88thth Grade FCAT Review Grade FCAT Review Physical Science: MatterPhysical Science: Matter

Assembled by: Jami Shaw and Amanda Braget

•Atoms are the smallest units of matter Atoms are the smallest units of matter (for now). (for now). •All matter is made up of atoms.All matter is made up of atoms.•The different ways atoms combine The different ways atoms combine contribute to the diversity of all living contribute to the diversity of all living and nonliving things.and nonliving things.

• Trees, Dogs, DNA, Rocks, Metals, Water, Trees, Dogs, DNA, Rocks, Metals, Water, People, etc.People, etc.

•When atoms combine in different ways, When atoms combine in different ways, they form compounds.they form compounds.

• Certain atom combinations make Certain atom combinations make certain compounds.certain compounds.

 

Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure Nucleus has most of the massNucleus has most of the mass

ProtonsProtons

- positive electric charge- positive electric charge

- = Atomic (top) number- = Atomic (top) number

- how many determines what - how many determines what

elementelement

NeutronsNeutrons

- no electric charge- no electric charge

- = AMU (bottom) – Atomic (top)- = AMU (bottom) – Atomic (top)

NumbersNumbers

ElectronElectron

- negative electric charge- negative electric charge

- mass is almost 0 - mass is almost 0

- The electron number of neutral atoms is = to the proton number. - The electron number of neutral atoms is = to the proton number.

- flies around the nucleus at almost the speed of light- flies around the nucleus at almost the speed of light

Phases of MatterPhases of Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and takes Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). up space (volume).

All matter is made up of atoms.All matter is made up of atoms. The phase/state that the matter is in The phase/state that the matter is in

depends on how the atoms are behaving.depends on how the atoms are behaving.Based upon particle arrangementBased upon particle arrangementBased upon energy of particlesBased upon energy of particlesBased upon distance between particlesBased upon distance between particles

SolidsSolids Definite SHAPE, VOLUME, and Definite SHAPE, VOLUME, and

MASSMASS Atoms of solids are tightly packed Atoms of solids are tightly packed

together.together. Atoms of solids have slight vibrating Atoms of solids have slight vibrating

movement. movement. – Low Kinetic energyLow Kinetic energy

To change a solid you can add To change a solid you can add heat/thermal/kinetic energyheat/thermal/kinetic energy– Melt (solid to liquid)Melt (solid to liquid)– Sublimation (solid to gas)Sublimation (solid to gas)

LiquidsLiquids Definite VOLUME and MASS. Definite VOLUME and MASS.

No definite SHAPENo definite SHAPE Atoms of liquids are loosely Atoms of liquids are loosely

held together.held together. Atoms of liquids have fluid movement.Atoms of liquids have fluid movement.

– Mid-level Kinetic energyMid-level Kinetic energy

To change a liquid you can add or remove To change a liquid you can add or remove heat/thermal/kinetic energyheat/thermal/kinetic energy– Adding energy - Boiling/ evaporation (liquid to gas)Adding energy - Boiling/ evaporation (liquid to gas)– Removing energy – Freezing (Liquid to solid)Removing energy – Freezing (Liquid to solid)

GasesGases Definite Mass. No definite Definite Mass. No definite

SHAPE or VOLUME.SHAPE or VOLUME. Atoms of gases bounce off Atoms of gases bounce off

each other and expand to fill a each other and expand to fill a

given space.given space. Atoms of gases have very Atoms of gases have very

rapid continuous movement.rapid continuous movement.– High Kinetic energyHigh Kinetic energy

To change a gas you can add or remove To change a gas you can add or remove heat/thermal/kinetic energyheat/thermal/kinetic energy– Adding energy – change to plasma (superheated Adding energy – change to plasma (superheated

gas)gas)– Removing energy – Condensation (Gas to Liquid)Removing energy – Condensation (Gas to Liquid)

Organization of Matter – The Periodic Organization of Matter – The Periodic TableTable

• As you move from left to right, the elements go from being As you move from left to right, the elements go from being highly reactive/unstable to being nonreactive/stable.highly reactive/unstable to being nonreactive/stable.• Alkali Metals (Group 1) – most reactive and unstableAlkali Metals (Group 1) – most reactive and unstable• The Noble gases (Group 18)- stable and nonreactiveThe Noble gases (Group 18)- stable and nonreactive

• Each period begins with an element that has 1 valence Each period begins with an element that has 1 valence electron and ends with an element that has 8 valence electron and ends with an element that has 8 valence electrons.electrons.

• This repeating pattern means that the elements within a This repeating pattern means that the elements within a group always have the same number of valence electrons.group always have the same number of valence electrons.

• As a result, the elements in each group have similar As a result, the elements in each group have similar properties.properties.

ClassificatioClassification of Mattern of Matter

Atom = all matterAtom = all matterMolecule = Molecule =

multiple atomsmultiple atomsCompounds = Compounds =

multiple same multiple same moleculesmolecules

Mixture = Multiple Mixture = Multiple different molecules different molecules Homogeneous: looks Homogeneous: looks

the same, can’t easily the same, can’t easily separate (solution)separate (solution)

Heterogeneous: looks Heterogeneous: looks different, can separatedifferent, can separate

SolutionsSolutions

Some homogeneous mixtures are made Some homogeneous mixtures are made of chemicals that are able to dissolve. of chemicals that are able to dissolve. They are soluble. They are soluble.

In a solution the smallest portion is the In a solution the smallest portion is the solute: Salt in saltwatersolute: Salt in saltwater

In a solution the larger portion is the In a solution the larger portion is the solvent: Water in saltwatersolvent: Water in saltwater

A solution with a little solute is dilute: 1 A solution with a little solute is dilute: 1 drop on Mio in a bottle of waterdrop on Mio in a bottle of water

A solution with a lot of solute is A solution with a lot of solute is concentrated: 20 drops of Mio in a bottle concentrated: 20 drops of Mio in a bottle of waterof water

Acid and Base SolutionsAcid and Base SolutionsAcid – low pH (0-6), makes H3O (hydronium) Acid – low pH (0-6), makes H3O (hydronium)

in solutionin solutionBase – high pH (8-14), makes OH Base – high pH (8-14), makes OH

(hydroxide) in solution(hydroxide) in solutionSalt – When an acid and a base combine and Salt – When an acid and a base combine and

neutralize, pH around 7neutralize, pH around 7pH scale- KNOW HOW TO READ IT!!!!pH scale- KNOW HOW TO READ IT!!!!

Basic

WHY ARE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL WHY ARE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES USEFUL?PROPERTIES USEFUL?

•Harness, texture, flammability, and color are all examples of properties of matter.Harness, texture, flammability, and color are all examples of properties of matter.•Characteristic properties of matter can be used to identify unknown substances. Characteristic properties of matter can be used to identify unknown substances. •Density, magnetism, melting and boiling points, and the ability to conduct heat Density, magnetism, melting and boiling points, and the ability to conduct heat and electricity are some properties that hold true, regardless of the amount of the and electricity are some properties that hold true, regardless of the amount of the sample. sample.

PHYSIVAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSIVAL PROPERTIES OF METALS•Luster-shiny and reflectiveLuster-shiny and reflective•Malleable- a material that can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets or other Malleable- a material that can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets or other shapes (aka bendable).shapes (aka bendable).•Ductile- material that can be pulled out, or drawn, into long wires. Ductile- material that can be pulled out, or drawn, into long wires. •Thermal conductivity- ability of an object to transfer heat.Thermal conductivity- ability of an object to transfer heat.•Electrical conductivity- ability to carry electric current.Electrical conductivity- ability to carry electric current.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS•Most nonmetal are poor conductors of electric current and heat.Most nonmetal are poor conductors of electric current and heat.•Solid nonmetals tend to be dull and brittle.Solid nonmetals tend to be dull and brittle.•Many nonmetals are gases at room temp.Many nonmetals are gases at room temp.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIESCHEMICAL PROPERTIES•Ability to corrode, ability to rust, ability to decompose, flammabilityAbility to corrode, ability to rust, ability to decompose, flammability

PHYSICAL CHANGEPHYSICAL CHANGE• Any change that alters the form or appearance of a Any change that alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not change into another substance.substance but does not change into another substance.

