1.The Roman Empire at Its Height, 117NN o rt hWSe a Roman EmpireBRITAIN0 250 500 MilesE LondiniumS(London) 0 250 500 KilometersRhi GERMANYnLutetia e(Paris) RiverAT L A NT I CEUROPEDanu Ca OCEAN be sp GAULRi v e r ia nSe B l a ck Se a aSPAINITALY RomeByzantiumTigris ASIARivMINORASIA er GREECE Eu phra tes RiveCarthage r AthensSYRIAM e d i t e rr a n e a n Se aDamascusJerusalemAFRICAAlexandria EGYPTNi leRe River dSe a

2. Barbarian invasions andinternal problems causedThe Romans built a huge,the collapse of thepowerful empire andRoman Empire.made many contributionsto art, architecture, law,and other fields. The eastern Byzantine Empire remained after the Roman Empire fell andWestern Roman Empire was an important centerEastern Roman Empire of Christianity and trade. 3. Roman AccomplishmentsGovernment Architecture Importance of written laws Large and strong buildings Equal treatment for all Columns and open spacescitizens Art Rights and duties of citizens Realistic statuesEngineering Lifelike portraits Excellent, durable roads Philosophy Strong bridges Focused on improving Aqueducts to move water peoples lives Building designs that inspired Stoic philosophy emphasiz-later societies ing peoples civic duty 4. MedinaARABIAMecca 5. Nomads in Arabia movedMuslims, followers with their animals as theof Islam, worship in seasons changed and tradedmosques and studywith townspeople for goods.the Quran and theSunnah. Muhammad, a trader from Mecca, taught about a religion called Islam. 6. Islam spread from Arabia to the west andeast. Later, three large Islamic empiresdeveloped, and Muslims made greatThe Safavid Empirecontributions to learning. was centered in Persia, or modern Iran. The Mughal Empire was centered in modern India.ANATOLIAPERSIA INDIA ARABIAThe Ottoman Empirewas centered in Anatolia. 7. S A H A R AWEST AFRICATimbuktu Niger Rier v Djenn 8. The Ghana Empiredeveloped in West Malis kings builtAfrica and controlled an empire andthe trade in salt spread Islam inand gold. West Africa. The Songhai Empire continued to spread Islam.The history of West Africahas been preserved throughstorytelling, writing, music,and art. 9. He gH uan w(Y e ll o ChanganRive r) Chang J i a ng (Yan gz i ver)RiCHINA 10. China was reunified,and Buddhismspread during theSui and Tangdynasties.Farming and tradegrew under the Tangand Song dynasties.Confucian thoughtinfluenced Chinesegovernment andeducation.The powerful Yuanand Ming dynastiesstrengthened China,and expanded trade,but then Chinabecame isolated. 11. Chinese InventionsPaperInvented during the Han dynasty around 105, paper was one of thegreatest of all Chinese inventions. It gave the Chinese a cheap andeasy way of keeping records and made printing possible.PorcelainPorcelain was first madeduring the Tang dynasty, butit wasnt perfected for manycenturies. Chinese artistswere famous for their workwith this fragile material.Woodblock printingThe Chinese invented printing during the Tang dynasty, centuriesbefore it was known in Europe. Printers could copy drawings ortexts quickly, much faster than they could be copied by hand.GunpowderInvented during thelate Tang or early Songdynasty, gunpowder wasused to make fireworksand signals. The Chinesedid not generally use it asa weapon.Movable typeInventors of the Song dynasty created movable type, which madeprinting much faster. Carved letters could be rearranged andreused to print many different messages.Magnetic compassInvented no later thanthe Han period, thecompass was greatlyimproved by the Tang.The new compassallowed sailors andmerchants to travel vastdistances.Paper moneyThe worlds first paper money was invented by the Song. Lighterand easier to handle than coins, paper money helped the Chinesemanage their growing wealth. 12. JAPAN Heian(Kyoto) 13. Japans early culture was influenced A golden age of Japanese art and culture After the Heian Period, the Japaneseby China and Korea.occurred during Japans Heian Period.created a military society. 14. Samurai SocietyEmperorThe emperor wasa figurehead forthe powerfulshogun.ShogunA powerfulmilitary leader,the shogun ruledin the emperorsname.Daimyo andSamuraiDaimyo werepowerful lordswho often ledarmies of samu-rai. Samuraiwarriors servedthe shogun anddaimyo.PeasantsMost Japanesewere poorpeasants whohad no power. 