


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17



nineteenthcenturymajorityofthegovernmentemployeeswasPunjabi.

The professional entrepreneurial middle class composed of the nonindigenous

communitiesintheprovincehasbeenanassettoPakhtunsandBalochsforanumberof

decades.Forgenerations theyhaveprovided skilledmanual labour fromhairdressers

andtailors

to

professional

middle

class

including

teachers,

educationists,

bankers,

lawyersandscuh.

According to Assakzai, the contribution of Punjabis in the education sector in

Balochistan is tremendous.Anumberofotherjournalists inBalochistan,Pakhtunand

Balochs alike, have been trained by Punjabi and Urduspeaking journalists.

Duringthecurrentwaveofviolence inBalochistan,thesettlershavebeenparticularly

targeted and have suffered immense violence at the hands of the insurgents. In a

recent visit to Quetta we met with Baloch, pathan and settler political workers,

professionals and settlers. Theypresent a gloomypictureof the situation in city and

wholeprovince.ThetargetedkillingofthePunjabispeakingminorityhasbeengoingon

since the killing of Baloch nationalist leader Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti. It has been

described by nationalists as revenge kiiling to avenge the killing of Balochs by the

"Punjabi"armyduringtheoperation.

There has been a series of target killings of settlers. Nationalist militant group in

Balochistan are targeting and killing settlereducationists,doctors,professionals and

suchlike.Thepeoplefromotherprovinceswhohadcometoworkaslowearningwage

workers arebeing forced tomigrate.Thisviolence ispushing theprovince to further

backwardness through skill and brain drain. These settlers in Balochistan all over

Pakistanstand

for

the

ethnic

unity

of

all

communities

who

are

being

targeted

to

destabilizetheprovincialcapital.

Ingeneral,peopleareterrorizedtotheextentthattheydonotgoout freely.Women

and children are scared and feel themselves insecure. The major fallout of Baloch

militants'violencetobemassmigrationfromBalochistanofPunjabi andUrduspeaking

people,whomostlyliveinQuetta.Thealreadydeprivedprovincewillnotbeabletofill

thegap.Recently,over70professorsinBalochistanUniversityappliedtoberelievedso

thattheycanworkinotherprovinces,followingthebrutalkillingofProfNazimaTalib.In

other words if this happens, Balochistan University will simple shut down.

The insurgent groups and their supporters are brainwashing the general people

through negative portrayal of the role of state against Balochi people. The Chief

MinisterofBalochistanAslamRaisaniseesincidentsoftargetkillingandbombblastsas

anaimtodamagingBalochistanseconomy.Hehasalsolinkedtherecentdeteriorating

lawandordersituationintheprovincetotheongoingwarinAfghanistan.


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18



PakhtunFactor

While Balochistan's Pakhtuns may have sympathy for Baloch grievances, they have

shunned away and occasionally condemned the violence by the nationalists. Some

Pakhtuns claim that there is a fundamental difference between Pakhtun and Baloch

politicalforces,

in

that

Pakhtuns

have

never

used

violence

as

amethod

to

resolve

politicalproblems,despitetheirequallyseriousgrievances.

Pakhtun leaders in Balochistan point out that despite being 30 percent of the

population,Pakhtunshavenoquota injobs.Even theconventionofaPakhtunbeing

governorofBalochistan ifthechiefminister isBalochhasbeenbrokenthistime.They

complainthatthePakhtunsoftheprovincehavereceivednoattentionfromthefederal

government because, they have never resorted to militancy. The recent Haqooqe

BalochistanPackagehasnothing forPakhtuns,who arenearlyhalf thepopulationof

Balochistan.

Pakhtun political forces have opposed the target killings and held some active

demonstrations.Manysettlers it issaid,aremovingtoPakhtunareas.Andsomehave

actuallyjoinedPakhtunpoliticalparties.Historically,Pakhtunshavebeenthemainstay

ofthebusinesscommunityinBalochistanandhaveenjoyedexcellentrelationswiththe

SettlerBalochisaswellasPersianspeakingHazaracommunity. Ithasbeen reported

thattherearemorePakhtunPunjabiintermarriagesthanPakhtunBalochmatches.

With the new naming of Paktunkhwakhyber and a growing movement for smaller

provinces, it is likely thatBalochi Pakhtunsmay becomemore vocal in creation of a

province for themselves.They increasinglypointout thatwhileBalochpolitical forces

wantmore

powers

for

themselves

they

are

not

prepared

to

give

the

Pakhtuns

of

the

province same rights. Any ethnic problem thismay lead to willworsen the socio

political situation in the province.

LiberationandViability:IsindependentBalochistanviable?

PossibleconsequencesforindependentBalochistananddividedPakistanA very important aspect of the problem of the Balochistan is to see whether the

independentBalochistan,asdemandedbysomegroups intheprovince, isviable?For

this

case

we

need

to

look

at

the

viability

in

terms

of

wherewithal

to

survive

as

a

small

state.Moreover,whatareBalochnationalistswillingtodo?Aretheywillingtotakeon

theirown sardars? Is themiddle classeducated?Are thereenougheducated, settled

andpoliticallyconsciouspeople,willingtotakeonthepoliticallead?

Atabout400,000kmsq,Balochistanwillbe60th

largestcountryinsize,followedby150

countriesPopulationwise itwillbesomewherebetween155to160onthe listofthe

worldspopulationlist.


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19



Withthisnewstatuswillthisstatebecompetitiveenoughtosurviveasanindependent

state?What is the plan of action to run and sustain the state?Has anyone thought

about thismost fundamentalquestion?Are the tribal chiefs,with their track record,

capableof runningan independentstate in the interestof itsownpeople?Howwell

preparedand

well

planned

are

the

separatists

and

their

supporters

to

promise

the

survival of poor people of the province in the current age of globalization and

internationaltradingactivitiesbasedonthevestedgeopoliticalandeconomicinterests

ofthebigeconomies?

In the times of dismantling boundaries between the countries of the world, small

countries need to be competitive in all aspects. They need skills for resource

development,viableeconomicplan;skillandtechnology;social,intellectualandhuman

capital; capable leadership;andeffective state structure to implement theplans.The

wayskilledpeoplearedesertingandbeingforcedtomigrateunderthepainofdeath,it

wouldbeimpossibleforanystatetosurvive.Onlytheotherday,theVicechancellorof

BalochistanUniversityheldapressconferencetostatethathisqualifiedstaffwantsto

leaveandatthisratetheuniversitymayclose.

ZiauddinSardar inhisarticleCansmallCountriesSurvive intheFuture?assertsthat

In conventional development literature, small countries are distinguished by their

physicalsize.CountrieslikeTheGambiaorGuineaBissauaredescribedasfacingsmall

country problems, i.e they are unable to sustain themselves. But small doesn't

necessarily mean unsustainable. Singapore, by contrast, has one of the highest

standardsoflivingintheworld.Thisarticlearguesthatgeographicalorpopulationsize

is less significant factors in determining viability than social, economic and cultural

conditions.The

future

for

small

countries

will

only

be

viable

ifthey

can

come

together

onthebasisofmutualhelpandrespect.

This isalso importanttonote inthecaseofBalochistan.TheconductofBalochitribal

chiefsisthatofoppressingandterrorizingthecommonpeople.Withthissituationwill

thesardarsbeabletoprolongthebasisofmutualrespectandhelpwithpeople?

ThecommonBalochipeoplearebiggeststakeholderinthisproblem.Sotheymayraise

themselves to the situation andquestion thosewhodemand separation, about their

rights of safety and survival. The Balochi peoplemay ask:, howwill the sardars and

nationalists

ensure

an

independent

state

without

any

bloodshed

and

any

further

violence?HowwilltheyensuretheprovisionofwelfareservicestothecommonBalochi

people?

Russel Longcore on the state secession writes that only the nations with vibrant

economies can survive or the regional cooperation can increase the potential of

economic viability.With their target killingpolicyofeducated settlers andBalochis

ownlowdevelopmentindexandthegenerallackofvisionaryleadership,theviabilityof


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20



an independent Balochistan that can serve the interests of its own people,without

becoming a vassal state of great powers, remains seriously suspect at the best and

impossibleinreality.

Intheoryevenifonewastoenvisagesuchasscenario,Balochistanwillbeinnoposition

tochoose

its

neighbours.

Sandwiched

between

Pakistan

and

Iran

from

who

it

would

accede,itisunlikelytogainanyfavoursontheissuesoffoodandwaterandevenselling

itsnaturalwealth.Consideringtheserealitiesandwhetherthesemayormaynothave

beenassessedbynationaliststrugglingfor GreaterBalochistan, itseemsunlikelythat

they have the best interest of Balochs at heart. If they reallywant to develop their

peopletheymayfinditeasierdoinginthepresentfederalsetupofPakistan,ratherthan

someimaginedunrealisticproposition.