• E.g. Cutting Paper E.g. Cutting Paper

CHEMICAL CHANGECHEMICAL CHANGE• A change in matter that produces one or more new A change in matter that produces one or more new substances is a chemical change. substances is a chemical change.

• Burning and rusting are both chemical changes.Burning and rusting are both chemical changes.• E.g. Burning PaperE.g. Burning Paper• The substance that goes through the chemical change The substance that goes through the chemical change

= reactant= reactant• The new substance that forms = productThe new substance that forms = product

Physical and Chemical Changes

Physical vs. Chemical PropertiesPhysical vs. Chemical Properties

Which properties shown above are physical properties? Why are they

considered physical?

Physical vs Chemical Changes

Which images above are examples Which images above are examples of physical changes and which are of physical changes and which are chemical changes? How do you chemical changes? How do you

know?know?SC.8.P.9.2

Laws of Conservation of Mass Laws of Conservation of Mass

MATTER IS NEVER CREATED NOR DESTROYEDMATTER IS NEVER CREATED NOR DESTROYED•When chemical and physical changed occur in When chemical and physical changed occur in chemistry, even though it may appear that way, the chemistry, even though it may appear that way, the mass going into the reaction is equal to the mass mass going into the reaction is equal to the mass coming out.coming out.

• The chemical changes may make this hard to see. Ex. The chemical changes may make this hard to see. Ex. Burning wood, corrosion of metals, etc.Burning wood, corrosion of metals, etc.

•Recall that Earth is a system made up of the biosphere, Recall that Earth is a system made up of the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.•According to the conservation laws, the total amount According to the conservation laws, the total amount of energy in the Earth system stays constant.of energy in the Earth system stays constant.•When the organisms die, their matter is returned to When the organisms die, their matter is returned to the soil, the atmosphere, or other parts of the Earth the soil, the atmosphere, or other parts of the Earth system.system.•Then the cycle starts again with other organisms. Then the cycle starts again with other organisms.

Sample Question

Susie is completing the table shown below:Susie is completing the table shown below:

Column A Column B

Na NaCl

Ca CaCl2

Fe Fe2O3

Pb PbN6

What are the best headings for columns A and B?What are the best headings for columns A and B?A.A.Column A: AtomsColumn A: Atoms

Column B: MixturesColumn B: MixturesB. Column A: MoleculesB. Column A: Molecules

Column B: AtomsColumn B: AtomsC.C.Column A: Elements Column A: Elements

Column B: CompoundsColumn B: CompoundsD. Column A: AtomsD. Column A: Atoms

Column B: ElementsColumn B: Elements

Sample Question

After a particularly rainy spring, Kristen and After a particularly rainy spring, Kristen and Amanda could no longer bear to stay indoors Amanda could no longer bear to stay indoors and, with the first sign of fair weather, and, with the first sign of fair weather, ventured outside for a walk through the ventured outside for a walk through the park. As they passed the jungle gym, they park. As they passed the jungle gym, they noticed that the iron monkey bars looked noticed that the iron monkey bars looked different. What can you do to pure, solid iron different. What can you do to pure, solid iron to chemically change it?to chemically change it?

A. cut itA. cut itB. melt itB. melt itC. bend itC. bend itD. oxidize itD. oxidize it

Sample Question

The elements iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and The elements iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and mercury (Hg) are classified as metals. mercury (Hg) are classified as metals. Which physical property of metals do Which physical property of metals do they all share?they all share?A. They are all magneticA. They are all magnetic

B. They are all a shiny, reddish color.B. They are all a shiny, reddish color.

C. They all have the same melting points.C. They all have the same melting points.

D. They all have thermal and electrical D. They all have thermal and electrical conductivity.conductivity.

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