15. ENGLAND EUROPEFRANCESPAINITALY 16. Life in Europe was based onAfter Rome fell, feudalism andChristianity spreadmanor life.into northern Europe.JAPANRomeBoth Europe andJapan developedfeudal societies. 17. Feudal Society Kings and Queens Kings and queens were the greatest lords of Europe, and all nobles and knights were their vassals. Nobles Nobles were vassals of kings and queens. Many were also lords of lower- ranking nobles and knights. Knights Knights served their noble lords in exchange for land. Peasants Peasants owned no land, so they were not part of the feudal system. But many peasants worked on land owned by nobles or knights. 18. The Renaissance TradeGrowth ofwith Asia trading citiesHumanism PrintingpressThe Renaissance was built on trade withAsia and the growth of independent tradingcities. Renaissance thinkers focused on theideas of humanism, and the printing presshelped spread their ideas across Europe. 19. ProtestantCatholicUnhappy with the Catholic Church,The Protestant Reformation led toThe split in the church changed thereformers in Europe began to break efforts to reform the Catholic Church. religious map of Europe.away and form Protestant churches. 20. The roots of theScientists likeThe ideas of Scientific Copernicus and Bacon andRevolution Newton made Descartes helped included Greekimportant create the and Muslimdiscoveries about scientific method. science,the universe. Renaissance humanism, andworld exploration. 21. TradeExploration Market economies The Age of Explo-Beginning in the late ration led to the 1400s, Europeanexchange of plants New trading patternsexplorers sailed around and animals and to led to the development the globe and discov-the growth of world of market economiesered the true size andtrade. based on supply andshape of the world.demand. 22. MESOAMERICA TenochtitlnPalenque Tikal 23. QuitoANDESCuzco 24. People arrived in the By 2500 BC people The Maya built cities inThe Maya civilizationAmericas sometime in Mesoamerica hadthe Americas during their eventually collapsed, butbefore 10,000 BC. domesticated maize. Classic Age.no one knows why. 25. The Aztecs built a greatempire from their capitalat Tenochtitln.Spanish explorersled by Hernn Cortsconquered the Aztecsin 1521.The Inca Empire stretchedalong the west coast ofSouth America.Francisco Pizarro anda group of Spanishexplorers conqueredthe Incas in 1537. 26. The Columbian Exchange 27. Enlightenment ideas helped inspire revolutions in America and Europe.The EnlightenmentNew governments created influentialdocuments based on EnlightenmentEnlightenment thinkers developed newideas that guaranteed peoples rightsideas about government and society. and freedoms. 28. Ideas of the Enlightenment The ability to reason is what makes humans unique. Reason can be used to solve problems and improve peoples lives. Reason can free people from ignorance, superstition, and unfairgovernment. The natural world is governed by laws that can be discoveredthrough reason. Like the natural world, human behavior is governed by natural laws. Governments should reflect natural laws and encourage educationand debate. 29. Documents of DemocracyThe growth of moderndemocracy was greatlyinfluenced by severalkey documents, whichare shown here.Which two documentscontain some of JohnLockes ideas? Magna Carta (1215) The English Limited the power of the Bill of Rights (1689) monarchy Outlawed cruel and Identified peoples rights unusual punishment to property Guaranteed free Established peoples speech for members right to trial by a jury of Parliament The United States DeclarationThe French Declaration of Independence (1776) of the Rights of Man and Declared that people haveof the Citizen (1789) natural rights that governments Stated that the French government must protect received its power from the people Argued that people have the Strengthened individual rights and right to replace their governmentequality 30. THE WORLD 0 2,000 mi 0 2,0 00 km 2003 National Geographic Society www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions