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TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6: Religion
(Part 1: Universalizing Religions)
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography
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Terms• branch: a large and fundamental division within
a religion• denomination: is a division of a branch that
unites a number of local congregations in a
single legal and administrative body• sect: a relative small group that has broken
away from an established branch/denomination
– heretic: one who disagrees with church doctrine• sectarianism: conflict arising from perceived
differences between subdivisions of a group
• adherents: a believer or supporter
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Universalizing vs.
• Seeks to appeal to all
• proselytic = to attempt
to convert, recruit
• tied to life of founder
Ethnic Religions
• Appeals to a single group
living in one place
• tied to phys. environment
• In general
• Holy Places
• Calendar
• Cosmogony
Beliefs about
origin of the
universe
• Diffusion
• Both involve pilgrimages = religious journeys to
sacred places
• Celebration of thefounder’s life
• God creates
nature/physical
environment
• precise origins/hearth,
tied to a specific founder
• usually widespread
• Celebration of theseasons
• God = nature
• incorporates events from
phys. environment
• unclear or unknown origins,
not tied to a specific founder,
• Ltd. diffusion, usually tied to
geography of a location. Candiffuse thru relocation
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World Religions
Universalizing
• Major
– Christianity (1)
– Islam (2) – Buddhism
• Minor
– Sikhism
– Bahá’í
Ethnic
• Hinduism (3)
• Chinese “folk” religions
• Confucianism• Daoism
• Shinto
• Judaism• Ethnic African religions
– Animism
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Christianity • largest world religion
– about 2 billion adherents
– Many adherents in Europe, the Americas
• Three major branches – Roman Catholicism (51% of all Christians)
– Protestant Christianity (24%)• Denominations include Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist,
Anglican, Presbyterian, Episcopal etc.
– Eastern Orthodox (11%)
– Other (14%)• Coptic (Egypt), Ethiopians, Mormons (Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Jehovah’s
Witnesses
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Christianity • largest world religion
– about 2 billion adherents
– Many adherents in Europe, the Americas
• Three major branches – Roman Catholicism (51% of all Christians)
– Protestant Christianity (24%)• Denominations include Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist,
Anglican, Presbyterian, Episcopal etc.
– Eastern Orthodox (11%)
– Other (14%)• Coptic (Egypt), Ethiopians, Mormons (Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Jehovah’s
Witnesses
• Distribution of branches matches colonial patterns
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World Distribution of Religions
Figure 6-3
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Distribution of Christians in the
United States
Figure 6-2
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American Religious Concentrations. Why?• Baptist → Southeastern U.S.
– Largely indigenous religion = “American Calvinism” – At first, welcomed African-Americans who were rejected
by mainline Protestantism
– Later during Civil War Era
• Appeals to southern whites as manifestation of regional pride
(supports slavery, white supremacism, etc.)
• Blacks leave to form breakaway churches but still self-identify
as “baptist”
– Therefore,
• Strong regional clustering of black and white southerners
• Lack of in-migration (due to little industrialization) maintains
homogeneity of “baptists”
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Distribution of Christians in the
United States
Figure 6-2
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American Religious Concentrations. Why?• Catholics
– Northeast, Rust Belt
• Germans (some Southern Catholic) & Irish Catholics (mid-1800s) – Pushed by industrialization, stage 2 → overpop., lack of econ. opp.
– Potato famine, British abuse/eviction from land
• Early 1900s immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
– Poles, Italians, other Catholics (+ Russian Jews)
– Pushed by industrialization, stage 2 → overpop., lack of econ. opp.
– Other cultural factors (see migration notes)
• Why Northern cities = Industrial jobs
– Southwestern US/US-Mexican border• Proximity to Latin American source area of origin since WWII
– Latin America in stage 2
• Farm laborers, illegal immigration
• How does this reflect Gravity model and Ravenstein’s laws?
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Distribution of Christians in the
United States
Figure 6-2
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American Religious Concentrations. Why?
• Lutherans → Upper Midwest/Northern Great Plains
– Northern Germans and Scandinavians bring Lutheranism
• Cultural preadaptation attracted Northern Europeans to a climate and
farmland similar to their homeland.
– RRs and state govts. recruited farmers (mid-to-late 1800s)
• Chain migration occurred as relatives continued to arrive.
– Remained dominant because of a lack of in-migration
• During the next great wave of European immigration (early 1900s),
few new immigrants with different religions came to Northern Great
Plains – lack of industrialization, urbanization and/or economic opportunity.
– Physical environment is arid (lack of water) discouraged the in-migration of other
religions (non-Lutherans)
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Distribution of Christians in the
United States
Figure 6-2
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American Religious Concentrations. Why?• Mormons → Great Basin, Desert West, Utah
– Internal migration for religious freedom, avoidpersecution
– Remained dominant because of a lack of in-migration
• Not industrialized/urbanized
• Inhospitable climate = very dry/arid desert.
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Revised Christianity Map for
North America
O i i f Ch i ti it
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Origin of Christianity• Hearth
– “Holy Land”,Israel/Palestine,
Jerusalem
– Founder: Jesus
– Jewish sect
• Diaspora spreads Jews
• Roman Empire
– Eventually transformsinto separate religion
• St. Paul → “Gentiles”
– sect of Ethnic Judaism →
Universalizing
To Europe
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Diffusion of
Christianity
• To Europe
– Roman Empire
– relocation
• missionaries – contagious to “pagans”
– Hierarchical
• Conversion of those in
authority• Global
– Secondary hearths
• Roman Catholicism =
Rome/Vatican City• Orthodox =
Constantinople/Istanbul
• Protestantism = Germany
– Relocation
• Imperialism/migration
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Christian Holy
Places• Relate to life of Christ
– Jerusalem
• Golgotha (Calvary)
• Holy Sepulchre
• Via Dolorosa
• Gethsemane – Bethlehem (birth)
– Nazareth (childhood)
• Later sites associated
with saints and “miracles”
– Examples
• Lourdes, France
• Fatima, Portugal
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Christian
Churches
• more critical than in other religions
• affects landscape
– Tall, centrally located
– Style reflects• cultural influences
– Orthodox = pointed domes
• Beliefs
– Protestant = simple• Availability of building materials
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ChristianityCalendar
• Relate to life of Jesus – Easter
– Christmas
• Connected to Jewish/pagan
seasonal holidays – Jesus was a Jew
– Syncretic appeal to win pagan
converts
• Differences between branches
– Catholic use “Gregorian”
– Orthodox use “Julian”
Disposal of the Dead
• Burial – Church yard
– Feet toward Jerusalem
• Cemeteries reflect religion on
the cultural landscape
• Serve as green space in
newly industrializing cities
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Administration of space
Oth ff t l d
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Other effects on landscapetoponyms
• 2nd largest world religion
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Islam• 2nd largest world religion
– about 1.3 billion adherents
– Fastest growing
• Two significant branches
– Sunnis (83%)
• Widely dispersed across the Middle East, North Africa,
South and Southeast Asia
– Shias or Shiites (16%)
• Primarily clustered in Iran and southern Iraq,
Azerbaijan and others
– Split based on who should succeed Muhammad
• Later has ethnic dimensions
• Core of Islamic belief = the five pillars
Good map for overall spread read worksheet
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Good map for overall spread, read worksheet
post on website to fully understand methods of
diffusion and explain on guided reading
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Origin and Diffusion of Islam
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Origin and Diffusion of Islam• Muhammad
– b. 570 AD in Mecca/Makkah
– ministry 610 AD
– hijra 622 AD
• to Yathrib/Medina
– 632 AD Reconquered Mecca (dies shortly afterward)• Muhammad and early successors (caliphs) diffuse
Islam through conquest
• Later spread through trade and other cultural
interactions (see reading posted on website)
– Example: diffused to Indonesia in 1200s through trade
• Physically separated from Islamic core area
• Today has the world’s largest Muslim population (know this fact)
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Muslim Holy Places
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Muslim Holy Places• life of Muhammad
– Kaaba in Mecca
• 5th pillar = hajj
– Pilgrimage to Mecca
– What type of affects does
the hajj have on the
environment?
– Medina
• Muhammad’s tomb
– Dome of the Rock
• Muhammad’s night journey
• on Temple Mount
I l
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IslamCalendar
• Strict lunar calendar• 30 year cycle
– 19 years = 354 days
– 11 years = 355 days
• Holidays shift annually
Places of Worship
• Mosque
– Community centers
– Courtyard surrounded
by buildings for
different functions
– Pulpit faces Mecca
– Minarets
• muezzin calls to
prayer• Other distinctive traits
– Calligraphy
– arabesques
Buddhism
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Buddhism• About 400 million adherents
– difficult to quantify due to syncretism• the combination of different beliefs
• Three branches
– Mahayana (56%) (China, Japan, Korea) – Theravada/Hinayana (38%) (Southeast Asia)
– Tantrayana/Vajrayana (6%) (Tibet, Mongolia)
• The Four Noble Truths – “karmic/dharmic” religion
– Goal is “nirvana” = release from cycle of rebirth
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Origin and Diffusion of Buddhism
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Origin and Diffusion of Buddhism• Founder:
– Siddhartha Gautama
– NE India/Nepal
– 500s BCE
– Becomes the Buddha
• The “awakened one”
• Emperor Asoka
– converts to Buddhism
– sends missionaries (mid 200s BCE)
– Traveled along silk road to China• Becomes “Chinese”
• Diffuses further (bodhisattvas)
– Disappears from India
• Absorbed by Hinduism (syncretism)
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H l Pl f B ddhi
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Holy Places of Buddhism
• Buddha’s life – b. Lumbini
– Bodh Gaya
• reaches perfect wisdom
– “nirvana”
– Deer Park
• 1st sermon
– d. Kusinagara
– 4 other miracle sites
Buddhist Places of Worship
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Buddhist Places of Worship
pagodas and stupas
• stupas
– Mark location of relics
collected by Buddha’sfollowers in South Asia
• pagodas
– Evolved from concept of
stupa – Mostly found in China
and Japan
Other Universalizing Religions
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Other Universalizing Religions
Sikhism Bahá’í
Adherents 23 million 7 million
Origin Lahore, Pakistan Shiraz, Iran
Distribution
/DiffusionClustered in the Punjab, India Spread to every continent
Calendar Holidays are births and deaths
of the ten gurus (historical)
19 months of 19 days
Holy
Places/
Houses of
Worship
Golden Temple at Amritsar
On all continents to show
universalizing nature. Open
to adherents of all religions
with scriptural recitals from
various faiths
Main idea
(incl.
prophet/fou
nder etc.)
Guru Nanak (ca. 1500 AD)
Monotheistic, mixes Islamic
egalitarianism with Hindu
karmic traditions
The Bab (1844 AD)
Establish a universal faith
Gods of other faiths =
different manifestations of
one true God
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