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What will we find next?

Canadian Mining.The world’s secret ingredient.

CdnCanada

2011 22.11

Our latest results are in.In 2010, Canada’s economy was stronger than that of many parts of the world. Mining is a bright spot for Canada today, and an even brighter future lies ahead.

Thanks to the hard work of more than 300,000 people, the value of Canadian mineral production climbed 31%. Of every dollar of export income earned by Canada, 21 cents came from sales of mineral products, more than $80 billion in all.

Great public policy can help write an even better story in the future. We need rigorous, effi cient regulation. Support for infrastructure that will help spur work in remote areas. And getting the word out to the 100,000 people we will need to hire over the next ten years.

On the cover: SCOTT VROOMAN of the sketch comedy troupe Picnicface. Find his fix on page 52.

6RICK ANDERSON‘How did we get here, and more importantly, how do we get back on track?’

10ALISON LOAT‘We need Canadians who truly understand how to be leaders.’ 12WAYNE CHU‘To engage the disengaged, we must make politics relevant.’ 13ISABEL BASSETT‘Canada needs more women leaders.’ 14DON LENIHAN‘Collaboration divides people. I know where I stand. Do you?’

16MICHAEL CHONG‘Fix politics by restoring Parliament.’

18MARK JARVIS‘A return to some golden age is out of the question. It didn’t exist.’

20KEVIN PAGE‘We need political leaders to think like statesmen.’ 26PAUL HOWE‘Serious consideration should be given to reducing the voting age.’ 27IMMACULATA HIGH SCHOOL‘If things aren’t working out, go out and change them.’ 35GOLDY HYDER‘Free MPs to represent their constituents.’

38DON NEWMAN‘It is time to fix the roof.’ 40CHARMAINE BORG ‘Surely there’s a better way to study legislation.’ 44BRIGETTE DEPAPE‘Our responsibility goes beyond voting every four years.’ 50SUZANNE LEGAULT‘Governments must share public-sector information.’ 53SARAH L.‘Wazzup voters! Please retweet everything I say!’ 54INDEX78 Ways to Fix the Way We Do Politics

James BaxterEditor and Publisher

James AndersonDeputy Publisher

Susan AllanExecutive Editor

Ian SheltonEmily SengerWeb Editors

Jessie WillmsGraphic Designer

Kyle HamiltonPhotographer

Sonya Bell, Eric Beauchesne, Kathleen Harris, Colin Horgan, BJ Siekierski, Elizabeth ThompsonReporters

Robert Asselin, Fen Hampson, Michael Harris, Dylan Marando, Lawrence Martin, Don Newman, Bob Plamondon, Alex WoodColumnists

Adam Miron, Jean-Benoit LesageWeb team

David EvershedAdvertising Sales

John ButterfieldChief Operating Officer

Head Office:World Exchange Plaza, 45 O’Connor St, Suite 530 Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 1A4, CanadaPhone: 613-216-9638

Mission: iPolitics is independent, non-partisan and committed to providing timely, relevant, insightful news coverage to those whose professional or personal interests require that they stay on top of political developments in Ottawa and the provinces.

Across Canada, participation in elections is declining. Dissatisfaction with politicians and our institutions is rising. Progress to reverse these trends has proven elusive.

iPolitics offers this collection of provocative proposals to improve our political system and strengthen our democracy with the aim of reviving the debate and re-igniting the movement for democratic reform.

iPolitics was launched in the late fall of 2010 as an independent source of political news, information and analysis — a truly independent voice amid the horserace mentality, polarization and superficiality that has come to characterize political coverage in Canada in recent years.

We publish online, around the clock, with a focus on reporting the news

and chronicling the business of government. Each weekday morning, we set the agenda with our must-read Morning Brief, which we send out by email to an audience of politicians, political staffers and public servants at all levels of government, leaders in the worlds of business and academia, students, and activists.

Our growing team of reporters and columnists features an impressive

collection of veteran members of the parliamentary press gallery and a stellar team of younger reporters who have immersed themselves in the daily activities of government. Their insightful and engaging reporting is supplemented by columns, analyses, commentaries and op-eds contributed from our readers. If you would like to contribute, email jamesanderson@ipolitics.ca.

With this publication, iPolitics hopes to revive the debate about what

it will take to improve the way we practise politics and strengthen our system of government. We welcome your feedback and proposals for reform. Please send proposals to demref@ipolitics.ca, and stay tuned to our website for more ideas and commentary on the subject.

James Anderson, Deputy Publisher

Susan Allan, Executive Editor

RICK ANDERSON

SU R E LY T HIS WASN ’ T T H E WAY Parliament was meant to evolve.

In Canada, the debate over possible re-forms to our democratic institutions is fre-quently derailed by the claim that x or y would be inconsistent with the British par-liamentary traditions on which our govern-ance is based.

For the most part, such claims seem made with little understanding of the dynamic his-tory of those still-evolving traditions, or the basic precepts upon which they are founded.

Through centuries of evolution, the central notion of British parliamentary governance has involved empowering a group of citizens with the authority to limit the powers of the Crown, to control the purse strings and to shape the laws of the land.

A brief recap of the rich history of English democratic reform may be useful:1066: William the Conqueror introduced the feudal system to England, subjecting the Crown’s proposed laws to consideration by a council of nobles and bishops. 1100: Henry I proclaimed the English Charter of Liberties, formally outlining limits on the Crown’s powers. 1215: King John agreed to the original Magna Carta, subjecting the Crown’s powers to the rule of law — and specifically agreeing no taxes would be levied except by consent of the Great Council. The council evolved into early “parlements.” The 13th century reigns of Henry III and Edward I saw the Magna Carta modified numerous times, forming the foundations of English constitutional law. 1258: The Oxford Parliament, led by Speaker Simon de Montfort, produced the Provisions of Oxford, which established a privy council jointly chosen by the King and the barons.

Parliaments would meet three times each year to review activities. 1295: Edward I summoned the Model Parliament, made up of 49 lords and 292 “commoners” elected to represent counties and boroughs across England. The commoners began to demand the Crown redress grievances in return for approving proposed taxes.

1326: Parliament forced Edward II to abdicate.1341: Lords and commoners met separately for the first time, creating today’s bicameral Houses of Parliament. 1376: With Parliament, and particularly the Commons, gaining influence throughout the tax-hungry reign of Edward III, the Good Parliament challenged corruption in the Royal Council. This prompted the earliest known Parliamentary impeachment of a minister of the Crown. 1628: Following disputes between Parliament and Charles I over war costs and taxes, Parliament demanded Charles I accept the Petition of Right, restricting taxation not approved by Parliament and imposing other limits on Crown authority.16 4 2 : T h e E n g l i s h C i v i l Wa r p i t parliamentarians against Royalists over the supremacy of Parliament or the Crown. Charles I lost his throne (and his head), Charles II was exiled, the principle of parliamentary supremacy was established, the constitutional requirement for the

Crown to obtain parliamentary consent was solidified, and future sovereigns were restricted to a constitutional monarchy with limited executive authority.1649: The Rump Parliament’s House of Commons passed laws abolishing the monarchy and the House of Lords (citing the latter as “useless and dangerous to the people of England”).1657: Parliament presented the Humble Petition and Advice to Oliver Cromwell, asser t ing parl iamentary control over taxes, establishing an independent council to advise the Crown and recreating the second chamber — thereby establishing the modern structure of contemporary English parliamentary government.1660: The Restoration-era Convention Parliament restored the monarchy and the House of Lords, and established the tradition that governments depend upon Parliament for legitimacy. 1689: Parliament adopted the Bill of Rights.1701: Parliament passed the Act of Settlement governing the order of succession of the Crown. 170 8: Roya l Assent was ref used on Parliament’s Scottish Militia Bill, marking the last time in history the Crown refused to assent to a bill adopted by the British House of Commons and House of Lords.

What does this history have to do with 21st century democratic reform in Canada?

It provides some clues — if we are looking for them — concerning the origina l, central theories that shaped our system of parliamentary governance, which have fallen into disregard. These revolve around Parliament’s overriding authority to decide taxing and spending, to create law and to

MPs must regain the independent

authority to determine Parliament’s business.

restrain the power of the Crown.The central premises are as straightfor-

ward as they are fundamental. First, no one person, not even one advised by wise minis-ters, can decide these things alone. Second, the elected legislature is supreme. Third, as was understood early on, democratic govern-ance requires both a separation of powers and meaningful checks and balances.

These theories of parliamentary suprem-acy, power separation, and checks and bal-ances have largely gone missing in Canada’s modern democratic institutions. Just as sadly, they are largely absent from the debate about how to revitalize these institutions.

How has Canada strayed from the British parliamentary system?

In the British parliamentary system, the ministry — or cabinet (including the prime minister) — evolved as an interface between Parliament and the Crown.

The ministry’s authority to advise the Crown derived from Parliament.

Both the Crown and the ministry required parliamentary approval to enact laws, raise taxes or spend money.

When parliamentarians become suffi-ciently dissatisfied with the advice and pro-posals of the ministry, Parliament has the authority to fire the ministry by voting non-confidence, and to form a successor govern-ment through parliamentary realignment.

Throughout the 20th century, Canadian democratic institutions have wandered fur-ther and further from these core principles. In modern Canadian politics, some of these relationships have been turned on their head.

Start with the Crown. In almost all cir-cumstances, the Crown remains a power player in name only. For 99.9 per cent of what transpires in Canadian governance, the Crown and ministry have effectively merged into a single entity. On paper, the ministry still advises the Crown. In reality, the advi-see has nothing much to do with that advice except to say, “sure, thanks.”

It used to be that Parliament provided a check on the power of the Crown. In today’s evolved context that means Parliament’s important role is to provide a check on the power of the merged Crown/ministry.

Unfortunately, our Parliament no longer accomplishes that in much more than a pro-forma fashion. And, it has not done so for decades.

Today, instead of the ministry being the agents of Parliament in advising the Crown, dismissible by Parliament when judged necessary, it is pretty much the other way

around. It is Parliament that may be dis-missed when convenient to the ministry.

Instead of the confidence convention being a power tool used by Parliament to control the Crown/ministry, it has become the ham-mer by which the ministry’s whips command subservience.

Instead of Parliament governing the purse strings — that most basic and hard-won parliamentary authority — the ministry controls taxing and spending, and demands ratification by Parliament. Yes, of course, Parliament must approve them, but the Crown’s budget bills may not be defeated by Parliament —nor even amended — without triggering the probable dissolution of Parlia-ment. Wars were fought and blood was shed in order that the people’s elected Parliament gain this central power. It has been whittled away, quietly surrendered with barely a mur-mur.

Inexplicably, legions of political scientists stand ready to proclaim this parliamentary emasculation as our tradition.

How did we get here? And, more importantly, how do we get back on track?

We got here in part because, as with so many other areas, we are victims of poor knowledge of our own history. We think of bloody revolutions and legislative supremacy and separation of powers as more American or French than British or Canadian. We are wrong. The French learned from English ideas, the English learned from French ideas. And, they both beheaded kings over these matters.

Go back and read your 17th century his-tory of England’s Charles I, of divinely or-dained royal prerogative, of usurious taxes prompting popular rebellion, of a decade of bloody civil war between Parliamentar-ians and Royalists, culminating in a royal beheading, abolition of the monarchy and declaration of republic. These events played out a century before the French and Ameri-can revolutions.

The fact that we do not know our history

leads us to misunderstand our traditions and to fail to recognize when they are being usurped.

Several modern-day factors propel us down the road we are on: the leader-centric tendencies of the modern media era; any power structure’s inherent instinct for self-aggrandizement; inexplicably compliant par-liamentarians; successive waves of legislative “reforms” that have provided party leaders with excessive powers over party finances, over parliamentary business and even over the appointment or disallowance of candi-dates for Parliament.

Add to these the absence of coherent made-in-Canada articulations of essential governance theories of checks, balances and the separation of powers. Too often, these are simply dismissed as U.S.-style notions.

And, finally, why are Canadians such suckers for efficiency in governance? Yes, democracy is messy, it takes time, it can be unpredictable. But as Churchill observed, it beats the alternatives. We need it, and we need to do it properly.

How can this be turned around?

The good news is that it doesn’t require another Glorious Revolution — indeed no revolution of any kind.

The most basic, most important, thing is to start transferring powers absorbed by leaders back to Parliament and parliamentarians.

Start with who gets to fire whom. The prime minister should not decide when to dissolve Parliament; this must be Par-liament’s decision. Better yet, Parliament should fix elections at four-year intervals, save for rare declarations of non-confidence.

The prime minister’s ability to declare a vote on X or Y to be a “confidence meas-ure” (for example, you’re all fired if you vote against me) must end. Parliament can declare non-confidence as it sees fit; meanwhile votes and amendments on bills, including budget bills, should proceed on the merits of their content.

In recent decades, parties have awarded their leaders the power to appoint, or reject, candidates for Parliament. This is a demo-cratic abomination. Parliament is supposed to be a check on the ministry; the ministry cannot be appointing parliamentarians. No one should get to Parliament by appoint-ment; this is basic. The prime duties of par-liamentarians must be to the country as a whole and to their own electors in particular, not to their party or leader.

For the same reasons, the Senate must be democratized. Or abolished. Pick one. The

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Reduce partisanship. No party is always right,

none is always wrong. Stop pretending otherwise.

Throw away talking points.

status quo of an appointed legislative body is not a democratic option.

Parliamentarians must regain the in-dependent authority to determine Parlia-ment’s business, and to determine the mem-bership and leadership of parliamentary committees.

Change the language; change the culture. When MPs dare speak out on some matter contrary to the dictates of their leaders and whips, why do we term them “dissidents” as opposed to, say, “representatives” or “demo-crats?” Why are they shunned by parlia-mentary colleagues and treated as flakes in media reporting, rather than celebrated for providing evidence of Canada’s rich mosaic of perspectives? Why are they not congratu-lated for the courage of their convictions? The truth is there is a healthier diversity of opinion across Canada, and within each par-ty, than one could ever glean from the out-side. That may be an inconvenient truth for leaders who would prefer a set-up in which everyone pretends to have the same view as the leader — but for the rest of us it is a happy truth.

Such conformity of thought would be sad were it true; why on earth do we pretend it to be so?

Along the same lines: partisanship. Reduce it. No party is always right, none always wrong. Stop pretending otherwise. Throw away talking points. Journalists should stop crowding around MPs in parliamentary scrums. Seek out the folks with something useful to say, something thoughtful, original, constructive and less partisan.

Make elections matter. Not coincidentally, many of the foregoing changes would revital-ize the role of local MPs, drawing upon their talents in a more profound way than as ro-botic agents for their leaders.

Make the nomination and election of candidates for Parliament important in its own right, not just for tallying up which of their leaders gets to exercise more or less un-checked power for the next few years. Elec-toral reform to make every vote count, and to improve representativeness, would be a

positive reform as well.The foregoing is not intended as an ex-

haustive list. There are other good ideas around. Nor is it meant as a partisan critique of Liberals or Conservatives or New Demo-crats. Each, in opposition, promises demo-cratic reforms. Each, in power, instead con-centrates power in the hands of the ministry, and particularly in the hands of the prime minister. That was not the idea; in fact, it was basically the opposite of the idea.

This is more than a problem of the left or the right. It is ingrained in our power psy-chology. It is cultural. It is institutional.

