75640653 mainframe testing

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Mainframe Testing

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2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions Confidential 2

About the Author

Created By: Mainframe CoE

CredentialInformation:

Version andDate:

ST/PPT/0907/1.0


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Icons Used

Questions

Contacts

Reference

Demonstration

Hands onExercise

CodingStandards

Test YourUnderstanding

Tools

A WelcomeBreak


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TSO/ISPF

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TSO/ISPF: Overview

TSO:

Time Sharing Option (TSO) is a subsystem that runs on the MVS

(Multiple Virtual Storage) operating system on an OS390 machine. This

subsystem allows users to interactively work with the system.

ISPF/PDF:

The Interactive System Productivity Facility (ISPF) and its Program

Development Facility (ISPF/PDF) work together with TSO/E to provide

panels (screens) with which users can interact. ISPF provides the

underlying dialog management service that displays panels and enables

a user to navigate through the panels.


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ISPF: Features

The following are the salient features of the ISPF:

Provides an on-line environment to interact with MVS.

Provides Menu driven interface operation as opposed to TSO, which providesline mode only.

Provides facilities for Editing and Browsing data sets.

ISPF uses panels to display and receive information, and allows customizationof your ISPF environment.

Provides Program Function keys to avoid manual typing of commands.

Provides for easy management of datasets through the Dataset menu.

Provides extensive facilities for comparing datasets and searching for data.

Provides facilities for executing programs in batch or foreground.

Provides for debugging of advanced user written ISPF applications.

Provides advanced facilities to Create, Delete and Display VSAM datasets.

A GUI (Graphical User Interface) to allow a Client/Server Interface between anISPF Client at a workstation and a host TSO/ISPF session.


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Datasets

Files in mainframes are referred as dataset. They are of two types:

PS (Physical Sequential): PS files are flat files, similar to normal text files in

windows.

PDS (Partitioned DataSet): PDS files contains members in it, each member is similar

to a PS. It is similar to a directory in windows with text files inside it.


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Authentication screen

------------------------------- TSO/E LOGON -----------------------------------

Enter LOGON parameters below: RACF LOGON parameters:

Userid ===> USERID

Password ===> New Password ===>

Procedure ===> IKJUSER Group Ident ===>

Acct Nmbr ===> TLGACCT#

Size ===>

Perform ===>

Command ===>

Enter an 'S' before each option desired below:-Nomail -Nonotice -Reconnect -OIDcard

PF1/PF13 ==> Help PF3/PF15 ==> Logoff PA1 ==> Attention PA2 ==> ReshowYou may request specific help information by entering a '?' in any entry field


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ISPF Main Menu

----------------------- ISPF/PDF PRIMARY OPTION MENU ----------------

OPTION ===>USERID -

0 ISPF PARMS - Specify terminal and user parameters DATE - 1 BROWSE - Display source data or output listings TIME - 2 EDIT - Create or change source data3 UTILITIES - Perform utility functions4 FOREGROUND - Invoke language processors in foreground5 BATCH - Submit job for language processing6 COMMAND - Enter TSO command or CLIST7 DIALOG TEST - Perform dialog testing8 DB2 - Perform DATABASE 2 Interactive Functions9 MQSeries - Websphere MQ Interactive FunctionsTS TOOLS - ToolsSD SDSF - SDSF PanelT TUTORIAL - Display information about ISPF/PDFD DEBUG TOOL - Debug Tool Utility FunctionsCC CCCA - COBAL CICS Conversion Aid

X EXIT - Terminate ISPF using log and list defaults

Enter END command to terminate ISPF.


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Utility Menu

Menu Help

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Utility Selection Panel

Option ===>

1 Library Compress or print data set. Print index listing. Print,rename, delete, browse, edit or view members

2 Data Set Allocate, rename, delete, catalog, uncatalog, or displayinformation of an entire data set

3 Move/Copy Move, or copy members or data sets4 Dslist Print or display (to process) list of data set names.

Print or display VTOC information5 Reset Reset statistics for members of ISPF library6 Hardcopy Initiate hardcopy output7 Transfer Download ISPF Client/Server or Transfer data set8 Outlist Display, delete, or print held job output9 Commands Create/change an application command table11 Format Format definition for formatted data Edit/Browse

12 SuperC Compare data sets (Standard Dialog)13 SuperCE Compare data sets Extended (Extended Dialog)14 Search-For Search data sets for strings of data (Standard Dialog)15 Search-ForE Search data sets for strings of data Extended (Extended Dialog)


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Utility Options

Option 2 from the utilities menu (or) 3.2 from the ISPF mainmenu helps usto allocate, delete and rename datasets, both PDS and PS.

Option 3 from the utilities menu (or) 3.3 from the ISPF mainmenu helps usto move or copy datasets.

Option 4 from the utilities menu (or) 3.4 from the ISPF mainmenu helps usto print or display datasets.


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Dataset Allocation

Menu RefList Utilities Help

Data Set UtilityOption ===>

A Allocate new data set C Catalog data setR Rename entire data set U Uncatalog data setD Delete entire data set S Short data set information

blank Data set information V VSAM Utilities

ISPF Library:Project . .Group . . .Type . . . .

Other Partitioned, Sequential or VSAM Data Set:Data Set Name . . .Volume Serial . . . (If not cataloged, required for option "C")

Data Set Password . . (If password protected)


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Dataset Allocation (Contd)

Menu RefList Utilities Help

Allocate New Data SetCommand ===>

More: +Data Set Name . . . :

Management class . . . (Blank for default management class)Storage class . . . . (Blank for default storage class)Volume serial . . . . (Blank for system default volume) **Device type . . . . . (Generic unit or device address) **Data class . . . . . . (Blank for default data class)Space units . . . . . (BLKS, TRKS, CYLS, KB, MB, BYTES

or RECORDS)Average record unit (M, K, or U)Primary quantity . . (In above units)Secondary quantity (In above units)Directory blocks . . (Zero for sequential data set) *

Record format . . . .Record length . . . .Block size . . . . .Data set name type : (LIBRARY, HFS, PDS, or blank) *

(YY/MM/DD, YYYY/MM/DDExpiration date . . . YY.DDD, YYYY.DDD in Julian form


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Field Description

Management Class TSO tries to acquire management-related information (migration, backup,

retention criteria etc) from the Management Class for default datasetinformation and allocates the dataset.

Storage Class Used to obtain the storage-related information (volume serial) for the data set

allocation.

Data class Used to obtain the data-related information (space units, primary quantity,

secondary quantity, directory block, record format, record length, and data setname type) for the allocation of the data set.

Primary Quantity The amount of space allocated for the dataset.

Secondary Quantity Used to allocate additional space to the dataset when the space allocated in the

primary allocation is insufficient.


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Field Description (Contd)

Directory blocks The value in this field determines the number of members in a PDS. A

positive value in this field denotes that the dataset is a PDS and a 0denotes that the dataset is a PS.

Record Format

The value in this field determines the format of the PDS or PS beingallocated.

Record Length The value of the length of the records stored in the dataset.

Block Size The block size, also called physical record length, of the blocks to be

stored in the data set. Use this field to specify how many bytes of datato put into each block, based on the record length.


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Line Commands

After you create & display a data set list, you can enter a line command tothe left of the data set name. The most frequently used line commands are:

V View Data Set

E Edit Data Set B Browse Data Set

C Catalog Data Set D Delete Data Set

R Rename Data Set I Data Set Information

Z Compress Data Set CO Copy

MO Move X Exclude Data Set

NX Unexclude Data Set


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Primary Commands

Following are the list of frequently used primary commands. For moredetails on these commands and an exhaustive list, refer to the ISPF manualon the IBM bookshelf.

SORT Sorts the list of data sets by the specified field.

SAVE Writes the data set list to the ISPF list data set or to a sequentialdataset

RESET Redisplays excluded data sets and removes line commands.

FIND Finds a string within the data set name

EXCLUDEExcludes a line containing a string within the data set name.

DSLSET Displays the data set list settings panel REFRESHRefreshes the displayed list with any changes that have occurred.


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Scrolling

Valid values on the scrollfield and their properties are :

CSR Specifies that the screen will scroll depending on the cursorposition

PAGE Specifies that the screen will always scroll page by page

HALF Specifies that the screen will always scroll by half a page

DATA Similar to PAGE, but will scroll by one line

nnn Specifies that the cursor will always scroll by thespecified number of lines, irrespective of the cursorposition. (nnn represents a number)


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Basic Line Commands

A single blank line is inserted with an Iin column 1. IF you want to insert multiple blank lines, type In (where n is the number of

lines required) in the first column and press ENTER.

Enter D in the first column to delete a single line.

If you know the exact number of lines to be deleted, use Dn (Where n is thenumber of lines to be deleted).

A block of lines can be deleted by placing the lines to be deleted between a pairof DD commands. Place a DD on the first line of the block and a DD on the lastline of the block and press ENTER. This deletes all the lines between the DDs


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Move/Copy Commands

The copy and move commands are similar in execution but for the fact thatthe Copy command retains the original content but Move remove thecontent from its original location.

To copy a single line from one location to another, place a C in the first

column on the line to be copied and an A on the line previous to the linewhere you want the data to be placed and press ENTER. Placing a Binstead of A, copies the information before the line. A combination of CCand A/B does the same for a block of lines. Use M and MM with A/Bsimilarly to move the data.


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Commands

Text handling Commands LClowercase, to change text from uppercase to lowercase .

UCuppercase, to change text from lowercase to uppercase.

Exclude/Show Commands

Use X or XX to exclude one or more lines of data from being displayed on the

screen.

X identifies a line to be excluded.

X5

identifies the first of 5 (or any number of) lines to be excluded. XXidentifies the first and last lines of a block of lines to be excluded.

(Usage is like Block copying)


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SuperCE Compare

Super Compare Extended abbreviated to SuperCE is a versatile tool that

helps us to compare PS datasets, complete PDS, members of PDS or

concatenated datasets.

Option 12 in the Utilities Menu is a simple compare utility and option 13

from the Utilities Menu is the extended compare utility.


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SuperCE Compare (Cont.)

Datasets can be compared in the following four ways:

File Comparison Checks source datasets and lists the difference.Simplest and fastest method

Line Comparison Checks the differences at the line level. The output

list contains reformatted lines and changed lines.Most frequently used comparison type andtypically used for the source change compares

Word Comparison Checks the differences at the word level. A wordis a string separated by one or more blanks or aline separator.

Byte Comparison Byte level comparison with the output in HEX(Like a dump).


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SuperCE Compare (Cont.)

The Compare output can be listed in the following five ways

OVSUMLists the Overall Summary of the changes. In case of PDS comparisonthe list contains a summary for each member compared

Delta Frequently used Listing type. Lists the differences and the summary

of each dataset compared. Differences are flagged at the left of eachline of output.

CHNG Lists the differences with a specified number of lines before and afterthe changes. Makes the user comfortable in reading the output incase of a PDS comparison involving source changes.

Long Lists the complete new data set with the old data set deleted data

Interspersed in the output listing. Both inserted and deleted outputdata is flagged. The format is the same as the DELTA with all matchingdata shown.

Nolist Generates no listing output. Used to quickly find if any data ischanged between two datasets.


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Search-For Utility

This option is used to search for a particular string in a dataset or membersof a PDS

Option 3.14 from the main menu (or) 14 from the Utilities Menu takes youto the appropriate panel.

The search string can optionally be followed by one of the followingkeywords:

WORD Lists full word occurrences of the string

PREFIX Lists only if the string is a prefix to a word.

SUFFIX Lists only if the string is a suffix to a word.


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Q & A

Questions from participants


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Test Your Understanding

1. What is TSO?

2. Which option is used to allocate the new dataset?

3. What is the use of Option 3.3?

4. Which command helps you to replace a particular text in a dataset?


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JCL

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Job Control Language

It consists of control statements that:

introduce a computer job to the operating system

request hardware devices

direct the operating system on what is to be done in terms of running

applications and scheduling resources


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Sending Information to Computer

Interactive Processing

It means that you give the computer a command and the computer responds to

your command request. It is more like a conversation.

Batch Processing

It means that you give the computer a whole group of commands, usually in the

form of some sort of program you have written, and have the computer process

this group of commands. It is more like writing a letter.

In mainframes JCL is used for batch processing.


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Basic Syntax

JCL should follow the below syntax Name field- identifies the statement so that other statements or the system can

refer to it. The name field must begin immediately after the second slash. It can

range from 1 to 8 characters in length, and can contain any alphanumeric (A to

Z) or national (@ $ #) characters.

Operation field- specifies the type of statement: JOB, EXEC, DD, or an operand

command.

Operand field - contains parameters separated by commas. Parameters are

composites of prescribed words (keywords) and variables for which

information must be substituted. Comments field- optional. Comments can be extended through column 80, and

can only be coded if there is an operand field.


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General Rules

Must begin with // (except for the /* statement) in columns 1 and 2

Is case-sensitive (lower-case is not permitted)

NAME field is optional

NAME field should begin in column 3 if used

If NAME field is omitted code one or more blanks OPERATION field must begin on or before column 16

OPERANDS must end before column 72

OPERANDS are separated by commas

All fields, except for the operands, must be separated by one blank


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Types of JCL statements

There are three types of JCL statements. They are:

JOBIdentifies the beginning of a job

EXECIndicates what work is to be done

DD Data Definition, i.e., identifies what resources (datasets) are needed andwhere to find them


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The Job Statement

The JOB statement informs the operating system of the start of a job, givesthe necessary accounting information, and supplies run parameters. Eachjob must begin with a single JOB statement .

The various fields in the job statement are:

//jobname JOB USER=userid, TIME=m,MSGCLASS=class, NOTIFY=userid

Jobname A descriptive name assigned to the job by the user

JOB Keyword that indicates the beginning of a job Userid It is 1 to 7 character user identification assigned to access

the system TIME Total minutes allowed for a job to execute MSGCLASSDescribes where the output of a job log should be directed

NOTIFY User-id of the user who receives a TSO message upon completionof the job

h


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The EXEC Statement

The EXEC (execute) statement is used to identify the application programor cataloged procedure or in-stream procedure that this job is to executeand to tell the system how to process the job.

The syntax of EXEC statement is:

//stepname EXEC procedure

(Or)

//stepname EXEC PGM=program

stepname An optional 1 to 8 character word used to identify the step

EXEC Keyword that indicates you want to invoke a program orcataloged procedure

procedure Name of the cataloged procedure to be executed

program Name of the program to be executed

f ( )


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Data Definition (DD) Statement

A DD (Data Definition) statement must be included after the EXECstatement for each data set used in the step.

The DD statement gives the data set name, I/O unit, perhaps a specificvolume to use, and the data set disposition.

The DD statement may also give the system various information about thedata set: its organization, record length, blocking, and so on.

The syntax for DD statement is:

//ddname DD operand1,operand2,etc.

where ddname - a 1 to 8 character name given to the DD statement

DD - DD statement identifieror keyword

operand - parameters used to define the input or output dataset

f ( ) ( )


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Data Definition (DD) Statement (Cont...)

