8. pediatric neuraxial anesthesia-mueller.pdf

19
5/8/2013 1 Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia from Caudals, to Thoracic Epidurals, to Awake Spinals Martin Müller, MD Assistant Professor Division of Pediatric Anesthesia Iowa Symposium XIII May 4, 2013 Disclosure No financial ties, compensation from or obligation to manufacturers of biomedical products or drugs

Upload: fajar-narakusuma

Post on 10-Apr-2016

228 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

1

Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia from Caudals, to Thoracic Epidurals, to Awake Spinals

Martin Müller, MDAssistant Professor

Division of Pediatric Anesthesia

Iowa Symposium XIII

May 4, 2013

Disclosure

• No financial ties, compensation from or obligation to manufacturers of biomedical products or drugs

Page 2: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

2

Overview

• Caudal single shot

• Thoracic epidural catheter

• Awake spinal block

Introduction

• Most common block in children

• Easy to learn1

• Minimal equipment

• Favorable risk/benefit ratio

• ↓ Surgical stress response2

1 Schuepfer G; et al.: Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000; 25: 385–8 2 Erol A; et al.: Pediatr Int. 2007;49:928-32

Page 3: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

3

Indications

• Augmentation for GA and post‐operative analgesia

• Pediatric surgeries involving lower body

• Ureteral reimplantation, orchiopexy1, complex hypospadias repair, inguinal herniorrhaphy, clubfoot repair, etc.

1 Rice LJ; et al: Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1990; 37:429-31

Contraindications

• Refusal, no parental consent

• Skin infection

• Sepsis

• Immunodeficiency

• Coagulopathy/thrombocytopenia

• Post‐operative testing of motor/sensory function

• Anatomical – sacral dimple indicative of myelodysplasia

• Ultrasound to confirm anatomy1

1 Schwartz D; et al: Pediatric Anesthesia 2011; 21:1073–1088

S1 S2

Page 4: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

4

Anatomy

Anatomy: Pediatric

• Sacrum narrow, flat – direct route to dural sac

• Conus medullaris @ L3

• Dural sac @ S3

• Incomplete ossification

• Thin ligamentum flavum

• ↑ Compliance & ↑ size of epidural space

• ↑ Intervertebral foramina –LA escape

Page 5: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

5

Physiology

• Relative CSF volume↑1

• CSF turnover↑

• Hemodynamic stability in children < 6 years with neuraxial block2

– Small venous capacitance of lower extremities

– Lack of resting sympathetic peripheral vascular tone

1 Cutler RWP; et al.: Brain 1968;91:707-20

2 Dohi S; et al.: Anesthesiology 1979; 50: 319–23

Dohi S; et al.: Anesthesiology 1979; 50: 319–23

Page 6: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

6

Technique 

• Monitoring: standard ASA monitors (ECG)

• Patient position: lateral decubitus, hips and knees flexed

• Operator: standing or sitting posteriorly vs. anteriorly bending over

• Good lighting

Technique: Landmarks

• Equilateral triangle posterior superior iliac spines and sacral hiatus

• Hiatus rostral of gluteal crease

• Effect of gravity on skin 

Page 7: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

7

Technique: Needle

• Short bevel 22G  straight needle

(↓ intravascular injection)

• 22G Jelco IV catheter

– Soft tip: ↓ perforation

– Kinking 

Short Bevel Regular Bevel

Technique: Pop and Drop

• Palpation of hiatus

• Needle insertion 45⁰

• Characteristic “give” through sacrococcygeal ligament

• Drop angle

Page 8: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

8

Technique: Verification 

• Needle hub open to air

• Aspiration (clear fluid, blood)

• Test dose

– Lidocaine with 1:200 000 epinephrine 

– Controversial

– Sensitivity questioned in children1

1 Fisher QA; et al.: Can J Anesth. 1997;44: 592-8

Technique: Injection

• Slow, incremental

• 10 cc syringe (comparable resistance)

• Subcutaneous palpation

• ECG monitoring (ST segment, T‐wave)

Normal

LA toxicity

Page 9: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

9

Caudal Video

Page 10: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

10

Bupivacaine

• 0.175%  ideal for outpatient surgery (max. sensory block w/ minimal motor block)