We pretty much know how to improve things. It’s time to do that.

In the pages of this magazine, readers will find an assortment of thoughtful, provoca-tive ideas and proposals for strengthening our democracy and improving the way we do politics. Many of them expand on these notions. While I may not agree with every proposal, there is one thing of which I am certain: they are all worthy of consideration, and we will already be strengthening our de-mocracy if we begin the discussion.

Rick Anderson is president and CEO of ASCI Anderson Strategic Consulting Inc. and a former political strategist.

Time for a change(When is it not, really?)

For the record

“When they are 50 yards from Parliament Hill, they are no longer honourable members, they are just nobodies.”

– Pierre Trudeau, 1969

Question period has become “a barracking free-for-all of immaturity.”

– Speaker John Fraser, 1986

“This is a f--king disgrace ... closure again.”

– Pat Martin, 2011 “Parliament has become acrimonious and the debate has become far toopersonal. It has definitely gone downhill.”

– Ed Broadbent, 2005

W hat t h i ngs have been done to Parliament in recent years?

How many of you have sat in the Gallery of the House of Commons? If you have been there, you will have seen that great institution treated with shocking contempt, sorely wounded, robbed of its rights, its independence gone, usurped by a few ministers who treat the rest of the cabinet as juniors. . . .

I have seen the progressive restriction of the supremacy of Parliament in the last 10 years. I have seen Parliament bludgeoned, and I say that is no pipe-dream. Bludgeoned by a majority. I have seen the hands of the Cabinet directing members and disciplining them into an abject servility. . . .

The prime minister and members of his cabinet have repeatedly looked at themselves and spoken of themselves as the sole interpreter of the will of the nation. It is the will of Parliament, not that of a government, that is the will of the nation.

I witnessed scenes — my colleagues here witnessed scenes — and deny anything like it ever having taken place in the history of a democracy. We say we will restore Parliament. Closure has its use. We have now [under the Liberal government of the time] found what its abuse means. We shall abolish closure to guard against its abuse in the days ahead. . . .Excerpt from a campaign speech delivered by John Diefenbaker, at Massey Hall in Toronto. . . in 1957.

“I should have hired a soap opera director to be our director of question period, because that’s what it is.”

– Preston Manning, 2009

With voter turnout in a nosedive for the past few decades, some brave souls have taken it upon themselves to push back and find new ways to restart our citizenry. One of those people is Alison Loat, who — along with the small team at Samara — looks for new ways to examine our democracy in the hopes of making it better. With things like MP exit interviews, Samara lets us gain perspective on how our system might be broken, and how we can all work to encourage our leaders to fix it. All of that depends on a certain level of engagement. And that begins with voting. She definitely wants us to vote.

ALISON LOAT

Canada needs to cultivate more political citizens.

It is through politics that Canadians make decisions about how we want to live together. Yet we are growing increasingly ambivalent about that process, and it worries me.

At the end of last year, the pollster Nik Nanos described how Canadians view their democracy. He said, “there’s a fundamental disconnect between the everyday lives of Ca-nadians and democracy. They look at what happens in the House [of Commons] and they don’t see themselves.”

There are a great number of public prob-lems we face today: economic uncertainty, environmental degradation, increasing rates of poverty, ensuring quality education and access to affordable healthcare, to name a few.

Ultimately the public policy response — or lack of it — in these areas is the result of the decisions our governments and politicians make. While good public policy requires the contributions of many, it is ultimately governments that spend the vast majority of the dollars, to say nothing of the influence of their regulatory or agenda-setting powers, on these public problems.

Getting these decisions right is critical to

ensuring we continue to provide a good qual-ity of life here in Canada. It matters to all of us, whether we were born here or moved here from another country.

Because let’s face it: at the end of the day, no non-governmental organization, charity or private corporation is coming to the res-cue. Solving Canada’s public problems will always be the business of citizens, and those we choose to lead us.

This is not about making politics sexy, be-cause frankly, most of the time it isn’t. But it is about cultivating public leaders and mak-

ing our political culture one in which people can flourish.

It’s also about redefining what it means to be a participant in this democracy. I fear there’s increasingly a sense that to be effec-tive, you have to work outside government. While great change does happen there, it’s equally true that change can come from the inside.

Part of that means that young people need to know that a career in politics or public ser-vice is a possibility and a worthy and credible way to spend time. But regardless of whether one goes into politics or government or not, we need people who are willing to connect to the political system and use the democratic mechanisms we have available to seek change from within.

We need Canadians who truly understand how to be leaders in our political system so, at the end of the day, we can deliver on the policies that will ensure Canada remains a place we are proud to call home.

Simple solutions to complex problems are rare, yet here’s

what Canadian policymakers could do to influence electoral engagement

WAYNE CHU

CONVENTIONAL WISDOM HOLDS that people choose not to participate in politics because they are apathetic, uninterested and ignorant. The politically disengaged are often portrayed as negligent in their civic duty and commitment to society.

But conventional wisdom might actually be wrong. In fact, recent research suggests people may be more aware, interested and knowledgeable of politics than we think.

Samara, a research organization where I work, recently spoke directly to the politi-cally disengaged in a series of focus groups across the country. We sought out those who are aware of issues in their communities, but did not vote. People, in other words, who are at the tipping point between dropping in and dropping out of politics.

What we found was that their disengage-ment was not innate, but rather something learned through failed attempts to engage with government. This has led to a vicious circle in which the disengaged wait for a sign that political parties and government insti-tutions care about their concerns. In return, parties and government fail to make efforts to reach out to the disengaged, seeing the ef-fort as a waste of time.

Indeed, participants were quick to offer personal stories about how they attempted to contribute or engage, but soon became frustrated with government and elected offi-cials. Whether they were trying to get a speed

bump installed on their street, get their kids in daycare, or even deal with a coyote in their neighbourhood, dealing with the political system left people disappointed in the expe-rience.

In our discussions, participants described politicians as “greedy” and “corrupt,” and found politics “boring.” They felt that what happens in the political arena is largely ir-relevant to their daily lives. They told us they felt bad for not participating, but that they saw little reason to do so.

One man in rural Ottawa summed up his experience with government by telling us how, “We have tried to do certain things. We asked town hall for certain small thing. . . . It’s not happening. Even [something] as little as small roads being fixed. It won’t happen.”

Another woman in our francophone focus group explained how she sought help from Employment Quebec to deal with a problem in her culinary education program. But she felt administrators “complicated the entire situation to see if I would drop out, and I did. . . I was very discouraged and disappointed.”

In the urban aboriginal group, a grand-mother described attempts to find a daycare spot for her grandchild. She tried to reach

numerous politicians for help, but received only form letters. She ended up putting her grandchild in a Catholic daycare, even though they were not Catholic.

And in the new Canadian group, we heard numerous stories of how governments and politicians had no ability to resolve attempts to get educational credentials recognized. The new Canadians ended up going around politicians to private consultants.

These and other stories point to the same conclusion: people no longer participate in politics because they feel the political sys-tem does not respond to their needs and ig-nores their voices. And they were very clear: whether we are talking about government or politics does not matter. The disengaged feel like outsiders from a system that is supposed to belong to them.

What they did not say is that they are apa-thetic about what happens in politics, or that they do not understand what is going on. In fact, those who felt that the system is too complicated to navigate placed the blame squarely on the shoulders of those walking the halls of power. They felt the system is intentionally convoluted, designed to keep them out.

So, engaging the disengaged is about more than simply making politics enter-taining or educating an ignorant public. It is about making politics relevant to people’s lives.

Canadians are not asking for much. The people we spoke to did not expect politicians to promise and deliver the moon. But at a minimum, they expect responsive service to their everyday concerns should be a priority for all government officials, whether elected or serving in the bureaucracy.

This is just the first step. Citizens, the me-dia and political parties all have a role to play in reinvigorating our political system. But whatever the solution is to what ails our democracy, it is clear we must address the growing problem of our democracy exclud-ing those who should be inside.

Wayne Chu is the research manager at Samara. He is a co-author of Samara’s newest report, The Real Outsiders: Politically Disengaged Views on Politics and Democracy, available at SamaraCanada.com.

To engage the disengaged, we must make politics relevant

Bring in the outsiders

ISABEL BASSETT

A LT HOUGH ON E OF T H E MO S T urgent priorities facing Canada is the need to attract and foster leaders with the skills and creativity to meet the challenges of our increasingly complex world, we continue to overlook a qualified but untapped talent pool of women — to our own detriment.

Women make up 52 per cent of the popu-lation but, as of the May 2011 election, make up only 25 per cent of our federally elected representatives. Recently, only 17 per cent of those elected in the Saskatchewan provin-cial election were women (falling from 22 per cent, far below the 25 per cent provin-cial average). And only 16 per cent of those appointed to the federal judiciary this year were women (eight women and 41 men).

Although I am frequently vocal about this state of unequal representation, I am increas-ingly concerned Canada is missing out on the real benefits of gender parity in leadership.

Why do we need more women leaders? The first reason is equality. Would you allow your input to count for only 25 per cent of the decision-making with a partner? No way, because it wouldn’t be fair. Men and women tend to have, and are seen to have, different priorities — especially on those so-called “women’s issues.” Having priorities equally represented is necessary to the health of a democracy.

The second reason is that government may actually be hindered by the lack of women. A series of reports from McKinsey & Company entitled Women Matter demonstrate how organizations with more women in senior leadership have a competitive advantage, re-sulting in happier employees, customers and stakeholders — more of whom these days are women themselves. There are countless, sub-tle, reasons for this, but women generally bring a more collaborative leadership and manage-ment style, which complements the more auto-cratic, competitive and aggressive style of men — and they keep each other in check.

Such a collaborative style is sorely miss-ing from Parliament. Samara — a charity that studies the health of Canadian democ-racy — released a revealing report based on exit interviews with outgoing MPs. They all called Parliament “dysfunctional” and “more like an unsupervised schoolyard than a forum for public debate.”

It stands to reason that more women lead-ers in government would restore some posi-tive balance to Parliament and engage more people in the democratic process.

Why aren’t more women in office?American professor and author Jennifer Lawless, after studying several thousand candidates, found that women are socialized to hold back. Many don’t want to work in a culture of confrontation, don’t want their private lives to be made public and worry about work-life balance. They assume responsibility for family duties and, among other things, have lower levels of self-confidence and political ambition than men.

Not surprisingly, many ambitious, tal-ented women shun running for political office, drop out of high-powered firms, and gravitate to not-for-profits, smaller firms or their own businesses — places where they feel they can make a difference, that fit bet-ter with their personal values and that have cultures more accommodating to a work-life balance.

Sylvia Ann Hewlett, economist and found-ing president of the Center for Work-Life Policy in the U.S., clearly articulates why pro-gress has stalled: “The reasoning was that if you created a level playing field giving equal access to employment opportunities for men and women, women would come and the pipeline to advancement would fill up. But it hasn’t happened. . . . It relies on shoe-horning women into the male competitive model and most of them don’t fit.”

Hewlett says, “What we need now is the development of a second generation of policy that provides pathways to power for women with non-linear work lives.”

What can we do?As election results over the past two decades show, progress toward gender parity in leadership has stalled, and sometimes rolls backward: qualified women tend to shy away from leadership positions because they feel they don’t “fit” with the culture. But the culture won’t adapt until enough women are in leadership to change it (30 per cent minimum, according to the UN).

The solution may sound stern, but is relatively simple: responsibility. Accord-ing to the United Nations, “Equality be-tween women and men refers to the equal rights, opportunities and responsibilities of women and men.” Today, thanks to all the women — and some enlightened men — who fought for suffrage, we all share the rights and the opportunities. Women, and leaders, both need to take more responsibil-ity for change.

Government and business must adapt their work cultures to accommodate the work-life needs of a broader range of qualified people, across age, culture and gender. Women must also recognize that they can and do make a difference, and collect the confidence to seek leadership positions and serve as role models — this virtuous circle requires us all to get it moving forward again.

It is worth remembering that the word democracy comes from the Greek demos (people) and kratos (power). For Canada to make the most of its future, we will need to draw upon the abilities of all of our people, not just half of them.

Isabel Bassett is an advocate for women’s issues and a former Ontario MPP.

DON LENIHAN

CONSIDER THE WORD COLLABORATION. It may be to the politics of the 21st century what left-versus-right was to the 20th. Col-laboration divides people into two camps, based on their views about the role of gov-ernment. I know where I stand. Do you?

During the past two decades, globaliza-tion, the internet, population growth and immigration have transformed our society. At the same time, an explosion of NGOs, lob-byists, advocacy groups and professional as-sociations have redefined the policy process. The overall result is a policy environment that is vastly more complex, interdependent and fast-moving than only a generation ago.

For policy-makers, this is a game changer. It means governments are no longer able to tackle many issues on their own. Consider the federal Conservative Party’s 2005-2006 election promise to reduce wait times in hos-pital emergency wards. Stephen Harper said that, if his party won, he would make good on this promise.

Once in power, however, the new govern-ment quickly realized that to reduce wait times it needed the support not only of pro-vincial governments but also doctors, pro-fessional associations and hospitals, to name just a few.

These parties turned out to have strong views of their own on how to achieve the goal. The government discovered it had neither the authority to compel stakeholders to change their views, nor an effective plan to persuade them to do so. As a result, after a series of disappointing starts, the issue was dropped quietly from the government’s agenda.

In my view, the lesson is that governments can no longer govern in splendid isolation. We now live in a multi-stakeholder world where real progress on, say, health-care re-form, climate change or innovation requires collaboration across organizational bounda-ries. The challenge for governments is to learn to engage stakeholders and citizens as real partners in governance. Let’s call this the collaborative approach.

Not everyone agrees with this. Collabora-

tion, some say, is very risky and takes a lot of work. It is much easier for a political party or government to offer smaller, more easily delivered benefits, such as special tax breaks or regulatory changes, to targeted groups in exchange for their support. The communica-tions, marketing and public opinion research tools now exist to slice and dice the popu-lation quite effectively. We can call this the consumer approach.

Further, in this approach, micro-policies are sometimes clustered around broad, mar-ket-tested themes, such as cracking down on crime, managing the economy, promoting national security or rolling back big gov-ernment. This gives a government agenda the look and feel of something weighty and ambitious, even though it may be little more than a collection of odds and ends.

Now, there is nothing inherently wrong with targeting groups in order to win elec-tions. But if this becomes the driving force behind policy-making, serious consequences will follow. Big issues, like climate change or reforming health care, will start falling by the wayside because they are too complex and too risky, by comparison.

The more complex issues become — and complexity is increasing — the less willing governments will be to deal with them and the more they will rely on the consumer ap-proach. The result will be policies that are increasingly shallow, ineffective and devoid of a real public purpose, and a government that has no real capacity to deal with big is-sues.

So here’s the choice that lies ahead: Either we demand that our governments learn to collaborate or we abandon our belief that

they can provide real leadership on big is-sues. This, I submit, is poised to become a new political dividing line in democratic politics.

For those, like me, who view the latter option as a historic disaster, the only real choice is to go forward. It’s time to get down to work. The first step is for governments and political parties to learn how to develop what I call an engagement plan. This is basically a strategy to make collaboration work on a particular issue.

Such a plan starts with clear goals and a list of the key people and organizations government must work with to achieve the goals. Next, the plan must propose a credible dialogue process for reaching agreement on a shared action plan. Designing this process is the real challenge.