An eg. Of Data Definition is like this:

//ddname DD UNIT=unittype,

// DSN=userid.datasetname,// DISP=(beginning,normal-end,abnormal-end),// SPACE=(TRK,(primary,secondary,directory)),

// RECFM=xx,LRECL=yy,MGMTCLAS=retainx

i i i ( )


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Disposition (DISP) Parameters

The DISP parameter describes the current status of the data set (old, new,or to be modified).

Directs the system on the disposition of the dataset (pass, keep, catalog,uncatalog, or delete) either at the end of the step or if the step abnormally

terminates.

DISP is always required unless the data set is created and deleted in thesame step.

B i i Di i i


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Beginning Dispositions

The various beginning disposition parameters are: NEWcreates a new data set

OLDdesignates an existing data set; it can be an input data set or an output data

set to rewrite

SHRidentical to OLD except that several jobs may read from the data set at the

same time.

MODmodifies a sequential data set - positions the pointer at the end of the data

set in order to add new data to the data set.

l d b l i i i i i


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Normal and Abnormal termination Dispositions

Normal disposition, the second term in the DISP parameter, indicates thedisposition of the data set when the data set is closed or when the job terminates

normally.

The abnormal dispositions, is effective only if the step abnormally terminates,

parameters are the same as normal dispositions except that PASS is not allowed.

The various parameters are:

PASSpasses the data set on to subsequent job steps, and each step can use the data set

once.

KEEPkeeps non-temporary data sets.

DELETEdeletes data sets.

CATLGcatalogs a non-temporary data set. CATLG is similar to KEEP except that the unit

and volume of the data set are recorded in the catalog along with the data set name.

UNCATLGun-catalogs a data set. UNCATLG is the same as KEEP except that the data set

name is removed from the catalog.

S


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Space parameter

All new data sets on disk volumes must be allocated space. Storage on diskvolumes can be allocated in units of blocks, cylinders, tracks, kilobytes, andbytes.

The space may be requested as a primary and a secondary quantity. Theprimary quantity is allocated when the data set is opened with adisposition of NEW. The secondary quantity is allocated if the primary

quantity is exceeded. The syntax for space parameter is:

// SPACE=(TRK,(primary,secondary,directory))

where

primary Allocates this amount of space initially

secondaryAllocates this amount of space each time more is needed (up to 15times)

directory reserve this amount of blocks to keep the directory of a partitioneddataset (NOT USED for a sequential dataset).1 directory block allows 5members in a partitioned dataset

D A ib


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Dataset Attributes

Data Set attributes are: RECFM=xxspecifies the record format. The format can be one or more of the

following characters:

F fixed-length

V variable-length

U

undefined-length

FB fixed and blocked

FBA fixed, blocked, with ANSI carriage control characters

VB variable and blocked

VBA variable, blocked, with ANSI carriage control characters

LRECL=yy specifies the length of records BLKSIZE=zzspecifies the blocksize, this denotes the number of records read in

a single read operation


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JCL BEND CODES ABEND is the acronym of ABnormalEND. This is similar to run-time exceptions in

windows platform. JCL ABEND codes are:

S0CBAttempting to divide by 0 and not using ON SIZE ERROR S002Very large record length/ wrong record length S222The job was cancelled (by subsystem or operator) because it

violated some restriction

S522

JOB or TSO session exceeded maximum job wait time ORoperator did not mount the require tape within allowed time limit S806Load module not found S837Space problem, Allotted space is not enough for data set S913You are trying to access a dataset which you are not

authorized to use. SOC71. Moving non-numeric value to numeric field

2. Not initializing the numeric variables before first use SOC41. Index exceeds the size of table

2. Trying to use File Section variables without opening the file S0C1Operation Exception. Check for subscript errors, missing DD card, file

not opened. SE37Insufficient disk space.

Q ti


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Questions


T Y U d di


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1.What is JCL?

2. Which statement informs the operating system about the start of a job?

3. What is the function of DD statements?


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VSAM

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VSAM


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VSAM

What is VSAM?

VSAM is Virtual Storage Access Method

It is a method used to move data between Disk and Main Storage

VSAM acts as interface between Operating System and Application Program

Interface between Main Storage and Disk

It is a file-system where files are stored with either index or relative byteaddress.

Fil A M th d


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File Access Methods

There are three types of file access methods:

Sequential (Reading from beginning to end)

Random (Records are read by the value in the key)

Direct (Records are read based on their physical location/address on disk)

VSAM supports all these methods

VSAM Datasets


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VSAM Datasets

VSAM datasets are of 4 types:

ESDSEntry Sequenced Data Set

KSDSKey Sequenced Data Set

RRDSRelative Record Data Set

LDS Linear Data Set

Traditional access Methods

QSAM (Queried Sequential Access Method)

BSAM (Basic Sequential Access Method)

for flat files

ISAM (Index Sequential Access Method) for Index files

BDAM (Basic Direct Access Method) for direct access files

IDCAMS


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IDCAMS

IDCAMS utility is used to handle VSAM data sets

Some of the functions are as follows,

DESCRIPTION KEYWORDS

Create DEFINE

Copy REPRO

Print PRINT

Delete DELETE

Lists Characteristics LISTCAT

VSAM Dataset Organization


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VSAM Dataset Organization

VSAM Data Set can contain three major components

CLUSTER (Catalog entry)

INDEX

DATA (Actual data)

VSAM Data Set is referred by cluster name in JCL

INDEX


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INDEX

Separate entity

VSAM builds Index when data is loaded

Index is organized as Inverted Binary Tree

VSAM compresses keys to conserve space

Can have several Levels of Indexes

ESDS


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ESDS

The features of ESDS is as follows, Similar to Sequential File

Sequenced by the order in which data is entered/loaded

New Records are added at the end only (chronological order)

Supports both Fixed and Variable formats

Contains only CLUSTER & DATA components No INDEX component exists for ESDS

Only sequential access is possible through Batch COBOL Programs

RRDS


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RRDS

The features of RRDS is as follows, Has only CLUSTER and DATA components

No INDEX component exists for RRDS

Records are stored as numbered, fixed length slots

Each record is given a number Relative Record Number (RRN)

Records can be deleted physically

Empty slots are filled up with new records without shifting existingrecords

No primary Index or Alternate Index

Supports Fixed and Variable formats RRN cannot be changed

KSDS


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KSDS

The features of KSDS is as follows, Has all three components of VSAM (CLUSTER, INDEX and DATA)

Key sequenced

Primary key should be unique

Records can be deleted physically

Primary key cannot be changed

Allows Alternate Index

Supports all the access methods (Sequential, Random, Dynamic)

While loading the data into a KSDS, the records need to be sorted on

Primary key in ascending order

IDCAMS


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IDCAMS

Always has the following JCL structure//STEP010 EXEC PGM=IDCAMS

//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*

//SYSIN DD*

/*

//*

Basic IDCAMS Commands

DEFINE (Cluster, Alternate Index etc.)

BUILDINDEX (Alternate Index) REPRO (Cluster)

LISTCAT (Catalog Entries)

IMPORT / EXPORT (Cluster)

VERIFY (Cluster)

DEFINE


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DEFINE

DEFINE command is used to create a Cluster, Index orAlternate Index.

The below is a example of DEFINE command, to create a KSDS,

DEFINE CLUSTER -(NAME (CTS.KSDS.CLUSTER) -

CYLINDER (5 1) VOLUMES (WORK01) -

RECORDSIZE (120 124) KEYS (8 0) INDEXED) -

DATA -

NAME (CTS.KSDS.DATA)) -

INDEX (NAME (CTS.KSDS.INDEX))

In the above example - is the continuation character. INDEXED is the keyword to denote it is a KSDS.

REPRO


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REPRO

REPRO Load and backup utility command Can be used against empty / loaded VSAM file with another VSAM file or sequential file Can be used against all four types of VSAM datasets The below is the syntax of repro,

REPRO INDATASET (DSN) or INFILE (DD1)

OUTDATASET (DSN) or OUTFILE (DD2)

SKIP (count)

COUNT (count)

FROMKEY

FROMADDRESS

FROMNUMBER

TOKEY

TOADDRESS

TONUMBER

REUSE/REPLACE

INFILE or INDATASET parameter is mandatory, similarly OUTFILE or OUTDATASET ismandatory

All other parameters are optional

REPRO (Contd )


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REPRO (Contd.,)

SKIP specifies number of input records to skip beforebeginning to copy

COUNT specifies number of output records to copy

REUSE parameter

Can be used only if the VSAM dataset was originally defined with REUSEoption

Has the effect of logically deleting records before loading

REPLACE parameter

Replaces the records for which primary keys are matching between

input and output records

If not specified, the matching key records are untouched

If the target is ESDS the records are appended and REPLACE isinappropriate.

ALTER & DELETE


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ALTER & DELETE

ALTER Used to change parameters such as FREESPACE

Has no effect on existing CI & CA splits

Syntax: ALTER entry-name

DELETE

DELETE (parameters)

Example: DELETE CTS.NLT.CLUSTER Deletes all subordinate objects such as AIX, Path

Some Common DELETE Parameters

ERASE / NO ERASE : ERASE writes binary zeroes after deletion

PURGE / NO PURGE: PURGE allows deletion even though expiration date is still due

ALTERNATE INDEX Or AIX: Deletes only Alternate index of the cluster

PATH : Requests only path name to be deleted.

FORCE / NO FORCE : FORCE deletes the dataset even if it is not empty

All the delete parameters are optional


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Batch Execution

C3: Protected

Batch Execution: Objectives


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Batch Execution: Objectives

Objective:

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

What is Job

Steps of Job Processing

Define Job Class and Job Priority


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Job Processing (continued)


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Job Processing (continued)

When the job finishes executing, it is placed into a queue of jobs waiting to beprinted.

Priorities within this queue are determined by the amount of output for the job.

When all output for the job is completed, it is removed from the system(purged).

Any job that remains in the system for ten days or longer will be automaticallypurged by the system.

Job Class and Priority


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Job Class and Priority

Job Class: The CLASS= parameter on the JOB statement alters the priority at which your OS/390

batch jobs will be run.

CLASS=A is the default job class. Class A runs at normal priority with regular rates.

Job Priority:

Jobs are assigned a priority for execution according to their job class and estimated

execution time .

The priority of some jobs increases at regular intervals while the job is awaiting

execution. This is calledpriority aging.

The output priority for these jobs is equal to the execution priority .

The priority of the job decreases as the volume of output increases.

Job Class and Priority (continued)


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LOW - will be run at the operator's discretion when they will not interfere with the running of other

jobs .

PRODUCTION - (Class P) can be defined as I/O-bound jobs. They are run in first-in/first-run order.

STANDBY- will be run at the operator's discretion on nights and weekends when they are not likely to

interfere with higher priority jobs.

VERYSLOW- jobs are run only during the weekend operating hours at the discretion of the Shift

Supervisor .

RESEARCH- class (Class R) is for CPU-intensive research computing jobs. EVENING RESEARCH -

(Class S) is for CPU-intensive research computing jobs.

RCI - jobs (classes G and H) are reserved for special Research Computing .

WEEKEND (W)- is for research applications only and is available on weekends and holidays.

CNS UTILITIES (U)- limited to certain CNS utilities such as XFER3 (funds transfer).

FAST BATCH (Q)- is limited to educational applications with a maximum of 2 seconds of CPU time.

URGENT (5)- jobs (Class 5) are for fast processing .



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Computation of Execution Priority

The execution priority of a Class A job is based on estimated execution time. As the job awaits

execution, its priority ages every hour.

Computation of Print Priority

Priority for printing is based on the actual number of lines of output a job produces, NOT the number

of lines estimated.

The print priority of LOW, STANDBY, VERYSLOW, or URGENT jobs does not age, but stays at 1, 0, 0, or

14 respectively.

Hints for Improving Batch Job Turnaround Time

Submit your batch jobs late in the day, when the demand for resources is lower. Invest some time in desk-checking your programs before you submit them.. Use Class Q compilers or Class U utilities whenever possible. Analyze your program's needs and accurately estimate your CPU request in your JCL. If you are going to use a program repeatedly, compile and link-edit it so you do not have to wait for it

to be compiled and link-edited each time you run it.


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1. What is the batch Job?

2. What are different job class are there and how they help ?

Batch Execution : Summary


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Batch Execution : Summary

In this chapter you have learnt about

Introduction to Batch Job

Job Processing

Job priorities

Different types of class


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COBOL Basics

Common Business Oriented Language

C3: Protected

COBOL - Overview


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C v v w

Introduction: COBOL is English like language and hence is easy to learn

Can be used with any database like DB2, IDMS, and VSAM

Can handle huge volumes of data

COBOL applications can be easily maintained

COBOL: Objectives


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C j

Objective:


Describe all Divisions and Sections

List all the Data names and Picture Clause

Define Redefine, Rename, Usage, Computational clauses

Describe the File operations

Describe Compiler directive

Divisions


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There are 4 divisions which form the principal portions of a program. They are

Identification (Required)

Environment (Optional)

Data (Optional)

Procedure (Required)

Identification Division:

The Identification Division names the program and, optionally, documents the date the

program was written, the compilation date and other pertinent information.

Syntax

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM-NAME.

[AUTHOR. Comment Entry][INSTALLATION. Comment Entry]

[DATE-WRITTEN. Comment Entry]

[DATE-COMPILED. Comment Entry]

Environmental Division


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Environment Division :

This division contains machine dependent details such as Computer(s) used and

peripheral devices. It has got two section.

CONFIGURATION SECTION- Identifies the computer used for compiling of

programs

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION - Identifies the files and the input-output

resource used by the program

Syntax

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.

CONFIGURATION SECTION.

[SOURCE-COMPUTER. Comments.]

[OBJECT-COMPUTER. Comments.]

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.[FILE-CONTROL.]

[File control entries]

[I-O CONTROL.]

[I-O control entries]

Data Division and Procedure Division


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Data Division:

The Data Division defines the nature and characteristics of all data (variables) the program is toprocess.

This includes both Input/Output data and data used for internal processing.

Data Division has the following section1. FILE SECTIONThis describes most of the data that is sent to, or coming from, the computers

peripherals.

2.WORKING-STORAGE SECTIONThis describes the general variables used in the program.

3.LINKAGE SECTIONThis establishes link between two programs.

Procedure Division: Includes statements and sentences necessary for reading input, processing it and writing the output.

Contains instructions that are executed by the computer at the RUN TIME.

All the data described in the DATA DIVISION are processed here and desired results are produced.

Its hierarchical in structure consists of Sections, Paragraphs, Sentences and Statements. Should contain at least one paragraph, sentence and statement.

Data Types in COBOL


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yp

Alphabetic

Numeric

Alphanumeric

Edited numeric

Edited alphanumeric

Figurative constants:

Figurative constants Meaning

ZERO(S) or ZEROES

Represents the value 0, one or more depending on the context

SPACE(S) Represents one or more spaces

HIGH-VALUE(S) Represents the highest value

LOW-VALUE(S) Represents the lowest value

QUOTE(S) Represents single or double quotes

ALL literal Fill With Literal

Data Names and Picture Clause


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DATA NAMES:

Are named memory locations (similar to variables in other programming languages).

Must be described in the DATA DIVISION before they can be used in the PROCEDUREDIVISION

Can be at most 30 characters in length, Only alphabets, digits and hyphen are allowed.

The description of a data name is done with the aid of(1) Level numberexpresses data hierarchy

(2) PICTURE clausespecifies data type and storage

(3) VALUE clauseinitializes the data names

PICTURE clause:

Is used to specify the following(1) The data type

(2) The storage requirement

Can be abbreviated as PIC.

Level Numbers & Picture Clause


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Level syntax number:

Picture Clause:

LEVEL NUMBER Description Coding Rules

1 Record Description for files

and independent data items

Must begin in Area A

0249 Fields within records and

sub-items

Can begin in Area A or Area B

66 RENAMES Clause Must begin in Area A

77 Independent elementary

items

Must begin in Area A

88 Condition Names Can begin in Area A or Area B

PICTURE Symbol Meaning

9 Numeric

A Alphabetic

X Alphanumeric

REDEFINES Clause


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The REDEFINES clause allows the same area to be referred by more than one data name with

different sizes and pictures.

Syntax: Level-number data-name-1 REDEFINES data-name-2

The level-number of data-name-1 and data-name-2 must be identical

When the REDEFINES clause is used to 01 level, data-name-1 and

data-name-2 must be of same size but the size can be varying for data-name-1 anddata- name-2 for other levels.

This clause must not be used for level-number 66 or 88

The redefining entry (data-name-1) and any sub-ordinate entries must not contain any VALUEclauses

OCCURS and REDEFINE clause cannot be specified at a time in the same entry.

The REDEFINES clause must not be used for records (01 level) described in the

FILE SECTION. The appearance of multiple 01 entry in the record description is implicitlyassumed to be the redefinition of the first 01 level record.

RENAMES Clause:


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RENAMES allows re-grouping of elementary data items in a record so that they can belong to the

original as well as to the new group .

Syntax: 66 data-name-1 RENAMES data-name-2 THRU data-name-3

The RENAMES clause must be used only with the special level number 66

Cannot Rename 77 ,88, 66 or 01 levels.

Data-name-2 and data-name-3 can be the names of elementary items or group items. They howevercant be items of levels 01,66,77 or 88

Neither data-name-2 nor data-name-3 can have an OCCURS clause in its description entry, nor canthey be subordinate to an item that has an occurs clause in its data description entry

Data-name-3, if mentioned, must follow data-name-2, in the record and must not be one of it subfields.

USAGE Clause:


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G

These are forms of internal representation of data in the memory.

1.Computational2. Display

3.Packeddecimal

The syntax of the USAGE clause is

USAGE IS {BINARY

COMP COMPUTATIONAL

COMP-1 COMPUTATIONAL-1COMP-2 COMPUTATIONAL-2

COMP-3 COMPUTATIONAL-3

COMP-4 COMPUTATIONAL-4

DISPLAY

PACKED-DECIMAL}

Binary Clause


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y

Specified for binary data items.

Such items have a decimal equivalent consisting of the decimal digits 0 through 9, plus a sign.Negative numbers are represented as the two's complement of the positive number with the sameabsolute value.

The amount of storage occupied by a binary item depends on the number of decimal digits definedin its PICTURE clause

COMPUTATIONAL or COMP:-

This is the equivalent of BINARY. The COMPUTATIONAL phrase is synonymous with BINARY.

Digits in PICTURE Clause Storage Occupied

1 through 4 2 bytes (halfword)

5 through 9 4 bytes (fullword)

10 through 18 8 bytes (doubleword)

Computational Clauses


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COMPUTATIONAL-1 or COMP-1 (Floating-Point): -

Specified for internal floating-point items (for single precision). COMP-1 items are 4 bytes long(1 Word). The number is actually represented in Hexadecimal

form.

The PIC clause cannot be specified for this item

COMPUTATIONAL-2 or COMP-2 (Long Floating-Point) Specified for internal floating-point items (double precision).

COMP-2 items are 8 bytes long(2 word). The advantage is that this increases the precision of the data, which means more significant digits

can be available for the item.

The PIC clause cannot be specified

COMPUTATIONAL-3 or COMP-3 (Internal Decimal) This is the equivalent of PACKED-DECIMAL.

In this form of internal representation the numeric data is represented in the decimal form, but onedigit takes half-a-byte.

The sign is stored separately as rightmost half-a-byte regardless of whether S is specified in the PICclause or not.

The hexadecimal number C or F denotes positive sign and D denotes negative sign.

The number of bytes = n+1/2 Where n is the number of places specified in PIC clause

Index Clause


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Index Clause: An index data item is a 4-byte elementary item (not necessarily

connected with any table).

The USAGE IS INDEX clause can be written at any level.

An index data item cannot be a conditional variable.The DATE

FORMAT, JUSTIFIED, PICTURE, BLANK WHEN ZERO,

SYNCHRONIZED, or VALUE clauses cannot be used to describegroup or elementary items described with the USAGE IS INDEX

clause.

Procedure Division Verbs


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Data movement Verb

Move copies data from the source identifier or literal to one or more destination identifiersSyntax: MOVE {identifier, literal} to {indentifier}

Arithmetic Verbs1.ADD

2.SUBTRACT

3.MULTIPLY

4.DIVIDE

5.COMPUTE

Input / Output Verbs1. ACCEPT Verb

Syntax: ACCEPT identifier [ FROM { DATE, DAY, TIME, mnemonic-name }].

2. DISPLAY Verb

Syntax: DISPLAY { identifier-1, literal-1 } .

Sequence control Verbs1. GO TO

2. IF . . . THEN . . .3. EVALUATE

4. STOP RUN

5. PERFORM

Files


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FILE Types:

1.Sequential2.Indexed

3.Relative

FILE OPERATIONS:OPEN :

Syntax:open { INPUT file-name1

OUTPUT file-name2 ...I-O file-name3 ...

EXTEND file-name4 ... } ...

Opens the file for processing

EXTEND is allowed only for sequential files (not for VSE)

OUTPUT clears the file of its existing

CLOSE: CLOSE file-name1 ...

Closes the open file

Terminates the file processing

Read Clause


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READ:

Format-1 - Sequential ReadSyntax: READ file-name-1 NEXT RECORD

[ INTO identifier-1 ]

[ AT END imperative-stmt-1]

[ NOT AT END imperative-stmt-2 ]

[ END-READ ]

NEXT phrase is optional for SEQUENTIAL access mode & a must for DYNAMIC

Format-2 - Random ReadSyntax: READ file-name-1 RECORD[ INTO identifier-1 ]

[ KEY IS data-name-1 ]

[ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-3 ]

[ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-4 ]

[ END-READ ]

Indexed random read Relative random read

1.Data name specified in KEY phrase The KEY phrase must not be specified

2.The prime RECORD KEY data name

is taken if KEY phrase not specified

Statement reads the record whose relative

record number is contained in the

RELATIVE KEY data item,

Start Clause


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Syntax: START file-name

[ KEY IS { EQUAL TO data-name]= , GREATER THAN , > , NOT LESS THAN, NOT < THAN }

[ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1 ]

[ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2 ]

[ END-START ]

Enables the positioning of the pointer at a specific point in an indexed or relative file.

File should be opened in Input or I-O mode.

Access mode must be Sequential or Dynamic.

Invalid Key arises if the record position is empty.

When KEY phrase is not specified KEY EQUAL TO primary key is implied.

File position indicator points to the first record in the file whose key field satisfies the comparison.

Rewrite Clause


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Syntax: REWRITE record-name

[ FROM id-1][ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1]

[ NOT INVALID KEY

imperative-stmt-2 ]

[ END-REWRITE ]

Updates an existing record in a file

File should be opened in I-O mode

After a REWRITE statement with the FROM phrase is executed, the information is still available inidentifier-1

File position indicator not affected

For Sequential files

- INVALID KEY not allowed

- Record length cant change

Delete Clause


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Syntax: DELETE file-name-1 RECORD

[ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1][ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2]

[ END-DELETE ]

For a file in sequential access mode, the last input/output statement must have been a successfullyexecuted READ statement. When the DELETE statement is executed, the system removes therecord retrieved by that READ statement.