• Max. dose: 2.5 mg/kg

• CNS toxicity: seizures

• Cardiac toxicity: therapy‐resistant arrhythmias, cardiac arrest

• 20% Intralipid, 1.5 ml/kg bolus, then infusion 0.25 ml/kg/h

Ropivacaine

• Onset 7‐14 min

• Duration 4‐6 h

• Good sensory/weak motor block

• 0.2 % ideal for caudal

• More expensive

• Less CNS and cardiac toxicity1

1 Scott DB; et al.: Anesth Analg 1989;69:563-9

Page 11: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

11

2,3‐Chloroprocaine

• Denser block 

• Ester hydrolysis

• Less risk of toxic accumulation in neonates

• Continuous infusion1

• Cheap

• Neurotoxic with subdural administration

1 Tobias JD; et al.: Can J Anesth 1996; 43: 69-72

Adjuvants

• Clonidine– Optimal dose 1‐2 mcg/kg– Sedation– Bradycardia, hypotension, apnea in neonates

• Ketamine– Preservative‐free ketamine not available in US 

• Neostigmine– PONV ↑ 30% 

• Opioids– Delayed respiratory depression

Page 12: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

12

Caudal:Complications

• Intravascular/intraosseous injection

• Epidural hematoma

• Neural injury

• Subarachnoid injection

• Epidural abscess

• Urinary retention (opioids)

Thoracic Epidural Catheter:Indication/Goals

• Abdominal/thoracic surgery

• Post operative analgesia

• Older children

Page 13: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

13

Thoracic Epidural: Technique

• Under general anesthesia

• Lateral decubitus position

• Midline vs. paramedian approach

• LOR with NS (avoid air embolism)

• Ligamentum flavum not as prominent

• Depth of epidural space: ca. 1 cm/10 kg

Thoracic Epidural Complications 

• Drugs– CNS/cardio toxicity– Intravascular/subarachnoid injection

• Catheter placement– Trauma to epidural structures (nerves, spinal cord, vessels)

– Catheter migration‐spinal block1

– Infection 

1 Taenzer AH: Anesthesiology 2003; 98:1014-15

Page 14: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

14

Awake Spinal Anesthesia

Indications

• Preferable to avoid general anesthesia

–Muscular hypotonia (post‐op ventilation)

– Post op apnea

– ?Neurotoxicity

– Difficult  AW (Pierre Robin)

• Inguinal hernia repair, muscle biopsy

Page 15: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

15

Spinal: Technique 

• PIV (timing variable)

• ASA monitors

• Sitting position

– Needs a good “babysitter”: restrain all 4 extremities, lumbar lordosis, avoid neck flexion (AW obstruction)

– pacifier

Spinal: Technique 

• 22g 1‐½  inch spinal needle

• TB syringe (slip tip)

• Sterile prep iodine/alcohol

Page 16: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

16

Spinal: Technique• Barbotage

• Supine positioning

• Soft restraints

• Immediate start of surgery

L3-4

Spinal: Drugs

Drug Concentration %

Dose mg/kg

Durationmin

Lidocaine 5 3 56

Bupivacaine 0.5 1 70

Tetracaine 1 0.5 80

Page 17: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

17

Spinal: Complications1

• Desaturation

• “High” spinal 

• Bradycardia (<100 bpm)

• Apnea

• Rarely: infection, bleeding, nerve damage, spinal cord injury

• CSF leak

1 Williams RK; et al.:Anesth Analg. 2006; 102:67-71

Page 18: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

18

Common Problems

• Incomplete block (failed spinal)

– Rare (5‐20%)

– Repeat SAB, do caudal block, i.v. supplementation, cancel surgery

• Agitation

– From heat, covers, physical restraints

– Solution: sweetened pacifier, padding, ventilation, i.v. sedation (benzodiazepines, propofol)

Common Problems

• Time running out:

– Avoid delays during prep and intraop

– Have good communication with surgeon

– Addition of epinephrine

– Combination with caudal block:

• Total dose 2.5 mg/kg bupivacaine divided into– SAB: 1 mg/kg (0.2 cc/kg of 0.5% bupivacaine)

– Caudal:  1.5 mg/kg (0.6 cc/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine)

Page 19: 8. Pediatric Neuraxial Anesthesia-Mueller.pdf

5/8/2013

19

Summary

• Caudal: most common block, easy to learn

• Intralipid needs to be immediately available

• Thoracic epidural: potential for serious complications, LOR with NS, asleep vs. awake

• Awake spinal: wonderful alternative to GA, potential to avoid suspected neurotoxic effects of GA, time limitations

Questions?

[email protected] www.anesth.uiowa.edu