On one hand, the dialogue must be struc-tured enough to lead the stakeholders toward an agreement. On the other hand, it must be open-ended enough that the stakeholders feel they have a real say in developing the so-lutions, or they will not sign on to the action plan.

In brief, the dialogue process must be based on reliable evidence, a realistic assess-ment of interests and needs, and an informed understanding of stakeholders’ starting points, priorities and concerns.

Finally, the process must be fully transpar-ent. All the stakeholders must understand where government is trying to lead them and approve of the strategy to get there. Efforts to bend or obscure the truth for partisan pur-poses will carry a high price.

Suppose, for example, a party includes in its campaign platform a plan to engage stakeholders around a major energy project in a certain region of the country; suppose further that the plan rests on the assump-tion that the project will not lead to serious environmental damage, even though there is strong evidence that it will.

Party strategists might think that, if they win the election, they can wiggle their way through this with a combination of spin and message control. In traditional policy-making, this might work because

government exercises almost total control over the process. Thus, it can suppress evidence and dissent, say, by denying critics a real chance to make their case, while stacking the process with friendly experts.

This tactic won’t work in a collaborative approach. Half-truths and misinformation will be exposed because collaboration re-quires genuine dialogue and deliberation. If government tries to control the process, it will break down.

Stakeholders who find themselves on the wrong side of a covert government agenda will simply get up and leave, giving the pro-cess a thumbs-down as they pass the TV cameras. But given that government needs their participation to deliver the solution, their exodus will be a clear sign that the gov-ernment’s leadership has failed.

In short, a political party or government that thinks it can use collaboration for parti-san purposes is likely to be sorry. Collabora-tive processes are based on mutual interest. They work because all the parties need each other to solve a common problem. But they also require trust, and trust is established through openness, transparency and fair-ness.

A political party or government that wish-es to reinvent itself around a collaborative approach, therefore, must be willing to make a fundamental commitment to preserving the integrity of the process, whatever its own policy preferences. It must base its engage-ment plan on facts, reasonable assumptions, trust and goodwill.

In sum, collaboration is much more than a willingness to work together. It is about a po-litical choice between two visions of govern-ment. I believe modern democratic societies like Canada are coming to a fork in the road, and each of us will have to decide which way we want to go.

Which path will you choose?

Don Lenihan is vice-president of engagement at Public Policy Forum.

HAYLEY WICKENHEISERHockey player and three-time Olympic gold medalist“From an outsider looking in, it seems like there’s an awful lot of red-tape. Streamline the process of government.”

DAVID SHANNONDisabled rights advocate“Whilst Elections Ontario and Elections Canada are now making many strides towards greater accessibility . . . we see proportionally people with disabilities grossly under-represented in the political process in Canada.”

NINO RICCIAward-winning author“I’d like to see more consensus, more civility and substance in politics.”

GWYN MORGANFounding CEO of Encana“I think what it really comes down to in all walks of life is for people to respect each other even though their views are different.”

MPs must have the right to represent their constituents by asking questions of the government

It’s not easy changing an institution like the House of Commons, but Conservatie MP Michael Chong gave it a try. As members of the 41st Parliament read more and more di-rectly from prepared talking points, Chong’s proposals to change question period appeared more and more astute. Chong also stood up to his party, on principle, over declaring Quebec a nation within Canada, and has recently joined the as-yet-small all-party climate caucus. While we get used to MPs following party-designated paths, Chong remains an example of how it can be done differently.

MICHAEL CHONG

Canadians are increasingly disappointed in and disconnected from Parliament. Declining voter turnout — 61 per cent in the last federal election and 49 per cent in the recent Ontario election — points to a growing disconnect between Canadians and their democratic institutions. A recent study by Statistics Canada found that more than one-quarter of the 7.5 million eligible voters who refused to vote stated they were not interested in voting or they felt that their vote would not make a difference anyway.

Over the years, Canadians’ view of de-bate in Parliament — and question period, in particular — has eroded. A Nanos-Policy Options poll conducted last year showed that Canadians are more likely to be dissat-isfied than satisfied with the effectiveness of the House of Commons. As a result, there is a growing divide between Canadians who are turning away from politics and a Parlia-ment that is more and more irrelevant. We

need to bridge that gap by reforming Parlia-ment and re-earning the trust of Canadians. Last year, I put forward six proposals to reform question period. At the heart of these proposals was a plan to restore the right of Members of Parliament to repre-sent their constituents by asking questions of the government. That right was taken away some 30 years ago, and today, a Mem-ber of Parliament can only ask questions if given permission by the caucus leadership. Unfortunately, these proposals died in committee with last May’s federal elec-tion. However, had they been adopted, they would have been only a small step toward much greater, and necessary, parliamentary reform.

At minimum, caucus should have the power to conduct a leadership review vote, like other Westminster democracies. Cau-cus membership should be the decision of the caucus as a whole, not the leader. Finally, local electoral district associations should be the only and final authority over the nomi-nation of election candidates. These changes should be implemented through amend-ments to the Parliament of Canada Act and the Elections Canada Act, preventing any political party or leader from circumvent-ing these proposed reforms. These proposed reforms are not new. They are a restoration of the way Parliament used to work.

Canadians want their democratic institu-tions fixed. The restoration of Parliament can reconnect Canadians who feel disen-gaged from the democratic process. I am optimistic we can restore Parliament and make it relevant once again.

MARK JARVIS

THE CONSTITUTION IS FAILING. The constitutional conventions meant

to govern the most essential aspects of the functioning of the Canadian parliamentary system — summoning, proroguing and dis-solving Parliament, forming governments between and after elections and withdraw-ing confidence — have eroded. Over time, they’ve become virtually meaningless, creat-ing an enormous power vacuum.

Whatever our success at convincing our-selves that past abuses of the House of Com-mons by Canadian prime ministers were aberrations, we need to stop. It misses the point to vilify particular prime ministers and suggest that if we simply had a leader willing to act in good faith, the problem would van-ish. Numerous leaders at different points in history have abused power in these areas. A return to some golden age is out of the ques-tion. It didn’t exist.

It is beyond time we grasped the situation fully.

In our recently published book Democra-tizing the Constitution, the late, eminent Ca-nadian scholar Peter Aucoin, Lori Turnbull and I document how this vacuum has devel-oped and how prime ministers have filled it. Instead of having a firm, shared understand-ing of what is and is not allowed in each of these areas, under what circumstances and who gets to decide, prime ministers have been allowed to simply declare, and act on, their preferences, protecting or advancing the partisan-political interests of the govern-ing party. Satisfying some democratic princi-ple or greater good is not necessary.

The concentration of these powers in a sin-gle individual is antithetical to the very idea of a robust democracy.

Combined with a lack of effective con-straints by either the rules of the House of Commons or by political parties, the ab-sence of a small number of clear, basic rules to govern these practices has allowed prime ministers to unilaterally disrupt the House’s

capacity to fulfill its fundamental roles:• to review and approve or reject the gov-ernment’s proposed legislation; • to scrutinize the government’s decision-making and administration of public af-fairs and hold the prime minister and other ministers to account for their per-formance (collectively and individually);• to withdraw confidence in the govern-ment, as deemed necessary.This has undermined the principles and

integrity of the people’s House as the pre-eminent institution of our parliamentary democracy.

Democratizing the Constitution not only documents these abuses and their implica-tions, but also situates them in historical and comparative context. Perhaps more im-portantly, we argue for formal reforms that address the failings of the eroding Canadian Constitution.

So how should we address this challenge? Not by simply illuminating now confused conventions. While writing down the mean-ing and requirements of the constitutional conventions in a document similar to New Zealand and the United Kingdom’s respec-tive cabinet manuals is likely to be a helpful first step, this is insufficient. We need a new chapter in our country’s ongoing democratic evolution to correct the institutional imbal-ance in power that exists between prime ministers and Parliament in Canada.

We argue that constitutional changes are required to correct the situation. Despite Ca-nadians’ assumed collective fear of “opening the Constitution,” which has become an im-pediment to democratic reform, the status quo is no longer tolerable.

Some basic principles for any reforms con-

templated to address this situation should be established. First, any reform should have a clearly stated, unambiguous objective aimed at enhancing robust democracy under our parliamentary system. Second, any reform should have an explicit mechanism of en-forcement controlled by the House of Com-mons. Third, loopholes that rely on prime ministers to act in good faith or on public opinion should not be tolerated. Fourth, a reform should prevent the abuse of power in both majority and minority government cir-cumstances. All four of these principles are essential to entrenching power in the House.

With these principles in mind, we have proposed four primary reforms that we be-lieve meet these standards:

• Establish a deadline requiring the House of Commons to be summoned within 30 days after a general election;

• Establish fixed election dates every four years on a specific date, binding both the prime minister and the governor general, unless a two-thirds majority of MPs approve a motion to dissolve the House for an early election;

• Adopt the “constructive non-confidence” procedure; and

• Require the consent of a two-thirds ma-jority of the House of Commons in order to prorogue Parliament.

Two things should be made clear here. First, it isn’t possible to proscribe rules for every situation. Second, it isn’t desirable. The point is not to turn the Canadian parliamen-tary system into a rigid, inflexible structure incapable of further change; rather, it is to protect the integrity of Canadian parliamen-tary democracy by ensuring that the House can fulfill its responsibilities.

While there is no panacea capable of pre-venting all abuses, these reforms will ensure parliamentary proceedings matter in a way that they scarcely have for far too long.

Mark Jarvis is a doctoral candidate and co-author of Democratizing the Constitution: Reforming Responsible Government.

TIM UPPAL

A FREE AND DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY is based on the premise that the citizen’s voice must be heard. The primary objective of our political institutions is to give effect to the voice of citizens, which is supreme in all democracies.

While our government’s first focus is the economy, strengthening and enhancing Cana-da’s democratic institutions is a long-standing commitment of the government and of the Conservative Party of Canada.

Prime Minister Harper is an unwavering advocate of strengthening Canada’s demo-cratic institutions, championing stronger ac-countability, transparency and representation.

Since 2006, we’ve pursued a principled, reasonable and achievable agenda of demo-cratic reform. In our flagship accountability measure — the Federal Accountability Act — our government took big money out of the political contributions process by eliminating

donations from corporations, unions and as-sociations. By limiting the potential for undue influence by corporate and big labour inter-ests, these reforms help to ensure our demo-cratic institutions represent the voice of all Canadians.

We also strengthened electoral-process in-tegrity by reducing the possibility for fraud at the polls by passing voter-identification meas-ures. These measures strengthen our ability to identify voters and make the regulations around the voter identification more robust.

And, we’ve also acted to reform the way elections are called in this country by passing fixed dates for federal elections. Fixed election dates provide greater fairness and predictabil-ity in the calling of elections during stable, majority governments.

Despite these accomplishments, our work is not done.

As it stands, Senators hold no democratic mandate from Canadians and can serve terms as long as 45 years. Canadians living in fast-

growing provinces are significantly and in-creasingly under-represented in the House of Commons. And, political financing loop-holes allow for possible undue inf luence by wealthy interests through the political loans regime. This status quo is unacceptable.

That is why as we are moving forward with principled, reasonable and achievable reforms seeking to give Canadians real input into their Senate representatives, fairness in their House of Commons representation, and confidence in their political-financing regime through transparency and accountability.

The path towards improvement is not easy, but we should never become complacent. We should never forget the trust and the integrity on which our democracy relies. We must con-tinue to strengthen and enhance our voice as citizens.

Tim Uppal is the minister of state for democratic reform. The Conservative MP represents the riding of Edmonton-Sherwood Park.

www.fcm.ca

Working together to build strong cities, strong communities and a strong

Canada

We need leaders to think like statesmen

What is the greatest strength of Canada’s system of government?I think it’s the fundamental principles un-derlying responsible parliamentary gov-ernment.  These principles have remained constant in Canada while the nature of gov-ernment has evolved. As a legislative budget officer, one of the key principles to me is that the House of Commons holds the power of the purse. The House must be able to sat-isfy itself, as the confidence chamber, that all spending and taxation is consistent with legislation, Parliament’s intentions and the principles of parliamentary control.  When this is accomplished, Parliament is serving Canadians. What feature from another country’s system would you most like to import to Canada? The time has come for Canada to revisit its supply and estimates process. We need to re-examine the process, the structure and how we support this essential function.

In Sweden, government budgets are ac-companied by performance frameworks for new programs, and standing legislative com-mittees openly debate the performance cri-teria for accountability. Could this practice not enrich the debate currently taking place in Canada’s Parliament on the government’s Tough on Crime Agenda? In New Zealand, there is the practice of proactive disclosures of Cabinet briefing materials. The secretary of the Treasury, a public servant, signs off on the provision of forecasts used as planning frameworks by the executive branch. Could these practices help to reinforce the percep-tion of non-partisan public service and the

use of evidence-based decision making by government in Canada?

What can be done to increase political en-gagement in Canada?We need a policy agenda that inspires my generation to make commitments and sac-rifices for younger and future Canadians. James Freeman Clarke said, “A politician thinks of the next election. A statesman, of the next generation.”  We need political lead-ers to think like statesman. We need a vision and policy agenda that stretches across in-novation, education, health, infrastructure, environment, income disparities, trade, for-eign relations and aid that will address these opportunities. 

Parliament needs to be an open place.  Without changing our principles of responsi-ble parliamentary government, it is an insti-tution that needs to be re-contextualized in a 21st century world. All political leaders over 50 should be required to watch the movie The Social Network.  There is strength and lever-age in connectivity. Parliament needs to be reconnected with Canadians.  Finally, there’s a debate heating up about Canada’s national symbol. Are you pro-beaver or pro-polar bear?With respect to all Canadian animals, I am pro-polar bear.  There is something very ro-mantic about our Far North that our Abo-riginal peoples and Canadian writers like Farley Mowat have a far better understand-ing of than I. Maybe the time has come to give the polar bear its place as a national symbol.

Whether you agree with Kevin Page’s frequent projections on government spending and fiscal frameworks, it’s difficult to argue that he’s not setting a precedent. Page has taken on his role as the government’s chief bean-counter with due seriousness, but has never shied away from calling the feds to account at every turn: exactly what he was put in place to do. The Conserva-tives have recently taken to telling Canadians that Page is wrong more often than he’s right, but his record of cautious projections and vocal questioning of the government has set high expectations for whoever might follow him.

JUNE MACDONALD

MORE THAN 10 YEARS AGO, BEFORE I became an advocate for voting system reform, if anyone had suggested there was a different way to vote than what we do in Canada, I would have been shocked — isn’t our way natural? We divide the country into ridings, and people and parties compete for a seat. What could be simpler and more transparent? Doesn’t everyone do it that way, I asked my pre-Fair Vote self.

Perhaps having just one neighbouring country that also votes more or less as we do has limited our exposure to other options. What little we do know of proportional rep-resentation (PR) we tend to label as f laky politics: unstable, too many parties, always getting minorities, lists (just weird) and of course the dreaded word — coalitions.

Yes, we know women get more seats under PR, but of course, it is by quotas, so they are just figureheads. They also have multimem-ber districts, so no one is accountable to the citizens. Just not democratic, is the conclu-sion of many Canadians.