File should be opened in I-O mode.

For Random or Dynamic access system removes record pointed by the RECORD key(KSDS) orRELATIVE key(RRDS)

For indexed files, the key can then be reused for record addition.

For relative files, the space is then available a new record with the same RELATIVE KEY value.

The file position indicator is not affected by execution of the DELETE statement.

Sort


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Syntax: SORT file-1 { ON {ASCENDING

DESCENDING} KEY id-1... } ...[WITH DUPLICATES IN ORDER]

[COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1]

{USING file-2

INPUT PROCEDURE proc-nm-1 [THRU proc-nm-2]}

{GIVING file-3

OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS proc-nm-3 [THRU proc-nm-4]}

For arranging the records in some predetermined order based on some fields.

The fields based on which the records are sequenced are called SORT KEYS and cannot bevariably located.

The sequencing can be ascending or descending order of the KEY and by default it is ascending.

The SORT work file needs to be defined in the SD entry of File Section

When USING / GIVING option is specified the input / output file(s) to sort must not be open

SORT

Sort (cont)


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Input Procedure: For editing the records that need to be sorted before the sort operation

The SORT statement implicitly performs the procedure specified in the INPUT PROCEDUREbefore sort operation., Then the processed records are released to SORT operation using RELEASEstatement.

Release: Transfers records to the initial phase of sort operation, Its like WRITE statement.

If INPUT PROCEDURE is used, at-least one RELEASE statement must be executed

Output Procedure: The output procedure is performed implicitly by sort statement in order to perform editing on the

sorted records.

The output procedure gets the sorted records by means of RETURN statement that is discussedlater in this chapter.

Return: Transfers records from the final phase of a sorting or merging operation to an OUTPUT

PROCEDURE.Its like READ statement

Merge


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Combines two or more identically sorted files and makes records available in sorted

order in a single file.

Syntax: MERGE file-1 { ON {ASCENDING

DESCENDING} KEY id-1... } ...

[COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1]

USING file-2 [file-3 ...]

{GIVING file-4

OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS proc-nm-1 [THRU proc-nm-2]}

The Merge work file needs to be defined in the SD entry of file section.

When USING / GIVING option is specified the input / output file(s) to merge must not be open.

The key used in the MERGE statement cannot be variably located.

When the file referenced by filename-1 is merged control passes to first stmt in the OUTPUT

PROCEDURE.

Sub Program


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Call:Syntax: CALL { id-1 lit-1} [ USING{ [BY REFERENCE ]

{ id-2 file-name-1 ADDRESS OF id-3} ...

BY CONTENT { [LENGTH OF] id-2 ADDRESS OF id-3 lit-1} ...} ... ]

[ON {OVERFLOW imperative stmt-1]

EXCEPTION] [ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative stmt-2]

[END-CALL]

Transfers control from one object program to another within the run unit.

Called program starts executing from:

- Top of program- ENTRY label (not good programming practice)

Transfer control methods

- Call nested program

- Static call

- Dynamic call

Parameters to called program:

- By reference- By content

Return of control depends on the termination stmt issued by the called program

- Stop run unit

- Return to called program

Sub Program (cont)


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2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions Confidential97

Call rules:

Address of option can be used only for Linkage variables with level 01 or 77 Called program must not execute a CALL statement that directly or indirectly calls the calling

program (Recursion not allowed)

Exit:Syntax: EXIT program.

Specifies the end of a called program and returns control to the calling program

EXIT PROGRAM stmt in a called program with INITIAL attribute is equivalent to executing aCANCEL, EXIT PROGRAM executed in a main program has no effect.

Stop:Syntax: STOP {RUN lit-1}

Halts execution of the program :

- Permanently (RUN option)

- Temporarily (Lit-1 option)

Search


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To search a table element that satisfies a specified condition

SEARCH VARYING

LINEAR SEARCH

SEARCH ALL

Search SEARCH ALL

Syntax:

SEARCH id-1

[ VARYING { id-2

index-name-1 } ]

[ AT END imperative-statement-1 ]

WHEN condition-1 { imper-stmt2

NEXT SENTENCE }

[ END-SEARCH ]

Syntax:

SEARCH ALL id-1

[ AT END imperative-statement-1 ]

WHEN { dataname-1= equal-clause

Condition-name-1}

NEXT SENTENCE }

[ END-SEARCH ]

This search is serial search or linear search This SEARCH all is the Binary search.

Set starting points of index. The increment of the index taken care of by

the search statement itself.

Initial setting of index ignored, but if set it must not be greater than the

maximum

The table may sorted or not For this search the table needs to be in sorted order using

ASCENDING/DESCENDING option in occurs clause

Questions


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1. What are the different Divisions and Sections in Cobol?

2.What is the level number for rename and conditional clauses?

3.How many bytes Comp variables takes?

4. What will happen if both the input files for merge is un-sorted?

5. What will happen if STOP RUN used in the sub program?


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Introduction to CICS

Customer Information Control System

C3: Protected

Introduction to CICS


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Introduction: CICS (Customer Information Control System) is the font-end or online system

for mainframes. CICS is an IBM product, introduced in 1970s. It is a separate

sub-system in MVS operating system. It supports large number of concurrent

users accessing the online programs.

Objectives


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After completing this chapter, you will be able to understand the following: Basic terminology in CICS

Hierarchy of CICS Objects

Naming Conventions

Introduction to Creating Maps

Creating Mapset

Creating Map

Creating Fields

Sample Map

Viewing a Map

Embedding CICS in COBOL

Sample CICS-COBOL Compile JCL

Basic Terminology in CICS


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Terminology:

Field is basic element in CICS UI (User Interface). Each and every option available in thescreen is called as a field. Similar to Textbox, Label, etc., in windows operating system.

Map is the Representation of one screen format. It is a collection of fields. It is

synonymous to screens / windows in Windows operating system.

Mapsetis a collection of maps linked together. It is used to logically group the maps.

Transaction-IDis the unique four digit number assigned to each online program.

Symbolic Map is the copybook generated after compilation of a map.

Physical Mapis the load-module (binary file) generated after compilation of a map.

Hierarchy of CICS Objects


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Mapset

Map

Field

Transaction

Calls / Uses

Contains

Contains

Naming Conventions


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The below naming convention should be used while creating Maps orCICS-COBOL programs

S. No Object Name to be Used

1 Map Map Name Allocated by Mainframe Administrator

2 Mapset Mapset Name Allocated by Mainframe Administrator

3 CICS-COBOL program Program Name Allocated by Mainframe Administrator

4 Load Module Same as CICS-COBOL program name

5 Transaction ID Transaction ID allocated by Mainframe Administrator

Introduction to Creating Maps


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Maps can be created using BMS (Basic Mapping Support) assembler macros. Three types of Macros are

DFHMSD - Define or End a Mapset definition. DFHMDI - Define or End a Map definition.

DFHMDF - Define a field.

MapsetMap

A Field

A Field

MapA FieldA Field

MapA FieldA Field

Col.1 Col.16 Col.72

Name Operation Operands (Parameters separated by commas) Continuation Character

Column format for coding :

While creating maps, follow the below order:

Creating Mapset


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Sample program:

Mapset1 DFHMSD TYPE=&&SYSPARM, XCTRL=(FREEKB,FRSET), XLANG=COBOL, XSTORAGE=AUTO, X

TIOAPFX=YES, XMODE=INOUT, X

TERM=3270

.

Map Definitions..

DFHMSD TYPE=FINALEND

Where,

Mapset1 Mapset name, can't be more than 8 characters, and must start in the 1stcolumn.

CTRL=(FREEKB,FRSET) Control parameters, FREEKB is used to free the keyboard whenan ABEND occurs.

LANG=COBOL Map will be used in COBOL program, so the symbolic map (copybook)will be generated in COBOL format.

STORAGE=AUTO Memory will allocated by CICS.

TYPE=FINAL End of the mapset.

Creating Map


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Sample program:

MAPNAME DFHMDI SIZE=(24,80), X

LINE=01, X

COLUMN=01, X

CTRL=(FREEKB,FRSET).

FIELD Definitions.

Where,

SIZE The rows and columns the map occupies the screen.

LINE The starting row of the map in the screen.

COLUMN The starting column of the map in the screen.

The map definition will end when compiler finds another map definition (DFHMDI entry) or a mapset end.

Creating Fields


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Fields can be created using DFHMDF macro. A field must be defined within a map definition.

Syntax for creating a Field:

[field] DFHMDF [, POS=number | (line,column)][, LENGTH=number][, JUSTIFY=([LEFT | RIGHT][, FIRST | LAST])][, INITIAL= char data | Xinit=hex data][, ATTRB=([ASKIP | PROT | UNPROT[, NUM]][, BRT | NORM | DRK][, DET][, IC][, FSET])][, COLOR=DEFAULT | COLOR]

[, PS=BASE | psid][, HIGHLIGHT=OFF | BLINK | REVERSE | UNDERLINE][, VALIDN=([MUSTFILL][, MUSTENTER][, TRIGGER])]][, GRPNAME=group-name][, OCCURS=number][, PICIN= value][, PICOUT= value][, OUTLINE=BOX | ([LEFT][, RIGHT][, OVER][, UNDER])][, SOSI=NO | YES][, TRANSP=YES | NO][CASE=MIXED]

Widely there are two types of fields, as follows,

Protected fields (ATTRB=PROT) The user cannot edit the contents of the field. It is similar to a label

in windows.

Unprotected fields (ATTRB=UNPROT) The user can enter the values in the field. It is similar to a textbox

in windows.

Creating Fields(Contd.)


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Sample program:

DFHMDF POS=(01,01), X

LENGTH=4, X

INITIAL=SCR1, X

ATTRB=(PROT,NORM)

Where,

POS The row number and column number where the field will be positioned.

LENGTH The total length of the field.

INITIAL The initial value that will be displayed in the field.

ATTRB Whether the field is a protected or unprotected field.

Sample Map


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Complete sample Map

MAPSET1 DFHMSD TYPE=&SYSPARM,MODE=INOUT,LANG=COBOL,STORAGE=AUTO, XTIOAPFX=YES

MAP1 DFHMDI SIZE=(24,80),LINE=1,COLUMN=1DFHMDF POS=(7,16),INITIAL='ENTER THE NO :',LENGTH=15, X

ATTRB=PROTNUM DFHMDF POS=(7,32),LENGTH=5,ATTRB=(UNPROT,IC)

DFHMDF POS=(7,38),LENGTH=1,ATTRB=ASKIPDFHMDF POS=(9,16),INITIAL='ENTER THE NAME:',LENGTH=15, X

ATTRB=PROTNAME DFHMDF POS=(9,32),LENGTH=5,ATTRB=UNPROT

DFHMDF POS=(22,10),INITIAL='MESSAGE :',LENGTH=10,ATTRB=PROTMSG DFHMDF POS=(22,25),LENGTH=30,ATTRB=PROTMAPSET1 DFHMSD TYPE=FINAL

END

After defining the map, compile the map using the sample map compiler.

Sample Map (Contd.)


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Sample Map Compiler:

//MAPCMPLR JOB NOTIFY=&SYSUID,CLASS=A,MSGLEVEL=(1,1)//DSECT EXEC PGM=ASMA90,// PARM='SYSPARM(DSECT),DECK,NOOBJECT,ALIGN',// REGION=6M//SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHMAC,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHSAMP,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=SYS1.MACLIB,DISP=SHR//*//SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400))//SYSUT2 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400))

//SYSUT3 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400))//* THE BELOW IS THE SYMBOLIC MAP NAME - COPYBOOK PDS//SYSPUNCH DD DSN=CTS.CICS.COPYLIB(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*//SYSIN DD DSN=CTS. CICS.MAPLIB(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR//ASMMAP EXEC PGM=ASMA90,// PARM='SYSPARM(MAP),DECK,NOOBJECT,ALIGN',// REGION=4M//SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHMAC,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHSAMP,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=SYS1.MACLIB,DISP=SHR

//*//SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400))//SYSUT2 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400))//SYSUT3 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400))//SYSPUNCH DD DSN=&&OBJMOD,// DISP=(,PASS),UNIT=SYSDA,// DCB=(RECFM=FB,LRECL=80,BLKSIZE=400),// SPACE=(400,(100,100))

Sample Map (Contd.)


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Sample Map Compiler (Contd):

//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*//SYSIN DD DSN=CTS. CICS.MAPLIB(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR//LNKEDT EXEC PGM=IEWL,// PARM='NORENT,LIST,XREF,LET,NCAL',// COND=((3,LT,DSECT),(3,LT,ASMMAP))//SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1024,(100,50))//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*//SYSLMOD DD DSN=TIG06431.CICS.LOAD(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR

//SYSLIN DD DSN=&&OBJMOD,DISP=(OLD,PASS)

In the above JCL, change the following,

In SYSPUNCHDD statement enter the copy-library name.

In SYSINDD statement enter the map-library name.

In SYSLMODDD statement enter the load-library name.

Viewing a Map


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After successful compilation, login to CICS region and enter the below command,

CEMT SET PROGRAM(Load_Module_Name) NEW

After successful completion of the above command, Hit Pause/Breakbutton in keyboardto clear the screen and enter the below command to view the map,

CECI SEND MAP(Map_Name) MAPSET(Mapset_Name)

The map will be displayed in the screen.

Where,

Load_Module_name Member name that specified in SYSLMOD DD statement of map compile JCL.CEMT Command used to extract the latest load-module from TSO region to CICS region.

Embedding CICS in COBOL


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All CICS commands are embedded in COBOL code using EXEC CICS . END-EXEC.command. Before

sending the map, the Symbolic map (Copybook generated from map compilation) should be copied using thebelow statement,

Then the CICS maps can be sent through COBOL programs using SENDMAPcommand as follows,

EXEC CICS SENDMAP('Map_Name')MAPSET('Mapset_Name')ERASE

END-EXEC.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.COPY symbolic_map_name.

The CICS maps can be received through COBOL programs using RECEIVE MAPcommand as follows,

EXEC CICS RECEIVEMAP('Map_Name')MAPSET('Mapset_Name')INTO(SymbolicMap_InputVar)

END-EXEC.

Embedding CICS in COBOL (Contd.)


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After executing a RECEIVE MAPcommand, all the values entered in the unprotectedfields are populated in

the copybook variable (that is specified in the INTOclause).

All CICS-COBOL program must not contain the ACCEPT, DISPLAY and STOP RUN statements.

CICS-COBOL programs must be terminated using the below command,

EXEC CICS RETURNEND-EXEC.

Sample CICS-COBOL Compiler


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Sample CICS-COBOL compiler:

//CICSCOMP JOB MSGCLASS=O,MSGLEVEL=(1,1),CLASS=T,// REGION=5M,NOTIFY=&SYSUID//**********************************************************************// SET MEMNAME=PGMNAME


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Sample CICS-COBOL

compiler (Contd):

//**********************************************************************//* COBOL COMPILER *//**********************************************************************//COBCOMP EXEC PGM=IGYCRCTL,COND=(5,LT)

//STEPLIB DD DSN=IGY.SIGYCOMP,DISP=SHR//SYSIN DD DSN=&&SYSIN00,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)//SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHCOB,DISP=SHR// DD DISP=SHR,DSN=&COPYBOOK//SYSLIN DD DSN=&&LOADSET,DISP=(MOD,PASS),UNIT=SYSDA,// SPACE=(100,(100,100),RLSE)//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*//SYSUT1 DD SPACE=(10,(50,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA//SYSUT2 DD SPACE=(10,(50,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA//SYSUT3 DD SPACE=(10,(50,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA//SYSUT4 DD SPACE=(10,(50,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA//SYSUT5 DD SPACE=(1,(10,100),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA

//SYSUT6 DD SPACE=(1,(10,100),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA//SYSUT7 DD SPACE=(1,(10,100),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA//**********************************************************************//* LINKER FOR CICS PROGRAMS *//**********************************************************************//LKED EXEC PGM=IEWL,PARM='XREF',COND=(5,LT)//SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHEXCI,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHLOAD,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=TIG06431.CICS.LOAD,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=DSN810.SDSNLOAD,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=CEE.SCEELKED,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=CEE.SCEERUN,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=ISP.SISPLOAD,DISP=SHR//SYSLIN DD DSN=&&LOADSET,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)// DD DDNAME=SYSIN//SYSLMOD DD DISP=SHR,DSN=&LOADLIB(&LOADMEM)//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*//SYSUT1 DD SPACE=(1024,(50,50)),UNIT=SYSDA//SYSIN DD *INCLUDE SYSLIB(DFHECI)INCLUDE SYSLIB(DSNCLI)

///*

Sample CICS-COBOL Compiler (Contd)


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In the sample JCL, change the below statements,

Set the MEMNAME to your CICS-COBOL program name. Set the LOADMEM to your load module name, usually the same as program name. Set the SOURCE to your source library (PDS where COBOL code is available). Set the COPYBOOK to your symbolic map (copybook generated after map compilation). Set the LOADLIB to the load-module allocated by your mainframe administrator.

After successful compilation of CICS-COBOL compiler, enter the below commandin the CICS region,

CEMT SET PROGRAM(Load_Module_Name) NEW

After successful compilation of the above command, hit Pause/ Break key in the keyboard

to clear the screen and enter the Transaction ID allocated to you. On entering the correct

transaction-id, the CICS COBOL program will be executed.

Q & A


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1. List the Hierarchy of CICS Objects?

2. How will you creating Maps using Basic Mapping Support assemblermacros?

3. How will you send & receive the maps in the CICS-COBOL program?

4. How will you receive the map in CICS region?


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Introduction to DB2 Basics

C3: Protected

Database: Overview


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Introduction:

A database, for example, can contain all the data (in form of Tables) that isassociated with one application or with a group of related applications.

You define databases by using the CREATE DATABASE statement.

In DB2 for z/OS, a database is a set of table spaces and index spaces.

Table space contains one or more tables. Index space contains exactly one index.A table and all of its indexes will be contained within a single database.

These index spaces contain indexes on the tables in the table spaces of the samedatabase

Whenever a table space is created, it is explicitly or implicitly assigned to an

existing database.

Db2: Objectives


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Objective:


Define database and db2

Define Tables ,view and alias

Define the benefits Keys and index

Describe table space and index space

Db2


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Db2:

Db2 is relational database.

In a relational database, data is perceived to exist in one or more tables. Eachtable contains a specific number of columnsand a number of unordered rows.

DB2 database also involves other objects, such as views and indexes,

synonyms , alias.

DB2 also offers different types of keys to reduce time in search and

data retrieve .

SQL( Structured Query Language )


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The language that you use to access the data in DB2tables is the Structured Query Language (SQL).

Based on functionality SQL can be classified into 3categories,

DDL - CREATE, ALTER and DROP verbs. DML - INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE.

DCL - Grant, Revoke.

DB2 transforms each SQL statement, that is, the specification

of a result table, into a sequence of operations that optimizedata retrieval. This transformation occurs when the SQLstatement isprepared. This transformation is also known asbinding.

Tables: a brief introduction


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Tablesare logical structures that DB2 maintains.

Tables are made up of columns and rows.

DB2 supports several different types of tables, some of whichare listed here: base table-is created with the SQL statement CREATE TABLE and that holds

persistent user data.

temporary table-is defined by the SQL statement CREATE GLOBALTEMPORARY TABLE or DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE to hold datatemporarily. Its useful to sort or query intermediate result tables that contain alarge number of rows, but you want to store only a small subset of those rowspermanently .

result table- contains a set of rows that DB2 returns when you use an SQL

statement to query the tables in the database . materialized query table- can be user-maintained or system-maintained.

Materialized query tables are useful for complex queries that run on very largeamounts of data

View, Alias & Synonyms


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Views are virtual tables based on one or more base tables.

When data in the base table changes, these changes are also reflected in theview.

We cannot perform Insert/ Update /Delete in a View with Joins ,Functions,Distinct, Group By and Having.

SYNONYMS.

An alternative private name for a table or a view. It can be used only by its Creator.

It cannot refer to a remote table.

When a table/view is dropped, all synonyms defined on it are also dropped

ALIASES.

An alternative private name for a table or a view.

It can be used by users other than its creator.

When a table/view is dropped, all aliases defined on it are NOT dropped.

Indexes and Keys


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An indexis an ordered set of pointers to rows of a table : An index is an object that is separate from the data in the table. When you

define an index by using the CREATE INDEX statement, DB2 builds thisstructure and maintains it automatically.

Each index is based on the values of data in one or more columns of a table.

DB2 uses indexes to improve performance and ensure uniqueness

Akeyis one or more columns that are identified as such in the descriptionof a table, an index, or a referential constraint.

Unique Keys- A table can have any number of unique keys. The columns of aunique key can contain only one null value.

Primary Keys- is a special type of unique key and cannot contain null values.

Parent Keys- is either a primary key or a unique key in the parent table of areferential constraint.

Foreign Keys- A foreign key refers to or is related to a specific parent key.

Table spaces and Index spaces


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All tables are kept in table spaces. The primary types of table spaces are

described below: Segmented - can contain more than one table. The space is composed of groups

of pages called segments. Each segment is dedicated to holding rows of a singletable .

Partitioned -table space can contain only a single table and its divided intoseparate units of storage called partitions .

Large object (LOB) - contains all the data for a particular LOB column in therelated base table.

Universal table space - combination of partitioned and segmented table spaceschemes that provides better space management. it's a good choice for tablesthat are larger than 1 GB.

XML table space - is implicitly created when, an XML column is added to a base

table. The table space stores the XML table. An index space, which is another DB2 storage structure, contains a single

index defined in the same database as the table.

Accessing DB2 Tables in Mainframes


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DB2 tables can be accessed in mainframes through SPFUI or

QMF (Query Management Facility).

To access DB2 from Cognizant Mainframes, enter Option 8from ISPF main menu.

Under DB2 Primary Option Menu, enter 1 to access SPFUI.

Enter the input dataset name, where you will be writing allDB2 queries.

Enter the output dataset name, where you will be viewing allthe output of the queries. Hit an Enter.

In Current SPFUI Defaults screen, again hit an enter.

Accessing DB2 Tables ( Continued)


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Now you can enter all the DB2 queries.

All general windows database queries are applicable in DB2,except in CREATE TABLE query we need to specify the Table-space.

To comment a line in the query input, enter double hyphen --

in column 1 and 2.

To execute the query, enter three semi-colons ;;; in thecommand line and hit an F3.

Now you can view the output of the query.

To again come back to the query input screen, enter threesemi-colons ;;; in the command line and hit an F3.

To exit SPFUI, hit an F3.


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