QuestionsforBalochNationalistsandInsurgents

TheanalysispresentedaboveshouldmakeaBalochnationalistquestiontheinsurgents

and those claiming to fight for a separate Baloch homeland. The strategy of the

violence,targetkillingofotherethnicgroups,especiallyskilledandeducated,disruption

ofdevelopmentprojectsandkillingofthoseworkingonitespeciallynonPakistanisand

thedimprospects for realizationof thesegaspipelineprojects,especially in thenear

term, and a non functioning Gwadar, has had only negative consequences for

BalochistanandBalochnationalism.

For one, anymaterial gains to developmentstarved Balochistan province have been

lost.Furtherstarvationofalreadystarvingpopulation,mayintheshortterm,beblamed

uponthe

centre.

However

it

would

be

amatter

of

time

when

this

will

be

seen

through.

StalemateatGwadarhasresultedinlossofopportunitiesfordevelopmentbothsocially

and economically. No pipeline through Balcohistan means no construction and

maintenancejobs,forinstance,orthepossibilityofaprovincialshareingastransitfees,

orwiderdistributionofnaturalgaswithintheprovince.

Braindrainandshortageofskillsisalreadyshowingthrough.Thepremierinstitutionsof

Balochistan province, Balochistan university and Bolan Medical College are already

creakingunder severe straindue to shortageofeducatedand skilled.Howdoes that

benefitordinaryoppressedBalochisbeyondcomprehension.Ithasbeenreportedthat

such

local

trades

as

hair

dressing

or

tailoring

or

even

primary

school

teachers

are

rapidly

becomingascarcecommodityinsmallerBalochtowns.

BalochSardarscontinuetoliveabroadorinKarachi,inluxury.Thoseinpowercontinue

theirunrelentingpursuitofpowerandluxurywithleastattentionbeingpaidtothelaw

andordersituation,peaceandsecurity,andmitigationofeconomicwoes.Recently in

aninterviewwithdailyDawn,MrHiarbayarMarri,whoalongwithMrBramdaghBugti

claims leadership of insurgents, when asked about his future plans about an


25/42


26/42

22



16scalesonmerit.AndforthedevelopmentoftheGawadarmostofthelocalqualified

contractorswillbegivenpreference.

There shallbeuniformpriceofgas throughout the country for calculationof thegas

development surcharge. Special incentiveswould be given to the local tribes in the

Kohludistrict

to

facilitate

the

exploration

of

the

gas

in

the

area.

The federal government would provide one billion rupees for rehabilitation and

settlementoftheIDPsfromDeraBugti.

Unfortunatelythismuchawaitedpackagedidnotbring inany immediaterelieftothe

peoplestruckwithturmoilandstrife. Ittookgovernmentgoodoneandahalfyearto

bringthisoutandyetwithin24hoursithadbeenrejectedbymostoftheNawabsand

localleadersoftheBalochistan.

Abdul Rahim Ziaratwal, former parliamentary leader of the Pakhtunwa Milli Awami

Party,speaking

at

aseminar

held

recently

in

Quetta

on

the

socio

political

situation

in

Balochistan, said that The18th

amendmentbillhas come very latebut stillprovides

somehopefortheimprovementofrelationsbetweentheprovinceandtheCentre,.He

added Had a similar initiative been takenmuch earlier, confrontation between the

federalgovernmentandtheprovincescouldhavebeenavoided.Somepeoplearestill

viewing the constitutional packagewith skepticism, saying that it is too little being

offeredtoolate.Ifthegovernmentfailstotrulyworkonempoweringtheprovinces,the

countrywouldexperienceanotherepochofdismemberment.

AnimportantbusinessfigureinQuetta,talkingtousonthefactorsleadingtothecrisis

saidthat

the

province,

having

enormous

strategic

significance

in

the

country,

has

been

thevictimofneglectbythegovernment[provincialandfederal]foritsindifferenceand

tribalsardarsfortheirownvestedinterests.Hesaidthattherecentannouncementsby

thegovernmentcangivearayofhopetothepeoplebutonlyifmaterializedintime.In

hisopiniontheseparatistelementsinBalochistandonothaveapopularfollowingand

theircauseistosecuretheirauthorityoverthepeople.

The gentleman is of the view that the bureaucracy in Islamabad till today, is not

bothered aboutwhat ishappening inBalochistanwhich isdisappointing. He further

assertedthattheprosperityofPakistanislinkedwiththeprosperityofBalochistanasit

isthestrategicallylocatedprovince,whichenhancesPakistansgeopoliticalimportance

intheregion.