After several referendum debates, these descriptors are very familiar to most of us slogging our way through the electoral re-form trenches. I would say to people on the street that the majority of the world’s de-mocracies use proportional representation, so how can we assume that their way of vot-ing is less democratic than ours?

People in PR countries are aghast to learn that a party with 38 per cent of the popular vote, such as the Liberals got in 1997, could have a majority of seats and essentially run everything connected with governing. They

would be astonished that the voting inten-tions of citizens are skewed by our ancient first-past-the-post system into something quite unrecognizable. They would think: “No wonder turnout is dropping like a stone in first-past-the-post countries such as Canada, the U.S. and the U.K. (Sure, turnout is drop-ping all over the world, but dropping from the 70 to 80 per cent area is not as hair-raising as dropping from our 60 per cent or less.) Many European countries have been using PR for the better part of a century. They look at us as some sort of democratic neanderthals.

As for women: does it really matter if they are represented by a body made up of 75 to 80 per cent men? Many men may say they would not mind legislation made on their behalf by a parliament or legislature com-posed of 75 to 80 per cent women, so why should women mind? The thing is, many women would not think that fair, and some men would not either.

If we agree our country is richer for our diversity, then we need to see this di-versity reflected in the legislation crafted on our behalf. When New Zealand switched to PR, the numbers of women elected jumped 10 per cent without quotas. If a country wants to elect more women, PR systems can help make that happen.  

It is not easy to change a voting system. Political players and the media that support them have vested interests in a system that has given them success. And winners al-most always get an electoral bonus — they get more seats than the people intended they should and they don’t have to share power with other parties. A seductive mix.

However, Canadians are basically fair,

and the present way of doing politics strikes them as inherently unfair. So the issue will not go away. The Law Commission of Canada and several citizens’ assemblies in the past decade have recommended forms of proportional voting that would likely appeal to most Canadians. Electoral reformers have twigged to the idea that referenda can be set up to get a desired result. Now it is time for some political leader to do the right thing and champion a fair system for Canadians.

Most of us working to change our system are careful not to say that changing to PR is a fix for all our problems. We know it is not, but most of us have the same gut feeling as one member of the B.C. Citizens’ Assembly who said: “It changes everything.”

What would happen if we got what we voted for? We would have parties that would have to share power, a prime minister who would have to collaborate, a Parliament and legislatures that looked more like the rest of us and, best of all, legislation more in tune with what we voted for. Maybe the results will not be dramatic, but they would reflect our lack of drama and be more like us. That perhaps changes everything.

June Macdonald has been advocating for voting system reform for over 10 years. She is a member of the Fair Vote Canada national council.

What would happen if we got what we voted for? Shared power, collaboration, governments that look more like the rest of us

ADIL SAYEED

“DEMOCRACY AS A DESCRIPTIVE term is synonymous with majority rule,” write Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan in their Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics.

Canada uses the first-past-the-post voting system inherited from Britain, wherein the lo-cal candidate with a plurality (that is, the most votes) is elected Member of Parliament. As a result, we cannot always be sure our MPs, or our prime minister, enjoy majority support.

The recent federal election — in which the Conservatives won 54 per cent of the seats in the House of Commons, with less than 40 per cent of the overall vote — was not unusual. In fact, Canada’s multiparty era, which began in 1921, has seen majority governments elected in 18 of 28 elections, though only three of those governments earned more than 50 per cent of total votes.

A simple voting system may suffice for electing symbolic leaders like class president. But is the first-past-the-post the best way to elect a national government?

In 1997, as a Reform MP, Stephen Harp-er called for electoral reform, warning that “Canada’s problems stem from a winner-take-all style of politics.” Harper and co-author Tom Flanagan favoured the pro-portional representation system used in Germany and other countries. Since then, while surveys have indicated a public desire for an improved system, proportional repre-sentation proposals were rejected decisively in Prince Edward Island (2005) and Ontario (2007) referendums.

Preferential voting is another option that has the potential to earn broader acceptance. Under preferential voting, a voter has the op-tion to mark the ballot for just one candidate or rank candidates in order of preference.

If no candidate wins 50 per cent of first-choice votes, the candidate with the fewest first-choice votes is dropped. Those ballots are recounted based on second choices. The

process continues until a candidate wins 50 per cent of valid ballots.

What would the House of Commons look like under preferential voting? No one can predict precisely the result. For one thing, parties would campaign differently when second choices matter. However, with this warning in mind, consider the following simulation of the 2011 election based on a national poll showing second choices.

This cursory analysis shows the Conserva-tives would have earned another fairly strong minority government, but not a majority. Similar analyses have not been undertaken on past elections, but some would argue Jean Chrétien’s three consecutive Liberal majori-ties — in which he faced two right-of-centre parties — might have unfolded differently if a preferential balloting system were in place at the time.

Allowing voters to rank their choices would help ensure the House of Commons more accurately ref lects the perspectives, values and priorities of the voters. If this re-sults in more minority governments, so be it. The need to govern with as broad a consen-sus as possible should be seen as a positive, rather than a negative.

But this voting reform would not always result in minorities. Leaders with strong convictions can prosper under preferential voting if their principles resonate across party lines. John Curtice’s British election simulations show that Margaret Thatcher’s landslide first-past-the-post wins in 1983 and 1987 would have been very similar un-der preferential voting.

Preferential voting is more consistent with the concept of majority rules than our cur-rent system because it ensures the winning candidate had the broadest support among those on the ballot. It would allow Cana-dians to vote strategically while sticking to their principles. On a preferential ballot, environmentalists could mark Green as a first choice, while still participating in the contest by indicating their second and third preferences, rather than the all-or-nothing vote they would cast in first-past-the-post.

Preferential voting has worked well in Australia since 1918 and has recently been adopted in San Francisco, Oakland and London, England. Few recall that British Columbia, Manitoba and Alberta used pref-erential voting-type systems in their provin-cial elections during the first half of the last century.

Implementing preferential voting will be an uphill climb. The system is some-what more complex than first-past-the-post voting. Voters would have to think about ranking candidates. British voters recently rejected preferential voting by more than two-to-one in a referendum in which the campaign was hobbled by the unpopular-ity of Liberal Democrat Leader Nick Clegg, preferential voting’s principal proponent in Britain. Opponents also spooked voters with ads that highlighed the cost of install-ing electronic-voting machines to tabulate preferences.

Canadian reformers should learn lessons from abroad and act locally. Toronto activ-ist Dave Meslin is leading the campaign in Canada for preferential voting municipal elections. If Canadians see preferential vot-ing electing better mayors and councillors with majority support, perhaps provincial and federal voting reform will follow.

Adil Sayeed is a Toronto-based public policy consultant. An earlier version of this article appeared on www.straightgoods.ca.

Actual Result

Cons.NDPLib.BQGreens

Preferential Voting

14611446

11

Difference

20+11+12

–30

16610334

41

Party

BERRY VRBANOVIC

G O V E R N M E N T S W O R K I N G together? Sharing responsibility? Talking to one another?

Sounds unlikely, I know, but if we’re look-ing for ways to strengthen our democracy and improve the way we do politics in Cana-da, this approach holds the key to the treasure chest.

Because teamwork and co-operation are just as important in government as they are every day in the playground or in the work-place.

And before you dismiss this as too simple or maybe naive, think about the cost of do-ing things twice, working at cross purposes, or paralysis.

It’s not like we can afford waste. And it’s not like we can afford to have one order of government creating costly problems for an-other, while leaving the real problems to fes-ter.

Taxpayers are already incensed when they see their hard-earned tax dollars wasted. Im-agine when they learn we could have been working together to get things done, but we didn’t because we have “jurisdictional issues.”

For most of Canada’s history, municipalities have been sidelined as “senior” governments — federal, provincial and territorial — made decisions that affected their communities.

The results were bad — for Canadians, for our communities, and for our economy — because if municipalities are not involved in decisions that affect them, there’s no one to f lag the on-the-ground impact of the deci-sions.

No one’s there to say, “Wait, federal immi-gration policies will deliver a lot of new Ca-nadians to our community, and they’re going to need support to get settled.”

No one’s there to say, “Wait, those new wa-

ter regulations? They’re great, but where does the money come from to upgrade water treat-ment?”

In the end, local taxpayers foot the bill for these decisions, but the local tax base cannot support new responsibilities with new costs and still deliver basic infrastructure and ser-vices.

What’s worse, other governments can’t meet many of their challenges — from fighting crime, climate change or traffic gridlock — without municipal partners to turn policies into effective front-line action. It doesn’t have to be this way. When governments co-operate, they get results.

When the global economic crisis loomed, all orders of government saw the need to co-operate to deliver stimulus to the economy and get people back to work. Working to-gether, we moved at record-speed to create jobs repairing roads, bridges, water systems and community arenas. We pulled the coun-try through the economic crisis and made investments in basic infrastructure that will benefit Canada for decades to come.

This kind of co-operation should con-tinue, and we’re encouraged by some recent progress on important files. For example, the new federal wastewater regulations as first announced required frequent monitor-ing and reporting, no matter how a system performed or its size. They also made opera-tors liable for any spill from combined sewer overflow points. This would require complete sewer separation and cost communities bil-lions of dollars.

Fortunately, the past 14 months have seen direct federal consultation with local govern-ments. For municipalities, the result will be regulations with a more reasonable reporting regime, sampling frequencies that recognize good system performance, and recognition that smaller communities cannot make the

same investments as large ones. Co-opera-tion between governments produced a better policy.

And while a good partnership goes beyond money, it also guarantees that everyone does their part and pays their share. The federal government should be commended for fol-lowing through on its Budget 2011 commit-ment to develop a new, long-term infrastruc-ture plan. When the plan takes effect in 2014, it must build on what we have achieved by putting core federal investments — like the gas tax transfer and the Building Canada Fund — on a solid financial footing for the next 10 to 20 years.

In addition to infrastructure, Canada’s governments must also co-operate across the full range of issues where their jurisdic-tions overlap. And they must focus on na-tional issues that cry out for co-operation, including:• improving public transit and cutting traffic gridlock;• fighting crime and policing our streets;• helping new Canadians establish them-selves in our communities;• conserving energy and protecting our en-vironment; and• working with the private sector to create more affordable rental housing.

The winners and losers of the 21st century are being decided today.

The most successful countries will be those that avoid jurisdictional squabbles and find practical ways for different levels of govern-ment to pool resources, co-ordinate activities, and deliver value for taxpayers. The recent infrastructure stimulus plan is ending, but its underlying spirit of shared commitment, teamwork and co-operation must go on.

Berry Vrbanovic is president of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.

PAUL HOWE

VOTER TURNOUT HAS CONTINUED to slide in provincial elections held across the country in the fall of 2011. In October elections, Prince Edward Island, previously immune to the trend, saw turnout drop about 8 per cent, while voter participation in Ontario dipped below the 50 per cent threshold. Lower turnout means weaker mandates for governments — 40 per cent of the vote can represent less than 20 per cent of eligible voters, a tepid endorsement at best. It also is associated with reduced influence on democratic decision-making for groups that participate at lower levels.

Among those conspicuously absent from polling booths across the country are young Canadians, whose participation rates in re-cent elections have fallen to historic lows. A key priority for Canadian democracy must be to ensure that more young people take up the voting habit as they become eligible voters.

Ambitious solutions to the problem have been proposed, from more robust civics edu-cation programs to electoral reform to rekin-dling dormant notions of civic duty. What-ever their merits, none of these measures has proven easy to implement. We should start with more achievable changes that might have an appreciable effect in themselves, as well as potentially serving as catalysts to fur-ther reform.

One positive development in the past 10 years has been the organization of mock elections in schools across the country in conjunction with a certain number of fed-eral and provincial elections. Co-ordinated by the non-profit Student Vote organization, these events offer young people early expo-sure to the voting process as well as addition-al civic learning opportunities. Ensuring the program is available for all elections, which is both a funding and co-ordination issue, should be a priority for elections agencies across the country.

A further step in the right direction would be to allow online voter registration. Only

British Columbia has such a system in place. It is certainly not a panacea — only 27 per cent of those under age 25 voted in the last provincial election in 2009 according to Elections BC — but it is one of the necessary building blocks to help guide young Canadi-ans back into electoral politics.

A complementary reform would be to al-low people to register before they are eligible to vote, at age 16 for example. This simple ex-pedient is the current practice in the United Kingdom and Australia. It provides extra breathing room for election agencies to ensure newly eligible voters can be added to the vot-ers list before the next election comes around. With online registration in place, it would be relatively straightforward to co-ordinate an annual “registration drive” through the school system. Once a year, time could be made in the school day to allow newly eligible 16 year olds to take a few minutes at the computer to get their names added to the voters list.

While we’re at it, we might consider mak-ing voter registration at age 16 a mandatory requirement. Canadians tend to bridle at ob-ligatory acts of citizenship (mandatory vot-ing, for example, is not a popular idea) but we have fewer compunctions about imposing rules and regulations on those under the age of majority. The mandatory provision could be removed at age 18, allowing people to have their names removed from the voters list if they so wish. But first we should force every-one to opt in, to ensure no one slips through the cracks through mere indifference.

To go a step further, serious consideration should be given to reducing the voting age, though not across the board, as there are le-gitimate concerns about the capacity of many teenagers to cast an informed ballot. Instead, people could be allowed to vote at age 16 if they successfully pass a civic literacy test as-sessing their comprehension of political in-stitutions, processes and issues. Tests could be developed by elections agencies with in-put from political parties to ensure balance, and again could be administered annually through the school system to all interested

students. Given that past surveys of the gen-eral population testing Canadians’ knowl-edge of politics indicate many older adults would struggle to pass such a test, it would be hard to argue against extending the vote to young people with demonstrated civic com-petence.

With these changes in place, other ini-tiatives might follow as natural accompani-ments. One would be to organize annual events in high schools following the annual registration drive of 16 year olds to acknowl-edge their electoral coming of age, with spe-cial recognition for those passing the civic literacy test. The local Member of Parliament might preside over the event, which could be seen as the youth equivalent of the citizenship ceremonies that formally usher new arrivals to Canada into the Canadian fold.

Mandatory voter registration and op-tional civic literacy tests would also provide a natural impetus to further civics instruc-tion, whether formal or informal. Resistant students might question why they were being forced to register, while keener ones would likely seek assistance and resources to help them pass the civic literacy test. Both could lead to relevant discussion and tutelage in the classroom setting.

There has been a lot of hand-wringing in the past 10 years about low turnout among young Canadians, with precious little progress made. If we start with a few basic measures, we can perhaps start moving forward on this front.

Paul Howe is a professor of political science at the University of New Brunswick. His 2010 book Citizens Adrift: The Democratic Dis-engagement of Young Canadians probes the sources of declining engagement levels in Ca-nadian politics.

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DYLAN MARANDO

AS AN UNASHAMED ADVOCATE OF participatory politics, my natural impulse, when asked to contribute to a series on dem-ocratic reinvigoration, is to think big.

Notions of proportional representation, an abolished Senate and coalition govern-ment, for example, are all proposals that I very much support and that I think would do our democracy a great deal of good. However, so as to avoid repeating some of my colleagues, and in an effort to offer an in-tensely practical proposal, I will limit myself to thinking rather small with respect to the issue of democratic reform.

Past efforts at lobbying for changes to our political system have made me all too famil-iar with the failures of attempted paradigm shifts. Though I continue to root for them, and believe they are closer than ever, I think the democratic reform movement would be well served if it did more to gradually grease the wheels of democratization by engag-ing in a tireless, incremental, yet ultimately more successful reinvention of Canadian democracy.

That is precisely why my remedy for an ailing democracy would be the relatively simple, but also very symbolic, measure of online voting. This measure is the thin edge of the wedge that committed fellow democrats need to force into the cracks of our system of government. Online voting is not a magic bullet, and, by itself, it will never fix all that ails our democracy. It is, how-ever, a reasonable and practical starting point

for change. It has the potential to modernize our institutions, engage the so-called apathetic and actually empower our political leaders.

Online voting, likely to the surprise of most Canadians, already exists in Canada at a relatively small-scale. Several municipali-ties have experimented with the innovation since as long ago as 2003. These municipali-ties have witnessed neither dramatic success-es nor failures. For past users and providers of the service, the consensus seems to be that online voting is a convenient and cost-effective complement to traditional meth-ods. Online voting has been lauded as a tool that adapts to changing lifestyles and takes advantage of innovations in the way people organize and communicate.

No major and insurmountable privacy and functionality concerns have been voiced. And as more jurisdictions test and invest in the service, it is likely reliability and security of online voting will only improve.

 This is why, in part, even the generally static institution that is Elections Canada is now suggesting online voting is a good idea. Elections Canada’s chief electoral of-ficer Marc Mayrand has expressed support for online voting and has encouraged MPs to amend the Elections Act to allow for its introduction into the system. The short-term and certainly not overly ambitious goal of Mayrand is to test internet voting in a by-election held after 2013. After that, Elections Canada will evaluate and, if the outcomes are positive, a more aggressive proposal is likely. For reformers trying to move the immov-

able objects within our political institutions, the surprising announcement of Mayrand’s should be a call to action and a real rallying point.

Online voting, especially for the so-called disengaged iPhone-carrying and tweeting youth, will suggest that the system is finally listening and finally trying to meet and en-gage people where they feel most comfortable. Online voting will signal that the system is at least trying to go where the action and innova-tion is, and not stubbornly standing still due to conventions that almost no one knows or cares about.

Online voting allows the system to enter a dynamic digital realm that can be leveraged in so many ways to make voting cool, con-venient and maybe even more thoughtful. Success with voting could then create a num-ber of democratic and digital spinoff possi-bilities such as online participatory budget-ing, digital quasi-referendums and rigorous but user-friendly performance monitoring of ministries and individual politicians. These additional secondary measures would begin to form a democratic snowball, and demo-crats would be armed with the momentum needed for change.

For reformers, online voting may not be sexy, but it’s about as sexy as it gets in Ca-nadian politics. We need to start somewhere and we need to start soon, because our de-mocracy is on the line.

Dylan Marando is a Toronto-based public policy consultant.

BOB RAE

THE WORD RENEWAL IS TAKING ON many different meanings as Liberals engage in a dialogue over what kind of party we want to be. What has emerged from this discussion is a truly national dialogue.

At our January biennial convention, these ideas will culminate and decisions will be made in accordance with our constitution to change the way we do things as a party. What is particularly exciting are the pro-posals that do not simply seek to renew the Liberal Party, but also seek to reinvigorate the political landscape in Canada.

I believe the strength of our democ-racy depends on the resilience and open-ness of our political parties. Renewal must mean opening up the party to a wider base of Canadians and engaging aver-age Canadian voters in a way that ensures they feel that they have contributed to the

selection of the leader of a federal party.For the Liberal Party this may mean

a primary system that travels across the country for debate and discussion with candidates, that is open and transparent, and that actively involves the average Ca-nadian voter.

A primary tour across the country will allow Canadians who otherwise wouldn’t have involved themselves in the leadership process to be directly involved. Candidates will be engaged in debate that is both re-gional and national in scope. And of course there are obvious benefits to the party, for fundraising and increasing the size of our membership.

In short, the strength of our democracy as a country depends on the resilience and openness of our political parties.

Bob Rae is interim leader of the Liberal Party and former premier of Ontario.

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GRAHAM FOX

IN THE PAST SEV ER A L MONTHS, voters in Europe rose up against a fragile elite consensus on how best to bail out some of its troubled economies and save the euro. Across North America, thousands have occupied public squares to reclaim ownership of their economic space and take back their democracy. Here at home, in a string of provincial elections this fall, almost half the voters (more than half in Ontario) opted for “none of the above” by staying away from the ballot box. Clearly, citizens are deeply dissatisfied with their politics. The issue is: what is to be done about it?

It would be easy, as some analysts have done in recent weeks, to dismiss the senti-ment of alienation that is fuelling much of the discontent. Rather than occupy Wall Street, the disenfranchised should occupy the ballot box, be heard and shape the out-come. The simplicity of the argument is ap-pealing, and there is some merit in it. After all, taking over Victoria Square in Montreal only allows you to make a point. If your goal is to make a difference, marking your bal-lot will get you there. How many close races since May 2 might have had a different out-come if more people had bothered to vote?

No question, non-voting citizens are partly responsible for their own alienation. Decisions are made by those who show up. Thus, if non-voting citizens were the only ones to feel alienated from power and the decision-making process, the above pre-scription might suffice. The trouble is, the disconnect is felt across the citizenry, by vot-ers and non-voters alike. What is lacking is a genuine public debate on the issues we face, one that would give real meaning to the act of choosing and voting. Political parties and their leaders share at least some of the bur-den of this alienation, and indeed bear some significant responsibility to make politics meaningful again.

In contrast, the most recent elections have largely been exercises in consumer politics. Eschewing broad debates on the big issues of our time, parties of all stripes focused in-stead on pre-tested “micro-policies” targeted

at specific subsets of voters in constituencies considered up for grabs. To be sure, from a tactical point of view, there is no denying the success of the micro-policy approach. Dur-ing the past 15 years, party operatives have fine-tuned the art of tailoring messages and policies to specific demographic groups. Par-ticularly in close-fought local races, such tactics may well be the difference between a victory and defeat. But what is the effect of treating voters strictly as consumers of campaign promises? And does it hinder our ability to tackle complex policy issues in the long term?

The principal merit of the consumer ap-proach to politics is that, for each policy transaction, everyone’s obligations and ben-efits are clear: voters mark their ballots in a particular way in exchange for an antici-pated benefit, should that party form a gov-ernment. But the same approach that might ensure victory on election night may well create a problem for those who have to gov-ern once the campaign signs have been taken down. Beyond that agreed-upon transaction, what reasonable expectations should gov-ernments have regarding the loyalty of the voter as consumer? How does a new govern-ment convince voters to stand by it through difficult times, or in the face of changing cir-cumstances, if the campaign debate failed to warn voters about the choppy waters ahead and instead drew their attention toward shiny new policy trinkets?

The alternative is to view citizens as ac-tive owners of the political process, rather than passive consumers of its products; that is to say, to give citizens a more direct say in setting the agenda for public debate and sorting out its competing priorities. This is different from conventional “consultations” during which a steady stream of individuals and groups express their views on an issue

and leave the room, having had little or no interaction with all of the others who came to do the same thing. More than an “airing of views,” real public engagement requires of participants not just an expression of support for a policy proposal in isolation, but a com-mitment to making choices, identifying pri-orities and deciding not to do certain things.

From party strategists will come the usual objections that such proposals are unre-alistic, unworkable and even undesirable. But as Don Lenihan argues convincingly in a forthcoming book, there are a growing number of concrete examples in which gov-ernments at all levels invite citizens into the policy process to make difficult decisions on spending, program design, service delivery and policy priorities. The results are clear: when they are satisfied that the process is le-gitimate and the outcome will be considered seriously by government, citizens take their responsibilities equally seriously. They learn, they consider options, they make a choice — and then they become partners of govern-ment in defending that choice. Real public engagement does not just give citizens voice, it demands accountability in return once a choice has been made.

Of course, to be successful, engagement must be viewed as an ongoing conversa-tion among governments, parties and citi-zens. These do not start at the dropping of the writ, and they do not wrap up on voting day. Real public engagement requires a long-term commitment to open dialogue and co-decision. Without a genuine stake in the out-come, why would citizens make the effort?

If politics is about winning elections, the consumer approach should serve parties well for a time yet. But if politics is about solv-ing policy problems and ensuring a strong enough social contract with voters to make the tough decisions, perhaps it is time we start asking ourselves whether there is a bet-ter way to do this. In NGOs, local organi-zations and business networks, citizens are already engaged in that discussion; all they need now is for political leaders to join them.

Graham Fox is president and CEO of the Institute for Research on Public Policy.

ROBIN V. SEARS

IN EVERY DEMOCRACY, CITIZENS pay taxes for things they detest — from jet fighters to clean needle clinics. We don’t “choose” to pay taxes, and we don’t check a list of items we are willing to pay for. Why would we let others choose the government making those decisions for us? We all pay taxes — even the poor pay sales taxes and fees. Why don’t we all vote?

What would happen if we elected a gov-ernment with the votes of one in five Cana-dians, because half of us stayed home? In Ontario, this year, we came close. In many of our cities, we elect municipal govern-ments on even smaller numbers. When does a democracy stop meriting the name, if the governed have opted out of choosing their governors?

In 1922 the turnout in an Australian na-tional election dipped below 60 per cent for the first time in the country’s history. Hor-rified, the country adopted a mandatory vot-ing policy that has become part of national culture. It has built a deep accountability between the governors and the governed, in this most individualistic of Anglosphere nations.

Australia is the only parliamentary de-mocracy in the world where the govern-ing party’s MPs, on any grumpy week, can demand a vote of confidence in the prime minister. They can, and do, regularly dump their party leader and head of government in one single democratic eruption. The cur-rent prime minister is a product of just such an insurrection — deliciously known as a “spill” in local democratic vernacular — as were several of her predecessors in the post-war era. Any Canadian political leader asked to subject themselves to such a populist ref-erendum on any given Wednesday morning

would laugh at the absurdity.For decades now, Australian families have

gone out to vote together on a Saturday. You are registered at 17, and vote when you turn 18. Parents complain about the venality of their politicians — as voters do everywhere — but also explain the miracle of ordinary citizens’ freedom to select their governing leader and party, and why you need to vote.

Now, Australian politics is a rougher trade than the versions on offer in more genteel places such as the Great White North. Aus-tralia has probably had more elected officials imprisoned for malfeasance than most other Commonwealth democracies combined. Ac-cepted daily discourse in the Australian par-liament would cause most Canadian Com-mons speakers to blush in horror. Australian politics is cleaved along class — and some-times religious and racial — divides as bitter and intemperate as Canadian politics was in the 1940s.

So there is every reason for a moderate middle-class, mildly disengaged Australian voter to be as disenchanted by the choices on election day, as any dyspeptic Canadian voter. There is probably a deeper cynicism about the nature of attack politics in Sydney than in Saskatoon or Sudbury. But there is one essential difference between Canadians and Australians as citizens.

Canadians are free to sulk, to sit on the sofa and sneer at political choice, to let oth-ers choose their leaders for them. Austral-ians must choose and then vote. They can spoil their ballots as a raised finger at the paucity of choice, but they must show up and mark their defiance. Interestingly, fewer than five per cent spoil their ballots.

In Ontario, for the first time, this year we slipped below a majority of citizens decid-ing in favour of the polling booth over the couch. Some cynical political observers say,

“So what, North Korea has great turnouts. That doesn’t make them a democracy?!”

This misses the point of democratic selec-tion entirely. Democracy requires legitima-cy. A genuinely free citizenry choose their governors to make tough choices on their behalf. When indolence or deliberate vote suppression tactics mean that fewer than half of the electorate choose their govern-ment, we are at the edge of a slide toward illegitimacy. That path led to many of the horrors of the 20th century.

We are again likely to be facing years of tough fiscal constraint in Canada. There will be bitter losers of painful budget choices. Do we unite Canadians about the fairness and wisdom of those choices if our government is chosen by a majority of older, whiter, rich-er, more rural voters? Why don’t we learn from the experience of our Aussie cousins?

Why don’t we try Saturday family voting as a requirement of citizenship no less com-pulsory than filing a tax return — even for just a couple of elections? A sunsetted piece of legislation, with a test period of perhaps two elections or a decade, whichever comes first. If we didn’t like having to vote, it would not be renewed, and we would revert to the status quo ante automatically.

Per capita, Canada has more of its citizens abroad than any developed democracy, more than two million. Most of them don’t vote. Australia makes it easy for its citizens to vote anywhere in the world. We could too, using online voting. We could allow voters to vote online 24/7 over a weeklong period.

Just think, if we rolled out such a package, our next government might even be elected by a majority of Canadians.

Robin V. Sears is a senior partner at pub-lic affairs firm Navigator Ltd. and a former diplomat for the province of Ontario.

GOLDY HYDER

IF PARLIAMENT WERE A COMPANY listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, its value would be in decline as Canadians continue to sell whatever remaining interest they have in it.

In successive elections, a discouragingly low number of Canadians have gone to the polls, with fewer still willing to fully com-mit themselves to the cause by putting their names on a ballot.

Democracy in Canada is suffering from the same fate as the global economy: a cri-sis of confidence. And much like a strug-gling company, the best way to recapture its historic strength is to go back to basic first principles.

Some will stress the need to modernize our voting system, to expand into new mar-kets by electing senators, or even to consider mandatory voting.

With respect, these are tactics that do not address the real issue: people are feeling — rightly or wrongly — that elected officials are not representing them. Until that issue is addressed, how or how often one votes is largely irrelevant.

To that end, the change that is most likely to improve the quality of our democracy and restore the faith of the average voter is relaxing excessive party discipline.

At its core, democracy is not simply about choice of party, it is about representation. The cancer in our political system is the way in which people believe, fairly or unfairly, that they are not being represented by the people they elect.

The lack of confidence is reflected in the lack of participation, which should not be confused with lack of interest. On the con-trary, even people who choose not to vote continue to care, continue to debate the is-sues and continue to have an influence on politics.

Like the investors in the opening analogy, they may not be investing in the market to-day but they continue to monitor trends for new opportunities. And, more importantly, they continue to have capital to invest.

The central question then is what will it take to engage Canadians, to turn around declining voter turnout and, by extension, to improve democracy in Canada?

To be sure, elections with higher turn-outs were historically driven by high-profile public policy issues that polarized or galva-nized the electorate. Moreover, it is equally true such elections are the exception not the rule.

Yet, this does not necessarily mean peo-ple are motivated to vote only when a so-called “hot button” issue dominates an election. Rather, it is a sign Canadians vote when they think it matters.

If the candidates Canadians elect are not seen to represent the interest of their constituents in Parliament, or, worse, are viewed as ambassadors from Ottawa when they are back home, voters can be forgiven for thinking their votes don’t matter.

One of the challenges of party discipline is that much of the actual representation made by elected officials happens behind closed doors in caucus meetings. This behind-closed-doors approach hides the best efforts and hard work that elected officials do.

This effect is further compounded when they are forced to act like puppets when in public and read from prepared scripts, in-cluding intelligent men and women in cabi-net or others who ask softball question in question period about the “great work that the government is doing.”

None of this is to suggest that political par-ties aren’t vitally important, or that our sys-tem could thrive in an “everyone for them-selves” environment. We have seen ominous glimpses of this in the congressional Repub-lican caucus in the United States.