AsSenatorMirHasilKhanBazenjorightlyputsit,Empowerthelocals.Howcanthisbe

achievedinthepresentsetupishardtofathom. Eveninthedemocraticsetupitisnot

thelowerormiddleclasseswhohavecomeforward,butratherthenawabsandsardars

continue to rule the roost. Unless and until the tribal system is broken down and


27/42

23



dismantled or the tribal leaders are willing to be less powerful which is absolutely

unimaginable.

UsmanZahidopinesthatthecurrentpackageisadisappointmentinanumberofways

becausetheoutcomeascomparedtothetimetakenbythegovernment isnotmuch;

thepoints

mentioned

in

the

package

provide

no

short

term

relief

to

the

province;

it

doesnotendtargetkillingovernightnoritgivesanyrelieftothemassesinonewayor

theother.

He furtheradds, What couldhavebeendoneby the governmentwas to announce

shorttermgoalsalongwithlongtermgoalswhichcouldhaveincludedemphasisonthe

current law and order situation; provision of electricity in far flung villages of the

province;declaringeconomicandindustrialzonesintheregionsothatthroughprivate

firmsemploymentwouldhadbeen created; special subsidies for thearea thatwould

haddeveloped aneconomic cycle for the region sparking change through shortterm

goalsthatwouldhadleadtolongtermgoalsandwouldhadmadethesuccessratioof

anysuchpackagemuchhighthenascomparedtothecurrentpackage.

Governor Balochistan Nawab Zulfiqar Magsi has recently said while speaking to a

seminarheldtodiscussthecurrentsituation inBalochistanthattheAghaziHaqooqi

Balochistan package was not the solution to the provinces problems. Speaking to

journalistsattheGovernorHouse,hesaidBalochistansissuescouldonlybeaddressed

throughcompleteprovincialautonomy.

InIARehmansopinion,themainresponsibilityforaninauspiciousstartoftheAghazi

Huqooqexercise lieswith the federal government. It shouldhavebeen awareof the

Balochistanpeoples

distrust

of

reform

proposals

that

began

with

the

dismissal

of

the

report of the reform committee of 1949. They are completely fed up with reform

proposalsbecauseofalonghistoryoffailuretoimplementthem.

He goes on to say, unfortunately, the episode of the package has again exposed

IslamabadsinabilitytograsptheseriousnessoftheBalochistancrisis.Itdoesnotseem

torealisethatvagueproposalsforremovingBalochistansgrievancesaccumulatedover

six long decades can make no impression on its Young Turks nor can they attract

elementsthatarepreparedtoentrusttheirfuturetothePakistanfederation.Thelatter

needtohavesomethingtangibleintheirhandswithwhichtonegotiatewiththeangry

youngpeopleofBalochistan.


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24



Solution:Whatneedstobedone?

Under the circumstances what does one do. This is not the problem of one class,

section,province

or

one

dimensional.

Therefore

the

response

needs

to

be

wholesome.

Themost fundamentalandurgentrequirement is fortrustbuilding.Andtheonlyway

this can even begin is, by governance measures from the centre that are urgent,

transparentandreachthedoorstepoftheordinarymasses.

For its part, Pakistan needs to learn that the problem of Balochistanmust be given

urgent attention and top priority in good faith andmeasure. The governing elite in

Pakistanhavetobesensitivetothegenuinedemandsplacedonthefederalgovernment

by theBalochis.Thesedemandsareprotectedandguaranteedby the constitutionof

Pakistan.

Thegovernmenthas toadoptamultiprongedantiinsurgency strategy toplacate theBalochpoeple.Theuseofforcewillnotleadtoapeacefulsolution.Historyiswitnessto

the fact that suppression further ignites such movements. The situation calls for

strongest possible political will to deliver and implement the solution among all

concerned.

Itistruethatinsurgencystilldoesnotcommandthemajoritysupport.Thisfactmustbe

capitalizedon.Bytakingseriousandurgentsocioeconomicmeasureandbyproviding

justiceandfairplayasbasisofgovernance,thebackofthe insurgencycanbebroken.

There is still an attitude among the Pakistanis establishment led by military that

insurgencydepends

on

some

individuals.

This

is

no

longer

the

case

and

grass

root

supporthaswidened inpast fewyears.Thiscanonlybecounteredbyurgentand fair

governance.

This can be achieved if the federal government, in conjunction with the provincial

government, applies the will to ensure that the legitimate rights of the people of

Balochistanaregrantedanddeliveredimmediately.