In the British parliamentary tradition, which is our democratic inheritance, there has to be some discipline, particularly when it comes to matters of confidence and the federal budget, otherwise a government is rendered completely impotent.

However, the extreme to which we are practising party discipline in Canada has been a major setback to the way in which democracy is practised and, frankly, in its ability to attract the most qualified, capable and competent people to seek public office.

Parliament and legislatures across Can-ada need more free votes, more inf luence from the backbenches and more opportuni-ties for the voices of Mainstream and Main Street Canadians to be heard in Parliament.

This is particularly important when, for the most part, governments are often formed with less than a majority of the elec-torate’s popular support. It makes the desire to “govern for all” that much harder if rigid discipline is imposed and freedom to reflect the diversity of views is suppressed.

As the prime minister once noted of our economy, the fundamentals of our democ-racy are strong. We just need to put some-thing in the window that Canadians actu-ally want to buy.

Goldy Hyder is senior vice-president and general manager at Hill & Knowlton Ottawa and a commentator on CTV Power Play.

Whose idea was it to meet the mayors?We were talking about the mayor of Toronto, Rob Ford. We wondered if you could go talk to him. Everyone in the room was like, “No, there’s not a chance.”

I suggested we try. If you can’t meet the mayor, who can you

meet? If you can’t talk to your local munici-pal representative, who can you talk to?

What’s the connection between art and politics?Art? You’re talking about people — it’s stories and personal experiences and people’s different reactions to different experiences. Politics is the exact same thing.

What surprised you most about your conversations?In Thunder Bay, this really conservative mayor spoke to us about a whole bunch of things really openly. He changed my perspective of a conservative politician. He showed me you can be economically

conservative, but not necessarily be socially conservative.

He actually talked about the legalization of marijuana and later got a lot of flak from his peers and the press. He didn’t back down, which we thought was really cool. He could have easily said, “These kids took me out of context.” But he totally stuck to his guns.

What impressed you most?That so many of our fans got involved.

What did you take way from meeting the mayors?That it is possible. That’s all. You can talk to your local representatives about things that concern you.

If there was one thing you’d do to fix the way we do politics in Canada, what would it be?Besides getting rid of Stephen Harper? Get more young people engaged and actually caring about politics.

Hollerado is an indie band with a populist bent. On a recent tour, the Toronto musicians set out to meet as many mayors as they could as the band travelled from city to town. The tour proved a novel way for the band and its fans to connect with leaders, while creating a dialogue between politics and music.

iPolitics.ca’s Jessie Willms talked to lead singer Meeno Versteeg about the Meet the Mayor tour and what he learned along the way:

DON NEWMAN

YOU SHOULDN’T TRY TO FIX THE roof when it is raining.

So with the Harper majority firmly in place until at least October 2015, now is the time to draw up new rules to govern the House of Commons the next time there is a minority government.

Changing the rules once a minority Par-liament is elected is impossible. All of the parties have too much at stake. So the rules must be changed now in the political tran-quility of a majority government.

Because if we don’t, the next election in which no party gets a majority of seats to impose its will on the House is going to send us back into the toxic political atmosphere of the past five years. Back to a time when governing becomes secondary to political survival, civility disappears from public life.

The key to providing for stable minority governments is the fixed-date election law passed in 2006 by a minority Harper govern-ment, a law that says a federal election must be held in the middle of October every four years.

So far that law doesn’t mean much. Using a loophole in the law, Harper ignored it in 2008 when he asked and got a general elec-tion. It was ignored again when the opposi-tion parties defeated the government in April 2011.

During bot h t hose elec t ions , MPs thumbed their noses at a law that applies di-rectly only to the people that passed it: Mem-bers of Parliament.

But it would take only a few simple chang-es to guarantee the fixed date election law would add stability and fairness to the po-litical process even in minority Parliaments,

and, like any law, be respected and followed. The way to do that is to make it clear that

with fixed-dates for elections, the governor general’s first responsibility is to have a gov-ernment in place for the full 48 months.

And the way to help make that happen is to change the rules in the House of Com-mons when a government loses a vote on the budget, the throne speech or any other con-fidence matter.

New rules could work this way. When a minority government is defeated on a matter of confidence, the prime minister would have the right within 48 hours to place a straight vote of confidence in the government before the House. If that vote is won, the govern-ment continues uninterrupted. Of course, to win a subsequent confidence vote on the is-sue on which it originally lost would require negotiation and compromise with another party to continue to stay in power.

But if the government loses the straight vote of confidence, does that mean the coun-try is headed to the polls? Not necessarily.

A governor general armed with the re-sponsibility of keeping Parliament going be-tween the fixed election dates would have to ask someone else — almost always the leader of the Opposition — to form a government and try to win a confidence vote to stay in

power.Only if that process failed, and no group of

parties could form a government that could win a confidence vote and control the House, would the governor general call an election. The completion of that election would set the fixed-date calendar in place again.

These new rules would lead to bargain-ing, deals and compromise. But in a minor-ity Parliament, that is what it takes to keep a government going. Moreover, with the pos-sibility of losing office on a confidence vote midway though the four-year election cycle, the new rule changes would put pressure on the party that formed the government after an election to never lose a confidence vote.

And if, on occasion, a prime minister couldn’t find a partner, it would be an almost certainty that was because the opposition parties had already agreed on an arrange-ment to win control of the House.

Either way, the bargaining, compromise and deals would be cut before the hammer dropped. That is the way it should work in a minority Parliament. And in a minority Par-liament, sudden elections would be almost as rare as they are with majority governments in office.

After three minority governments in seven years, there is now a sense of tranquility with the Harper majority in place at least until October 2015.

But in the past 50 years, there have been 17 federal general elections. Eight of them pro-duced minority governments.

That is why it is time to fix the roof.

Don Newman is chair of Canada 2020 and a strategic policy adviser at Bluesky Strategy Inc. He was senior parliamentary editor at CBC Television News from 1988 to 2009.

AMANDA CLARKE

VOTER TURNOUT HAS DECREASED steadily in federal elections since the late 1980s, casting doubt on the quality and legitimacy of Canadian representative democracy. Policy-makers tasked with reversing dwindling participation rates may find this a daunting, even impossible, endeavor, as studies suggest the issue of voter turnout is far from straightforward. An overlapping and interrelated barrage of factors determine one’s likelihood of showing up at the polling booth, ranging from sense of civic duty to weather conditions. In this context, simple and effective policy prescriptions may appear out of reach, a troubling thought considering what’s at stake.

Fortunately, emerging research that exam-ines when and why individuals make deci-sions about whether to participate in socially beneficial activities — such as voting — sug-gests we need not despair just yet. Captured most famously by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, the politics of nudge abandons co-ercive measures that force individuals to “do the right thing.” Instead, it advocates that policy-makers alter the ways that various options are presented in order that individu-als naturally select “the right thing” of their own volition.

In one experiment, informing hotel guests of the number of previous guests that had re-used towels significantly raised their likeli-hood of reusing the towels themselves. Here, a strategic information cue encouraged peo-ple to “do the right thing” for the environ-ment and, in turn, for the hotel seeking mon-ey savings in water use. Nudge advocates also cite examples of workplace pension schemes in which making contributions the default option, versus opt-in plans, significantly raised the number of employees who saved for retirement.

Barack Obama and David Cameron have openly integrated nudge politics into their governing philosophies, recognizing its po-

tential to support low-cost, “do it yourself” public good production. Policy-makers in Canada may gain by following their lead, in particular, when attempting to get citizens to the polls when they might not otherwise do so.

What might a nudge approach to elec-toral engagement look like in practice? To begin with, Canadian policy-makers could draw insight from research suggesting that reminding citizens of their duty to vote or informing them of the number of their neighbours who have voted in the past can spur them to the polling booth. These results accord with the positive effect that door-to-door “get out the vote” campaigners have on voter turnout rates. These tactics are on the wane in Canada, but nudge politics suggest we may want to rethink the role a healthy dose of well-intentioned social pressure may have in reinvigorating electoral participa-tion. These programs will likely be less cum-bersome and costly to implement in an age when governments need not only rely on face-to-face door knockers and f lyers, but can also harness internet technologies to ef-ficiently deliver information cues to would-be voters.

Governments could also apply nudge tac-tics to more effectively engage young people in politics, an essential task given that their low turnout rates serve as one of the strong-est drags on overall participation levels.

Imagine a situation in which voting in an election were a routine part of a student’s school day. Homeroom, math, recess, vot-ing, lunch. “Routine” in that it is integrated into the daily grind, but not mandatory in-asmuch as a student is free to abstain from voting — to opt out of the default scheme — should he or she choose to. Of course, to ensure all students benefit, such a program would involve lowering the voting age, in this case to 16, the age after which students in Canada are allowed to leave high school (with the exception of New Brunswick and Ontario, where the school-leaving age is 18). Many others have suggested the logic

of lowering the voting age and instituting in-school voting programs, recognizing that an individual who votes once is much more likely to continue to vote in subse-quent elections. By this view, the public education system provides a key window of opportunity to socialize youth into politi-cal participation, with the only significant barrier to this potentially powerful policy reform being dated and arbitrary standards that suggest that 18 serve as the threshold for formal political participation.

The theory of nudge underlies this propos-al — an elegant, simple and potentially trans-formative means of encouraging behaviour that benefits both the individual, in this case, the youth socialized into voting, and society at large.

To be sure, nudge tactics will likely do little to encourage participation among those who abstain from voting out of a genuine dislike for electoral politics. However, for the large numbers of people who do not vote because of apathy, a lack of information and motiva-tion, or administrative barriers, nudges” may be all we need to facilitate participation. Sim-ple solutions to complex problems are rare — Canadian policy-makers should be nudged to recognize them when they come along.

Amanda Clarke is a Trudeau scholar completing a doctorate at the University of Oxford. Her research examines public sector reform, democratic renewal and the role of the internet in contemporary politics. Previously, Clarke was a research analyst for the Library of Parliament and a Canada Graduate Scholar at Carleton University. Her work can be found at www.aclarke.ca.

Back in May, after the NDP swept through Quebec, gathering up seats, the hand-wring-ing started over the age of some of the new MPs. 19? 22? Seemed a bit young to some. Charmaine Borg is already proving the skep-tics wrong. Sitting on the justice committee is a big job, given the government’s contin-ued focus on the economy and balancing the budget. Borg has also been vocal in the House, speaking out on poverty, youth employment issues and proportional representation. Part of the changing face of Parliament, Borg is putting to rest any worry that age matters in the House of Commons.

CHARMAINE BORG

The most important way that we, as parliamentarians, could change politics for the better would be to encourage a more open, in-depth and informed debate on the bills proposed in the House of Commons.

We need to re-evaluate the current prac-tices used to study legislation in committees. Despite being new to the House of Com-mons, I fully understand that the principle role of parliamentary committees is indeed to study legislation. Yet, since the beginning of my tenure on the standing committee for justice and human rights, I have oftentimes witnessed the role played by partisan politics in obstructing the quality of study of the is-sues and legislation at hand.

In my opinion, an open, in-depth and in-formed study of legislation demands open dialogue with experts, civil society and

everyday Canadians. Drastic decisions about the future of our country require this qual-ity of dialogue and debate. Politicians should not be afraid of extending the time allotted for the debate and deliberation of bills if it means we are opening up dialogue that will, in the end, sculpt wiser legislation.

We are only 308 MPs in the House and although we come from many backgrounds, none of us can stand up in the House and say that we understand the multiple realities of all Canadians from coast to coast to coast. Rather, this knowledge is gained through di-alogue with the academics, the members of civil society, the field experts and the people.

In my opinion, for the good of our coun-try, we must have the humility to take a step back, when necessary, and say, “I thought I understood how X worked, but after hearing from multiple experts, I am learning other-wise. Perhaps I should pause and re-evaluate my position.”

As a Member of Parliament, I hope to see more parliamentarians, from both sides of the House, take the time to listen, in a non-selective manner, to the advice of the wise Canadians across the country and to use that very advice when deciding on the future of our country.

I have personally committed to hold public forums in my constituency with the goal of jump-starting open, in-depth and informed discussions around the issues of the day. I en-courage my colleagues to develop similar ini-tiatives to broaden political discussion and encourage a more informed debate.

DAVID CHRISTOPHERSON

THE REFORM OF OUR DEMOCRATIC institutions is becoming an increasingly important issue for both the Canadian public and politicians alike. New Democrats have long advocated for making our political institutions more representative, calling for addition of an element of proportional representation to our electoral system and for a referendum on the abolition of the unnecessary and unaccountable Senate.

The Conservative government has intro-duced Bill C-7 (Senate Reform Act) as part of its democratic reform agenda. The bill would give provinces the option of holding Senate selection elections, where the names of win-ners would be given to the prime minister for consideration (but the prime minister would not be required to appoint the “win-ner”). A senator would be appointed for a single, non-renewable, nine-year term. The Conservatives argue this bill will make the Senate more democratic — however, as the Supreme Court has said, an elected Senate is actually a “radical change.” This bill will fur-ther entrench an unaccountable Senate, re-sult in dangerous legislative conflict between the House of Commons and the Senate, and increase regional tensions.

Bill C-7 would prohibit, by law, senators from running for re-election and being held accountable for their election promises un-kept or for any actions they took while in of-fice. How does this improve our democracy? If anything, this risks increasing the politici-zation of an institution that is already filled with fundraisers and party operatives from the Liberal and Conservative parties and

robs voters of passing judgment on a sena-tor’s tenure.

The House of Commons and the Senate have almost identical legislative powers — the only tangible difference being that the Senate cannot introduce bills that increase government spending. Since senators are appointed to the Senate, they do not have the same legitimacy to represent their con-stituents as do elected Members of Parlia-ment. Bill C-7 will fundamentally change how our democracy works. It’s reasonable to expect an elected Senate would flex its new legislative muscle, and there is currently no mechanism in our parliamentary procedure to break gridlock between the two houses of Parliament. We only have to look to the United States to see what our parliamentary future could look like, and they have the nec-essary dispute-resolution mechanism.

To add greater concern, Conservative Sen-ator Bert Brown has recently written an op-ed that acknowledges the gridlock that would re-sult with an “empowered” Senate, stating that a constitutional amendment is needed to fix a problem that the passage of C-7 would cre-ate. Canadians understand how difficult any constitutional discussions can be, and there is no guarantee it will be successful. This alone should cause great concern.

Furthermore, while Bill C-7 calls for the election of federal senators, it leaves either the provinces or municipalities to pay the bill. It’s possible some provinces will decide to spend the money on Senate elections, but others will not and their senators will be ap-pointed the old-fashioned way. This would leave Canada with a Senate where some sena-tors will be able to sit until age 75, some will have been appointed for nine-year terms, yet others will have been “elected” for nine-year terms. This could increase dysfunction by having some senators with greater legitimacy than others.

By increasing the power of the Senate, we must also be aware of the regional dispar-ity that will be further entrenched. The seat distribution in the Senate reflects the popu-lation and political weight of regions at the time of Confederation. For example, New Brunswick, with 10 seats has more political weight than BC (six seats) or Alberta (six seats). This disparity must not be ignored and cannot be changed without a further consti-tutional amendment.

The Conservatives and Liberals seem in-tent on maintaining an antiquated institu-tion that they have increasingly used for par-tisan purposes. New Democrats understand the Senate is unnecessary and does not serve to further our democracy in any real way. We will continue our call for a referendum on the abolishment of the Senate. In the meantime, we will work hard to expose the dangers that the Conservative agenda on Senate reform pose to the very fabric of our democracy.

David Christopherson is the NDP critic for democratic reform.

JIM COWAN

THERE IS A PROFOUND DISCONNECT in Canada today between government and the people it is meant to serve. Canadians have turned their backs on the political process. Only 61 per cent of eligible voters voted in the last federal election. The decline in the voter participation rate is a disturbing trend that has been in evidence for a number of years.

Canadians want to engage — they un-derstand that government matters to their lives and the kind of country we leave for our children. But they find themselves shut out. The parliamentarians they elect are marginalized — questions in Parliament are met with scorn and obfuscation, basic issues like the cost of a bill are stonewalled, and debate and committee hearings on critical legislation are shut down. Parliamentarians’ voices are silenced.

When Canadians, including renowned experts, come to Ottawa to share their knowledge, they are given short shrift. Wit-nesses literally receive five minutes to state their case on complicated bills, and then are cut off midsentence. They ask if anyone cares about the quality of the legislation be-ing passed. What kind of democracy do we have, when Canadians cannot be heard in Parliament?

The Harper government is focused on Senate reform. The Liberal Party is not op-posed to Senate reform — to the contrary, we want to ensure that our parliamentary institutions are the best they can be. But re-

form of our Houses of Parliament is a seri-ous matter. It makes no sense to begin the process of Senate reform before we know what we want the institution to look like in the end. You don’t start a voyage before you know your destination. What is the purpose of the Senate? What will be its role, its pow-ers?

It may indeed be time for Senate term limits, but the term must be carefully cho-sen. Someone appointed to a single, non-renewable nine-year term, as the govern-ment proposes in Bill C-7, has little reason to be accountable to Canadians or to act as a check on the government.

Senate elections may be desirable, but we need first to think through what will happen in the inevitable case of a deadlock between the two chambers. What should be the re-lationship between the two chambers, and between Parliament and provincial gov-ernments? Senators elected for nine years by an entire province will arguably wield more power than MPs, and even more than provincial premiers. And unless changes are made to the provincial representation in the Senate, western voices will be over-whelmed by those from Central and even Atlantic Canada. Surely this is not what the proponents of a Triple-E Senate had in mind. Nothing in Stephen Harper’s propos-als would change this.

These are important issues, but discussion of them should not be limited to Parliament Hill. The Constitution was the result of a carefully negotiated agreement between the provinces and federal authorities. The prov-

inces have said they want to be involved in discussions of Senate reform; constitution-ally, they have a right to be involved. The government cannot proceed unilaterally.

The Harper government argues that Ca-nadians have no appetite to open up the Constitution. In fact, he has already opened it up. He claims he has the legal authority to do it on his own, and steadfastly refuses all suggestions that he ask the highest court in the land for its opinion on whether he is proceeding constitutionally.

But Senate reform is only one piece of the democratic reforms that are needed. It makes no sense to call for Senate elections when Canadians already are refusing to come to the polls. The Harper government wants to expand the number of MPs in the House of Commons, all the while refusing to listen to the current MPs.

Democratic reform should be about find-ing ways to make Canadians feel they are able to make a difference by participating in the parliamentary process. There is much we can do to strengthen our Parliament and our nation. Canadians deserve noth-ing less.

Jim Cowan is a Liberal senator representing Nova Scotia.

Since her star turn as the Rogue Page, Brigette DePape kept her profile high, first by leading a protest outside the Conservative Party convention in June, and following up with speaking appearances at a Keystone XL pipeline protest on Parliament Hill and Occupy Ottawa this fall. DePape has also started penning essays on both the political change she wants in Canada and her life after becoming the country’s most famous parliamentary page, after holding up a “Stop Harper” sign during the throne speech. She’s pushing others to follow her lead, and becoming a voice for Canada’s young left. In the process, she’s adding a new dimension to our political conversation.

BRIGETTE DEPAPE

How can we make politics work?We could start by acknowledging and cel-

ebrating the work of community organizers who are leading fundamental change.

The source for progressive change in our country has not come from rulers on high, but from people of all walks of life fighting for change. For example, we often attrib-ute winning health care to our politicians,

but it was only possible because thousands of labour and community members set the groundwork to make it happen.

But this work is often belittled by the es-tablishment. In a similar way that media and politicians attacked my action in the Senate, many are writing off the Occupy movement as a bunch of irresponsible youth with noth-ing better to do. Based on my experience at occupations in Toronto, Ottawa and Vancou-ver, quite the opposite is true.

At these autonomous sites of organizing, people of all ages see that our responsibility goes beyond voting once every four years. It is a matter of daily engagement and resist-ance. They are providing food and shelter for those our government has ignored, are host-ing educational workshops and are planning resistance to unjust policies, such as the om-nibus crime bill.

Our counterforce is gaining momentum — from occupations to rallies for jobs, not jails, to the civil disobedience against the proposed Keystone XL pipeline that suc-ceeded in shifting a done deal to a delay. We are beginning to see the kind of people power that I dreamed about when I took my small action in the Senate.

When we fearlessly support this resistance, bringing it from the margins to the majority, power will shift back to us.

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LAWRENCE MARTIN

DEMOCRACY. WHAT DEMOCRACY?Most experts will tell you Canada’s de-

mocracy has never been in such an undemo-cratic condition.

It’s been in a state of decline since the Trudeau years when the Prime Minister’s Office expanded its reach and became known to critics as the imperial PMO.

Brian Flemming, who worked as a Trudeau policy adviser, has written that the power structure has devolved to the point that Par-liament, cabinet and the public service are no longer near the players they used to be.

“What remains are increasingly efficient and ever more powerful prime minister’s of-fices with their staffs of policy advisers, me-dia spinmeisters and pollsters, all beholden personally to the prime minister for their status and paycheques. As a result, many once great offices of state have become dig-nified shells of their former selves.”

One-man rule is now the way. Donald Savoie, a leading authority on gov-

ernance, says we have a system of court gov-ernment — a king and his court of unelected disciples exercising full control. Cabinet, Savoie says, has been turned into something akin to a focus group.

The country’s constitutional democracy is based on the supremacy of Parliament, the system’s legislative branch. But while the ex-ecutive branch has expanded its power and while the judicial branch has grown in influ-ence with the advent of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the people’s forum, where de-mocracy’s blood flows, has atrophied.

It is under the Caesar of the present day, Prime Minister Stephen Harper, that PMO power has been maximized to an unprec-edented degree.

The most recent display of anti-democratic impulse was his government’s move to limit debate on such key pieces of legislation as the dismantling of the gun registry. Never, say the New Democrats, has time allocation

been used so often in such a short period —five times in 38 days, they counted — to push through legislation.

In the spring, following a condemnatory ruling by the Speaker, the government was found in contempt of Parliament — a first in Canadian history — for its refusal to disclose information on the costing of programs. In the G8 spending controversy, Parliament was misled into thinking that $50 million it allo-cated was for border infrastructure projects. Instead it was for beautification projects in a cabinet minister’s riding.

Before the advent of court governance, or what one critic has called “the control-freak kingdom,” parliamentary committees acted as a check on PMO power. But they have been made increasingly dysfunctional. The Conservatives reversed themselves on a promise to have the committees elect their own chairs, they issued their members a 200-page handbook on how to disrupt committee proceedings and, more recently, they have stipulated that political staffers to ministers no longer have to testify before committees.

As for the ministers themselves, in our 21st century democracy, it has become com-mon for those in trouble to refuse to take questions in question period.

Information is the lifeblood of democracy, but the Conservatives have gone to new ex-tremes to control it, imposing a government-wide vetting system on virtually all commu-nications, thus diminishing the influence of the civil service and the diplomatic corps. Parliament was twice shut down, once to avoid certain defeat on a coming non-con-

fidence motion. Democratic inquiries, such as the com-

mission investigating the Afghan detainees’ affair, have been shut down. Watchdogs or agency heads who don’t tow the government line have been fired or silenced or overruled, while others, like former integrity commis-sioner Christiane Ouimet, make a mockery of their oversight functions.

These are but some of the ways in which the democratic system has been subjugated. The root of the problem, many experts feel, lies in a Constitution that leaves too much arbitrary power in the hands of the leader. Much of the Canadian system, says Alex Himelfarb, a former clerk of the privy coun-cil, operates on the basis of convention. It is up to the prime minister of the day to respect or defy democratic principles. The system is vulnerable to a political strongman.

While there has been some opposition to ever-increasing one-man rule, an example being a country-wide protest over Harper̀ s second prorogation of Parliament, the pres-sure for democratic reform has been unsus-tained. Opposition parties have offered only weak plans for attacking the problem. The complacent media show a lack of outrage at democracy’s descent.

Though the last election was triggered by the government being found in contempt of Parliament, the issue of abuse of power did not strike a strong enough chord to affect the outcome. Despite their record, the Conserva-tives won handily. The result could be seen as a vindication, giving them a green light to continue their ways. What happens to our al-leged democracy in the meantime is another question.

Lawrence Martin is the author of 10 books and the senior columnist at iPolitics.ca. His most recent book, Harperland, was nominated for the Shaughnessy Cohen award. His other works include two volumes on Jean Chrétien, two on Canada-U.S. relations and three books on hockey.

TONY CLEMENT

It’s been said that any sufficiently advanced technolog y is indist inguishable from magic. Sometimes, working on my tablet or tweeting someone hundreds or thousands of kilometres away, it feels like just that.

I have eagerly embraced new social media tools that I believe allow Canadians — and people from almost anywhere in the world — a more direct, less filtered, medium to engage their elected representatives.

Voter turnout in the last federal election was just above 61 per cent. This is near the historical low point and viewed as an indica-tor of public disengagement from the politi-cal process. At the same time, however, we’ve seen massive citizen engagement through so-cial media outlets.

New media has democratized informa-tion, and people are far more aware of cur-rent events than ever before. My hope is that through social media, politicians can better engage with citizens, dialogue with them and, most importantly, hear directly from a variety of minds on issues that matter to them locally, provincially, nationally and internationally. This is the solution to political apathy.

In addition to social media initiatives, I am excited to be spearheading other innovations for our government. Open government and increased transparency from increased and improved data sharing will be a hallmark of government in the future, a lasting legacy I am proud our government, in Canada, is leading.

There is a tremendous opportunity to take the tools of information technology and make government faster, more effec-tive and more efficient. I believe we can enhance core government business such as program and service delivery, and even policy-making, with the right technology tools.

Right now, the move to update federal government technology is linked to the government’s overarching plans to find savings across departments in programs and services. This year, we received a mandate from Canadians to eliminate the deficit, keep taxes low and continue creating jobs — and IT can help us. I have been an early adopter of these technologies and tools, relying heavily upon my tablet to edit speeches or correspondence on the fly. In my department, we have begun the process to lead the government in tele-presence and web-based collaboration.

While we will always need the full and open debates of Parliament, new social media tools are putting Canadian citizens in direct communication with the people who represent them. Modernizing govern-ment by using technology to work smarter is a goal we have. By embracing innovation we will indeed make the government of to-morrow a reality today and fundamentally change the way government works for Ca-nadians. Social media and IT innovations are like a politician’s open-door policy, and that’s the way it should be.

We can probably credit Tony Clement for pushing our MPs into the Twittersphere. Whereas citizens might before have had to rely on sporadic coverage in their local paper’s na-tional section, they can now track their Ottawa representative virtually in real time, thanks to constant updates on Twitter, and perhaps see an exchange between members outside the staid question period. And yes, Twitter works both ways, acting as an easy outlet for govern-ment messaging, but its potential is promising. Clement pushed this new media adoption, and it is changing our discourse.

MASSIMO BERGAMINI

ELIZABETH THOMPSON’S ARTICLE appeared on iPolitics on Oct. 27, 2011 under the headline “Twitter, Facebook and social media ‘critical’ to government, says Clement.” It was one of those stories that sails just under the radar of mainstream media.

Speaking after an appearance before the Senate official languages committee, Treasury Board President Tony Clement told iPolitics that he wants to launch a pilot project to use social media to consult and engage Canadians more on government policies. He added that he intends to push forward with the Treasury Board’s open data initiative where govern-ment information is shared openly online.

Yawn, right?Wrong. This is one story with legs. Or at least, it’s a

story that should have legs. While it may not be readily apparent, few initiatives on the gov-ernment’s drawing board have the potential to transform our democracy as much as this one.

Anyone who believes in the concepts and merits of open government, or government 2.0, needs to take stock of this and react now.

Senate reform and more MPs for rapidly growing provinces amount to tinkering at the margins of our democratic system when compared with the transformative potential of genuine online engagement and its institu-tional implications.

Clement, who is one of the most active MPs on Twitter, is quoted saying that the opportu-nity “to use social media, to speak directly to people, to our constituents, to citizens…is a big occasion to promote the conversation be-tween citizens and the Canadian government. It is very important for the future.”

He’s right. The problem is there have been no conversations on what that conversation could or should look like.

The absence of a public debate on the mer-its and implications of using technology to open up government and engage more with citizens means that what has the potential to transform our institutions also runs the risk of being used to shore up the status quo.

Our system is built around incremental-ism — small, cautious steps that don’t rock the boat are what garner promotions in Ottawa, not proposals for sweeping institu-tional reform.

And citizen consultation is nothing new in government. There are well-staffed units in most federal departments that do nothing but consult and engage with citizens and in-terest groups.

But using new online tools to make these consultations easier do not mean we’ve em-braced government 2.0. Giving outdated con-cepts and approaches, a fresh coat of paint will only hide the rust and cover up cracks.

Our current system of ministerial and bu-reaucratic accountability is not designed to easily integrate solutions that run counter to formal advice. Alternatives or contrary opinions tend to be relegated to the public environment scans of memos to cabinet, not recommended action.

Designing new government online strate-gies to operate on the old institutional and ac-countability platforms would be like putting a Ferrari body on a ’72 Pinto drive train — it’ll look nice in the garage, but don’t take it for a spin.

If the core principles of open government (data as a public good, largely unfettered ac-cess to information, implementation of citi-zen solutions and democratic engagement) were implemented, they would result in a fun-damental shift in how government works and thinks. It would also amount to a dramatic rethink of our democracy.

But without a compelling main-street nar-rative to create political space and demand for

real change and without any obvious external champions for this cause, the prospects of a transformative open government agenda be-ing implemented any time soon are dim.

Open government is not a bureaucratic is-sue — open government is all about politics. And political decisions will be what makes it happen.

It’s not enough for techies and theorists to carry on amongst themselves about the vir-tues of new digital technologies in opening up government. It’s time for Canada’s open government evangelists to step up to the plate and kick-start the debate, explain why open government matters and what the cost of half-hearted reforms would be.

Clement has already hinted at his vision: a connected, more collaborative government, a bureaucracy empowered to engage directly with Canadians, the sharing of data to foster innovation. He also said his officials were now busy developing guidelines that will frame this vision.

Clement opened the door. Anyone who wants to see government open up needs to grab the perch offered by the minister now, before government’s blueprint is fully set and reputations become wed to it.

Ma ss imo Be rgamini i s pre s ident o f InterChange Public Affairs, an Ottawa-based public affairs firm.