Inthisregardfollowingstepscanbeconsidered;

1Government

should

draw

out

a

clear

cut

policy

giving

due

share

in

natural

resourcestotheprovince.

2 Therevenue fromthedevelopmentalprojects inBalochistanmustbespentonitsdevelopment.

3 Development work should be carried out in the fields of infrastructuredevelopment,water for irrigation anddrinking, education,health, energy and

productiveeconomicactivity.


29/42

25



4 The delivery system of basic social services like health, education,water andsanitationneedstobestrengthenedandeasilyaccessibletocommonpeople.

5 Royalties,duties,developmentsurchargesandotherleviesowedtotheprovincebythecentremustbepaidonfairbasis.

6 Pakistan Army should also make its image better in that province. Thegovernment

must

implement

the

plans

of

canceling

the

constructing

cantonments away from the border region. There must be no unnecessary

presenceofmilitaryforcesintheprovince.

7 PakistanArmyshouldrunarecruitmentdriveforBaloch.8 Onthepolitical level,thegovernmentmust involvethepoliticalandnationalist

groups inthemainstreampolitics.TheBaloch leadersmustbeengagedby the

political leadership to neutralise the extremist/separatist segments of their

groups.

9 TheBalochmustbegivenduerepresentationinstateinstitutions.10 Balochistanscities, townsandvillagesshouldbegivenpriorityandpreference

forSui

gas,

minerals,

and

other

basic

necessities

of

life.

11 Judiciaryshouldplayitsrole SCmustactastoensurejusticeintheprovinceandtheprovisionofbasicnational rights to theBalochpeople incapacityofequal

Pakistanis.

12 Actionisneededonthemissingpersonsformfederalexecutiveandjudiciary13 Peaceand ruleof lawmustbeensured.Asanancillarypoint thismustnotbe

usedasanexcusetoperpetratestatesanctionedcrimes.

14GovernanceandEconomicManagementProgrammesshouldbedevelopedandimplemented.

15Budgetarycontrols shouldbegiven toLocalBodies,withnominatedOfficial inorder

to

ensure

the

benefits

reaches

at

the

grass

root

levels.

16 Provincialgovernmentshouldtackle,education,health,housing,lawandorder,security,communication,roadsandtransportastopmostpriority.

17ThelongheldfearoftheBalochpeoplethatinvestorsmaytaketheirresourcesawayneedstobeaddressedbythesafeguard investmentpoliciesofassurance

bythegovernment.

18TheBalochNationalists, if sincerewith a peaceful resolution of the years oldconflict, must negotiate the issues with the political leadership in order to

resolvetheconflicts.

19By creating major opportunitiesspecifically, by turning Balochistan into animportantenergyconduitintheregiontoaddressBalochnationalistdemands

inapositiveandmutuallyacceptablemanner.

The central government and the establishment should stop seeing this as a foreign

instigatedphenomenononly,aswasdoneinthecaseofEastPakistan.

Thismindsetwillsurelyleadtomoredestruction.Theneednowistoacknowledgethe


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26



grievances and deal with them directly, immediately and effectively in a political

frameworkdeliveredbytransparentandfullyempoweredpoliticalforces.

Whiletherecanbeanopinionaboutwhethersuchasolutionisatallorderornot,there

canbenotwoopinionsthatthisistheonlywayoutoftheBalochinsurgency.Ontheir

partthe

moderate

Baloch

forces

need

to

create

clear

blue

water

between

them

and

nationalist insurgents and need to challenge the militants' search for an "ideal

Balochistan"whereethnicminoritieswouldhavenoplaceorwhichbringsdeathand

destructionatanunimaginablescalejusttosatisfyegosofcertainarrogantsardarsor

fulfil dreams of certain international powers. .

Conclusion

The history of relationship between centre and Balochistan shows a long story of

political inaptitude, economic exploitation and unfulfilled promises. State, being the

majorrunnerofthenationalaffairs,istobeheldresponsiblemorethananyoneelsefor

causing thecrisis.Centre in its successivepoliciesandmeasureshaveoverlooked the

sociologicalandanthropologicalpeculiaritiesofBalochistanpeopleandharsheconomic

realitiesunderwhichtheypasstheir livesandwhichover60yearshavegivenbirthto

deprivation. Above all, the negligence of the development needs created massive

despairinBalochistanpeople.

Thisdeprivationhasmadethemassesmorevulnerabletotheappealbytheextremists

ofallhueandcolour.Federalgovernmentdespite its claim remainsunable todesign

formalconflictresolutionmechanisms.Oneofthemainreasonsfortheirfailuretocope

withthe

problem

has

been

the

weak

democratic

history

of

the

country,

which

created

thebasisofdeeppolarizationduetowhichthegeneralmassescanno longer identify

themselveswiththestate.

IthasbeensaidPakistanigovernmenthashaditsconstraints.RobertWirsingobserves

thattheenergyrelatedandotherstrategicforcesimpactingonthat

part of the world join together in shaping Pakistani perceptions of their policy

requirements, in some instances narrowing options, in others practically dictating

Islamabads actions.He further states these forces have demanded that the central

governmentmorestronglyexertitsauthorityinBalochistan.

Howeverwewillstillassertthatinternationalsituationsandconstraintscanneverbean

excuseforanynationorstatetoneglect,oppressordepriveitsownmasses.Duringthe

pastfewyears,thedebateonthisissueinmediahasreinsertedtheignoredBalochistan

intogeneralconsciousnessofpeople.Thisdebatehasopenedanewdiscussiononthe

differentdimensionsofthecrisis. In the internationalmedia,however, thenationalist

movement inBalochistanhasalsobeenexaggeratedandpropagandized.Thehistoric

tribal rivalries and the tension between Balochi people and settlers have also been


31/42

27



exploitedtocreateandfurtherinternaldividesandconflictsintheprovince.

Onlyrecentlythegovernmenthastakenafewofthelongawaitedinitiativestoaddress

the reasons of provincial conflict. After the introduction of AghazeHuqooq e

Balochistanpackageandthepassingofthe18th

constitutionalamendmentandabolition

ofthe

military

cantonments

in

the

province,

the

separatist

movement

seems

to

have

ebbedslightly.Althougheveninthisperiodoflullthetargetkillinghascontinued,and

socioeconomicproblemscontinuetosimmer.Althoughpeoplearehopefulbuttheyare

stillskepticaboutthepromisesduetothetrustdeficitbetweenprovinceandstate.

To solve various problems of national interest throughwide consensus, government

shouldwork on creating and implementing concrete policies thatwill lead to socio

economicdevelopmentandproblemresolution.Provincialandethnicautonomycould

enhance the participatory approach which will help to have wide consensus over

nationalaffairs.ThelegitimategrievancesofBalochpeoplemustbeaddressedasofall

theotherdeprivedareas.

Forthebroaderpeaceandsecurityprogramintheregion,thegovernmentmustinvest

inhumandevelopment,andpoliticallyempower thepeople to takepart ineconomic

development throughmodern but decentralized governancemechanism. The strong

andaccountabledemocraticsetupofgovernancecanserveasthebestmeansofconflict

resolution.

The real solution lies in the strong political commitment to implement independent

policydecisionsinthebestinterestofPakistan.Goodgovernanceandthestaminaand

patiencetobuildinstitutionsandreconciliation,magnanimityandhumilityonbehalfof

federalpolitical

elites,

efficient

and

uncorrupt

public

service,

independent

and

efficient

judiciary, disciplined police force, and politicalwill to execute the plan, can end this

crisis.

Creation and implementationofGovernance andEconomicManagement Programme

(GEMP) with nominated officials at local levels to deliver health education, energy

supplytransportandsocialtransformationagendawillbringrelief,peaceandsecurity.

Theestablishmentmustcomeforwardandwholeheartedlydemonstrateitswillingness

tograntselfruleandpoliticalautonomytotheprovince inordertobuildanewsocial

contract.Itremainstobeseenifthegovernmentisuptothetask.

In Short there are three components to the comprehensive solution toBalochistan

problem.

One,recognitionofthe legitimatedemandsofBalochpeopleandassessmentofthe

groundreality


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28



Seconddevelopmentsof soundpoliciesandplans thatwouldaddress theeconomic

deprivationandsociopoliticalissuesandempowerpeople;

Third and final, immediate, direct, accountable and transparent delivery through

provincialandlocalgovernors.


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29



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Publishedby:MiddleEastResearchandInformationProjects

URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2569087

Ansari,M. (Aug11,2009). The NonKhanofKalat iswrong.Hedoesntknow the

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alat+wrong+doesn+t+know+history

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Balochistan home to lowestliteracy rate in Pakistan. Available at:

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Baloch, S. (2010, Mar 3). The Balochistan Truth. Daily Times. Available at:http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\03\03\story_332010_pg3_5

Balochistan Insurgency

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/pakistan1.htm

B.Raman,SecurityofChineseNationalsinPakistan,

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Chossudovsky,M.