The idea that government should be more open and accessible is, arguably, something that is more or less inevitable. People are finding new ways to get information every day, and with so many MPs and government officials using social networks like Twitter and Facebook, governments are wise to open the door before it’s kicked down. After Treasury Board President Tony Clement announced this month that the government will launch its open data program, federal Information Commissioner Suzanne Legault reminded everyone that “a commitment to transparency must include a willingness to improve the efficiency of our access to information regime.” There is still work to be done, she said.

SUZANNE LEGAULT

The one thing I would do to fix the way we do politics in Canada is to develop a clear vision of Canada’s future and to have the courage to take the necessary steps to develop this vision.

Let me explain.Canada, like all other nations worldwide, is

faced with complex public policy issues that arise in the context of a high degree of inter-

dependence among nations. One need only consider public health, environmental and financial issues to understand this readily.

Simultaneously, two key changemakers are transforming public institutions. First, public administrations are looking to reduce their own costs of operations and are thus reducing their capacity in many respects — especially in the public policy field.

Second, as stated by Jocelyne Bourgon in A New Synthesis of Public Administration, Serving in the 21st Century, the evolving re-lationship between the state and its citizens as value creators and the emergence of an expanding public space shaped by modern communications technologies have created networked societies.

Simply put, as the old saying goes, two brains are better than one. By extension, thousands of citizens’ brains interacting — through the use of communications tech-nology — with public administrators’ brains make for better public policy. There is an op-portunity, and I would argue a necessity, for government to redefine its role in society and to help launch a new era of participatory gov-ernment. As stated by Tim O’Reilly and Da-vid Eaves in Open Government, Collaboration, Transparency, and Participation in Practice,

government needs to transform our public institutions into platforms for networking.

There is a catch though, and this is where the courage component comes in. To truly leverage citizens’ input, governments must share the invaluable national asset that they hold and control: public-sector information. They need to embrace transparency as a fun-damental and essential tenet of governance in order to develop this vision of Canada’s fu-ture. Such a vision, developed via a participa-tive democracy, enabled by the sharing of our public sector information, will maximize ac-countability, maximize efficiency, lead to in-novation, increase our competitiveness and ensure Canada’s future is ref lective of our collective will and wisdom.

SCOTT VROOMAN

THE AIM OF THIS MAGAZINE IS to suggest a number of ways in which to improve our democratic process. Rather than feed you more utopian drivel, I’m going to grab you by the scruff of your rationality and drag you back down to Earth. The fact is, democracy is a fundamentally weak system of government. It’s time we trade in the tattered rags of compromise for the purple robes of royalty. Yes, that’s right, I propose Canada become an absolute monarchy.

“What?” you collectively gasp, “Go back to being a British colony?” While the British are undoubtedly our cultural superiors (their reality television is more sophisticated, their street riots more refined, and their food more meticulously deep-fried) that is not what I’m suggesting. No, I propose we start an inde-pendent, Canadian monarchy. A monarchy we can be proud of, that we can point to one day and say to our grandchildren, “Top that you little punks.”

I’ll admit it was fun to pretend to be the boss for a bit. We had a lot of elections, and there was that whole “women’s suffrage” fad. But while democracy has become more so-phisticated since it started as a mere party game in ancient Alexandria (invented by wealthy merchant Carl Democracy when he came up with a novel solution to decide who was to be the first to disrobe and jump into the giant tub of wine at his slavewarming party), it has nonetheless been mostly inef-fective. So-called “elections” are little more

than a beauty contest (case in point: Stephen “Chiseled From God’s Marble” Harper), and many Canadians don’t even bother to vote (case in point: me).

“Hey!” you collectively shout, “Don’t throw out the baby with the bathwater!” Oh what, this baby? (I am holding a baby with soiled diapers and the word “INEFFI-CIENCY” tattooed across its chest while I point to it with a look of disdain on my face) I think we could all do without that baby. (I discard the aforementioned baby along with the aforementioned bathwater, then pause to nod with satisfaction). I’d much rather bathe this (I hold up a new baby, with a long, noble chin and a tiny crown).

“OK!” you collectively rejoice, “I’ve been swayed by your astute analysis and formida-ble intellect. But how do we end democracy as soon as possible?” First, let me be clear I am certainly not suggesting we have God Himself appoint a Head of State for Canada. While He took on that responsibility several times for countless other monarchs, He’s far too busy these days lobbying against gay marriage and making toys for Christmas. I propose instead we have The Final Vote. One last hurrah before we send democracy on its way. The Final Vote would determine our inaugural Canadian King and Queen. They will thereafter reside in the Parliament buildings, as soon as they are converted into a glorious palace with a moat that will double as a skating rink in the winter.

“We look forward to it!” you collectively sing in a falsetto, “But who will administer royal decrees?” Once elected, the new King

and Queen shall appoint several underlings to do their bidding. These may be former co-workers, old friends, a horse or maybe even a woman. It’s not important because it’s no longer our business. And that’s the beauty of monarchy: we don’t need to make any more decisions! They keep society organized so we may be free to spend more time with family, friends, television shows and porn.

Thereafter, the King and Queen will be ex-pected to breed in abundance (keep in mind during The Final Vote that you may want to skew young, or at least virile), providing us with many generations of royalty to rule us, provide us with fodder for gossip and humble us with their lavish lifestyles and expensive, imported skin.

So you can read the rest of this magazine and see how maybe a bit of lipstick here and mascara there can cover up the hideous face of democracy. But deep down we all know that the best solution is to replace that ugly mug completely with the noble, jewel-encrusted fist of monarchy.

“Let’s do this!” you collectively cheer, torches and pitchforks aloft, ready to restore civilization to Canada.

Let’s do this, indeed.

Scott Vrooman is a member of the sketch comedy troupe Picnicface.

Abandon coercive measures that force individuals to “do the right thing.” (Amanda Clarke), 19

Abolish the Senate. (David Christopherson), 42

Adapt work cultures to accommodate the work-life needs of a broader range of people. (Isabel Bassett), 13

Adopt a “constructive non-confidence” procedure. (Mark Jarvis), 18

Acknowledge and celebrate the work of community organizers. (Brigette DePape), 44

Allow online voter registration. (Paul Howe), 26

Allow voters to rank their choices. (Adil Sayeed), 23

Allow voters to vote online 24/7 over a week. (Robin Sears), 34

Appoint Justin Bieber to the Senate. (Sarah L.), 53

Ask a woman. (Sandra Sanguli), 28

Ban unflattering suits. (Sarah L.), 53

Become an absolute monarchy. (Scott Vrooman), 52

Bring back consensus, civility and substance. (Nino Ricci), 15

Change the language. (Rick Anderson), 7

Change the voting system. (June Macdonald), 22, (Michelle Cisneros), 27, (Isaac Bothan), 27

Cultivate more political citizens. (Alison Loat), 10, (Paul Howe), 26

Practise daily engagement and resistance. (Brigette DePape), 44

Debate using technology to open up government. (Massimo Bergamini), 49

Demand that governments learn to collaborate. (Don Lenihan), 14

Democratize the Senate. Or abolish it. Pick one. (Rick Anderson), 7

Don’t despair (just yet). Amanda Clarke, 19

Do your part. (Micaela Pirani-Watson), 28

Draw up new rules to govern the House the next time there is a minority government. (Don Newman), 38

Eliminate red tape. (Hayley Wickenheiser), 15

Embrace transparency. (Suzanne Legault), 50

Encourage a more open, in-depth and informed debate on bills. (Charmaine Borg), 40

Ensure no one slips through the cracks. (Paul Howe), 26

Establish a deadline requiring the House of Commons to be summoned within 30 days after a general election. (Mark Jarvis), 18

Fix elections at four-year intervals. (Rick Anderson), 7, (Mark Jarvis), 18

Get political leaders to think like statemen. (Kevin Page), 20

Govern the people justly and fairly. (Caitlin Russell), 29

Give Canada something to believe in. (Emma Beattie), 29

Give caucus power to decide upon its membership. (Michael Chong), 17

Give caucus power to conduct a leadership review vote. (Michael Chong), 17

Give parliamentarians independent authority to determine the membership of parliamentary committees. (Rick Anderson), 7

Give people more information. (Gillian Macdonald), 27

Grow up. (Victoria Fogarty), 3

Host meetings on social networking sites. (Sarah L.), 53

Implement preferential voting. (Adil Sayeed), 23

Insist on truth and respect (Michaela Lukas), 28

Integrate “nudge” politics. (Amanda Clarke), 19

Install pneumatic tubes in the parliamentary restaurant. (Sarah L.), 52

Institute online voting. (Dylan Marando), 31

Light a spark in youth. (Colleen Trang), 29

Know history, understand traditions, recognize when they are being usurped. (Rick Anderson), 7

Learn lessons from abroad and act locally. (Adil Sayeed), 23

Learn to engage stakeholders and citizens. (Don Lenihan), 14

Listen to citizens. (Tim Uppal), 19

Lower the voting age to 16. (Amanda Clarke), 19, (Paul Howe), 26, (Shaughnessy Dow), 27, (Nicolas Sanchez), 28

Make Canadians vote. (Robin Sears), 34

Make constituency associations the final authority over candidate nominations. (Michael Chong), 17

Make elections matter. (Rick Anderson), 8

Make every vote count. (Rick Anderson), 8

Make politics accessible for everyone. (David Shannon), 15

Make voter registration at age 16 mandatory. (Paul Howe), 26

Make politics relevant to people’s lives. (Wayne Chu), 12

Modernize government by using technology to work smarter. (Tony Clement), 48

No one should be appointed to Parliament. (Rick Anderson), 7

Occupy the ballot box. (Graham Fox), 33

Open parties to a wider base of Canadians. (Bob Rae), 32

Put Canadian citizens in direct communication with the people who represent them. (Tony Clement), 48

Reduce partisanship. (Rick Anderson), 8

Restore the right of an MP to question the government. (Michael Chong), 17

Require political leaders over 50 to watch The Social Network. (Kevin Page), 20

Require the consent of two-thirds majority of the House to prorogue Parliament. (Mark Jarvis), 18

Revisit the supply and estimates process. (Kevin Page), 20

Set MPs free. (Goldy Hyder), 35

Socialize youth into political participation. (Amanda Clarke), 19

Stop excluding people. (Wayne Chu), 12

Stop overlooking the untapped talent pool of women. (Isabel Bassett), 13

Talk to your local representative. (Hollerado), 37

Take more responsibility for change. (Isabel Bassett), 13

Teach young people that a career in politics is a worthy and credible way to spend time. (Alison Loat), 11

Throw away the talking points. (Rick Anderson), 8

Transfer powers absorbed by leaders back to Parliament and parliamentarians. (Rick Anderson), 7

Unite around an overarching vision. (Gywn Morgan), 16

Use social media to engage with citizens. (Tony Clement), 48

View citizens as active owners of the political process. (Graham Fox), 33

INDEX: 78 Ways to Fix the Way We Do Politics

Canadians  have  repeatedly  said  that  

they  want  Canadian-­produced  food  

and  support  Canadian  farmers.

They  say  we  should  produce  enough  

Canadian  food  to  satisfy  our  needs,  that  

food  produced  in  Canada  is  a  lot  or  somewhat  

better  than  food  produced  elsewhere,  and  

that  they  trust  Canadian  farmers.  They  also  

feel  that  it’s  important  to  preserve  strong  

farming  communities  throughout  Canada.  

Costs are rising for all of usCanadians  have  been  feeling  the  pinch  

from  the  rising  cost  of  food.  Canada’s  

farmers,  too,  are  feeling  the  squeeze.  Costs  

of  production  continue  to  rise.  Farmers  

investments  –  often  in  unstable  input  costs,  

such  as  fuel,  feed,  equipment  and  other  

necessities  over  which  farmers  have  no  

control.  Canadian-­made  products  meet  

demanding  standards  that  are  the  envy    

of  many  in  the  world.  There  are  costs  to  

programs  that  all  Canadians  have  come    

to  count  on,  including  programs  assuring,  

food  safety,  traceability  and  animal  care.  

Supply management does not inflate the price of foodSupply  management  ensures  that  farmers  

receive  a  fair  price  for  their  product  –  but  the  

price  paid  at  your  local  grocery  store  or  

restaurant  is  not  controlled  by  the  farmers  –  

retailers  make  that  decision.  This  disconnect  

between  farm  and  retail  prices  is  evidenced  

in  countries  where  industries  have  been  

deregulated  –  in  those  cases,  farmers’  

incomes  have  dropped  substantially,  while  

consumer  prices  have  not  followed  suit2.

2    Mercier-­Gouin,  Supply  management,  still  an  appropriate  model,  2004

Supply management – Truly Canadian, with no subsidiesIncreasing  liberalization  of  agricultural  

markets  around  the  world  has  created  

dramatic  price  volatility,  which  is  threat-­

ening  food  security.  So  much  so,  that  in  

June  2011,  G-­20  Ministers  of  agriculture  

addressed  it  by  supporting  market  stability.  

The  United  States  and  the  European  Union  

subsidize  their  farmers  with  billions  of  

poultry  and  egg  farmers  receive  100%    

of  their  revenue  from  the  marketplace.  

Supply  management  is  a  uniquely  Canadian  

approach  whereby  farmers  get  a  fair  return,  

processors  get  a  reliable  supply  and  

Canadians  are  provided  with  a  consistent  

choice  of  excellent  and  high-­quality  prod-­

ucts  at  reasonable  prices  –  all  without  

government  subsidies.

Thank you, Canada!We  thank  the  federal  government  and  all  

parliamentarians  for  their  ongoing  support.  

As  recently  as  the  June  2011  Speech  from  the  Throne,  government  has  repeatedly  

supply  management  within  trade  talks.  

They  support  it  because  it  works.  It  works  for    

farmers,  for  processors  and  for  consumers.  

And  it  works  for  Canadian  taxpayers  –  no  

subsidies  and  $4.5  billion  of  tax  revenue.

We  are  tremendously  proud  of  our  system,  

continue  responding  to  the  evolving  

consumer  preferences.  

Thank you, Canada, for your trust.

       BUYING    Canadian   IS  GOOD  FOR  ALL  OF  US

Buying  Canadian  is  good  

for  all  of  us  –  it  supports  

jobs,  supports  farmers,  and  

supports  local,  provincial  

and  national  economies.  

This  is  particularly  true  

within  the  Canadian  dairy,  

poultry  and  egg  sectors.  

Our  dynamic  supply  man-­

agement  systems  have,  for  

more  than  40  years,  allowed  

generations  of  farmers  to  

make  a  sizeable  economic  

contribution  to  the  nation,  

while  meeting  dramatically  

evolving  consumer  demand  

for  high-­quality  products.  

Together,  the  dairy,  poultry  

and  egg  sectors  sustain  over  

290,000  jobs,  contribute  

approximately  $25.5  billion  

dollars  to  the  Canadian  

GDP  and  contribute  over    

$  4.5  billion  in  tax  revenues  

at  federal,  provincial  and  

municipal  levels1.  

1   The  Economic  Impact  of  the  

Dairy  Industry  in  Canada  –  Éco  

Ressources  2011

  The  Economic  Impact  of  the  

Poultry  and  Egg  Industries  in  

Canada  –  Informetrica  Ltd.  2011

$1.318.5

$7.398.4

Economic Contribution ($ billion)Jobs (thousand)

$9.599.6

$5.049.7

$2.424.4

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