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30,

2007).

The

Destabilization

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Centre

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Research

onGlobalization.http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=7705

Dott.BeatriceNicolini,OmanStudiesCentre.""Internationaltradenetworks:TheOmani

EnclaveofGwadar"".http://www.oman.org/bonn_007.htm.Retrieved20061106.

Energy Information Administration, Country Analysis Brief: Pakistan, last updated

December2006,availableatwww.eia.doe.gov.

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ReportNo.119

Iqbal,K.(Jul15,2008).CounterinsurgencyinBalochistanPakistansstrategy,outcome

andfutureimplicationsSouthAsiaNet


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M.Ziauddin,AccessingFossilFuelsinBalochistan,Dawn,September4,2006;

MehtabHaiderBalochistanSeeksIncreaseinRoyalty,TheNation,Jan242005

MansoorAkbarKundi,ProvincialAutonomy:AViewfromBalochistan,

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AppendixA BalochTribes

Source:encyclopedia[http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Balochtribes]

Ahamdanis Ashkani or

Ashekzahis

Ashkani Badezai Bahawalanzai Bangulzai Baloch(tribe) Barija Barzoi Bhutani Bizenjo Brahmani(tribe) Bugti Bulfati Buledi Buzdar Bozdar Bijarani Badini Banulzai Barazani Bahawalanzai Barija Bhutani Bizenjo Brahmani Bugti Buledi BOZDAR, a Baloch

tribe of Rind (Arab)

extraction, usually

associated with the

mountain districts

of the frontier near

DeraGhaziKhan

Bijarani is a Balochitribe in Sindh

Pakistan

Badini is also thename of a Baloch

tribe living in

Balochistan and

Sindh in Karachi

Pakistan,

Afghanistan

Chutani(khoso) Chandio Chutani(khoso) is

also the name of a

Baloch tribe in

Balochistan in

Jaffarabad,Quetta,a

nd Sindh in

Shahdadkot,Jacobab

ad,Iran

Chandioisthenameof

abalochi

tribe

in

Sindh,(rare in

Balochistan but

thought to be the

setllers near

Gawadar now a

days)

Damanis Dashti Dehwar Domki Dareshak Dannarzai Drakhshaan Dumars Dasht is a Persian

word,Dashtimeans

of the (belonging to

ororginatingfrom)

Dehwar is a Balochtribe in Balochistan

province of

Pakistan.

Dareshak

Dannarzai

is

the

name of a Baloch

tribe in Balochistan

Pakistan and Sistan

andBalochestan.

Fatahni(Umrani) Gabol Gadani Ghazini

Ghanbarzehi Gamshadzehi Gorgage Gashkori Gorshani Gichki Gola(tribe) Gyandar Gadani is located in

Gadap Town,

Karachi, Sindh,

Pakistan

Ghazini is a Balochtribe in Sibi District

of Balochistan,

Pakistan

Gashkori is RindBaloch tribe mostly

settled in Areas of

Dera Ismail Khan

Muzaffargarh ,Dera

GhaziKhan ,AliPur

and Kot Addu of

WesternPunjaband

alsoin

Balochistan

,

particularly ,

MakranandQuetta

Gorshani Gichkiis Gola is a Baloch


andSindhprovinces

ofPakistan.

Hasni Hooth Hasani

Hooth

are

Baloch

and theyareoneof

sub branch of Rind

,we have Khosa

fromHooth

Ismailzahi Jam(tribe) Jadgal Jakhrani


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33



Jamali Jamot Jarwar Jatoi Jattak Jatt Jam Jakhrani Jamali is the name

of a Baloch tribe in

Balochistan and

Sindh provinces of

Pakistan.

Jarwar isoneof thesubtribe from the

Gazini clan ofMarri

Baloch

Jattak is a Balochtribe

in

Balochistan,

Pakistan. ... Jatt

refers to group of

people who mainly

livedinPunjab

KalmatiKalmathi Kalpar Kashani Khetran Kizilbash Khosa Kolachi

Korai

Kurd(tribe) Khoso Kambarzahi Kupchanis Kalpar is a clan of

Baloch tribe Bugti

and is settled in

Balochistan, Sindh

and Punjab

provinces of

Pakistan

Kashani, dubbed,the

Second

Ptolemy,

was an outstanding

Persian

mathematician of

themiddleages

Khetran Kizilbash Kolachi is a Baloch

tribe and it

originated from

Kulanch, Makran,

Balochistan

Korai are a Balochtribe settled in the

Sind,Punjab,

and

Balochistan

provinces of

Pakistan

Kurd is a PowerfulBaloch tribe in

Balochistan, Sindh,

and Punjab

provinces of

Pakistan

KhosaorKhoso Lamba

Langhani

Lari(tribe) Lashari Lasi Leghari Lehri Loharani Lund(tribe) Lanjwani Lariisthenameofa

Baloch tribe settled

in Balochistan and

Sindh provinces of

Pakistan.

LasiisaBalochtribein Balochistan,

Pakistan

Leghari:alsospeltasLaghari inSindh isa

Balochtribelivingin

Balochistan, Sindh

and Punjab

provinces of

Pakistan

Lehri is a Brahuitribe

in

Balochistan,

Pakistan

Loharani isaBalochtribe in Sibi District

of Balochistan,

Pakistan

Lund is a BalochitribeofPakistan

Lanjwani is also the

name of a Baloch

tribe Sindh

provinces of

Pakistan

Marri Masuri Mazari Mengal Mastoi Mirani Mirali Moosiani Mondrani Malghani Magsi is a Baloch


and Sindh in

Pakistan. ... For the

Australiantree

see

Corymbiacalophylla

Masuri is a clan ofBaloch tribe Bugti

and is settled in

Balochistan, Sindh

and Punjab

provinces of

Pakistan

Mazari is a tribe oftheBalochpeopleof

Pakistan

Mengal is a famousBalochtribe

Mastoi is the nameof a Baloch tribe in

Balochistan and

Sindh

Mirani is the nameof a Baloch tribe in

Balochistan and

Sindhinlarkana

Miraliisthenameofa Baloch tribe in

Balochistan and

Sindhin

[Shikarpur]

Nothazai Nizamani Narooie(Narouei) Nutkani Nauri Naukri Nausherwani


38/42

34



Nothazai Nizamani isalso the

name of a Baloch

tribe in Sindh

(Hyderabad)

provinces of

Pakistan.

Qaisrani Rahija Ramzai Rahmanzai Rahimi Rind(tribe) Raisi Raisani Rigi(tribe) Roonjha(Tribe) Rahija is a clan of

Balochtribe

Bugti

and is settled in

Balochistan, Sindh

and Punjab

provinces of

Pakistan

ShahBakhsh Sherzai_Baloch Sanjrani Shambhani Shambhani

(Chandiotribe)

Shar

(tribe)

Sakhani Seyahsawar SarganiBaloch Sardaizai Sadozai Saravani Sethwi Sherzai Sanjrani Shambhani Shambhani

Shar

Sakhani are biggestsub tribe of Magsi

tribe

Sadozai are alineage of the

Popalzayclanofthe

Abdali tribe of the

Pashtun.

Talpur Taherza Talpur is a Baloch

tribe that

conquered and

ruled Sindh, and

other

parts

of

Pakistan, from1783

to1843AD.

Umrani Umrani(khosa) WUmrani Yarahmadzahi Zardari Zarakzai Zehri Zehi Zarrani Zehri


39/42


40/42

36



changedandothercriteriasuchas inversepopulationratio,backwardness,povertyandresourcegeneration

needtobetakenintoconsideration.

B. POLITICALLY RELATED MATTERS

4. Release of PoliticalWorkers: The Federal Government in consultationwith the Provincial Government

should immediately release all political workers, except those charged under heinous crimes;

5.Political

Dialogue:

Immediate

to

the

acceptance

of

all

the

proposals

contained

herein,

initiation

of

apolitical

dialogue with all major stakeholders in the political spectrum of the Province, to bring them into the

mainstream politics.

6.ReturnofExiles:ThepoliticalexileswhoreturntoPakistanwillbefacilitated.(Exceptthoseinvolvedinacts

of terrorism).

7.ProvincialAssemblyResolutions:TheunanimouslypassedResolutionsoftheAssemblyfrom2002tilldate

related to the Province be implemented within the legal framework of the Constitution.

8.LocalGovernment:TheBalochistanLocalGovernmentOrdinanceneedstobeamendedbytheProvincial

GovernmentkeepinginviewtheadministrativeneedsoftheProvince.

C. ADMINISTRATIVELY RELATED MATTERS

9.OperationsbyFederalAgencies:TheFederalGovernmentshould immediately reviewtheroleofFederal

Agencies

in

the

Province

and

7449balochistan problems solutions

Documents