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CHAPTER 4

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (C.O.F.) AND WEAR ANALYSIS FOR PINS

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO COEFFICENT OF FRICTION & WEAR

Moving parts of every machine is subjected to friction and wear. Friction consumes and

wastes energy. Wear is responsible for changes in dimensions and eventual breakdown of

the machine element and the entire machine. The loss of material in the right place, due

to wear can cause a production machine or an automobile makes ready for replacement.

If we imagine the amount of material rendered useless by way of wear, it is startling!

Lots of materials ranging from Antimony to zinc, including titanium, vanadium,

aluminum iron, carbon, copper etc. would be lost. It is therefore necessary and essential

to conserve the natural resources through reduction in wear. Used Lubrication method

plays a vital role in our great and complex civilization.

Tribology is the science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion.

Tribology means It include study and application of the principles of lubrication, friction

and wear. Tribology is a branch of mechanical engineering and materials science.

Friction can be described or defined as the resistance encountered when one body is

moved or slide over another.

Figure 4.1: The frictional force needs to be overcome, in order to cause a body to slide

The friction coefficient described the relation between normal load – W and frictional force- F and it is designated by letter “ µ “

µ=F/W

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It is frequently observed in lubricated systems that the friction coefficient changes as a

function of speed. If we study the well-known Stribeck curve, in which the friction

coefficient µ is displayed as a function of the viscosity multiplied by the tangential

velocity, and divided by the pressure (ZN/P). The curve is divided into three regions.

Wear

Whenever surfaces rub against each other, wear almost always occurs. A detailed

analysis carried out by Holm and Archard, which was basically developed for metals,

yields a wear coefficient “K”, which is frequently used in practice. In the study made, one

of the assumptions for the analysis is that the contact between the surfaces occurs at

asperities and that the true contact area is the sum of the individual asperity in contacts.

This area is directly proportional to the normal load and the local deformation is assumed

to be plastic.

Archard Wear Equation:

Where:

Q is the total volume of particles weared out or debris produced

K is a dimensionless constant known as wear coefficient

W is the total normal load

L is the sliding distance

H is the hardness of the contacting surfaces which is softer

A standard result review for wear tests, according to the definition of the ASTM

International, should be expressed as loss of material during wear in terms of volume.

The volume loss gives a actual picture than weight loss, when comparing the wear

resistance properties of materials with large differences in density.

For example, a weight loss of 14 grams in a sample of tungsten carbide + cobalt

(density = 14000 kg/m³) and a weight loss of 2.7 grams in a similar sample of aluminum

alloy (density = 2700 kg/m³) both result in the same level of wear (1 cm³) when

expressed as a volume loss. The inverse of volume loss can be used as a comparable

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index of wear resistance. A common unit for measuring wear is volume/sliding

distance/load . This makes the assumption that the Archard equation holds!

Friction and wear occur at machinery components which run together. The PhD

scholar and student investigate friction and wear behavior of materials because of the

adverse effect observed in the performance and life of machinery components. Much of

the research reported in the literature was carried out under the atmospheric conditions.

However, some tribological behaviors have been recently investigated under the vacuum

conditions. Friction and wear always occur at machine parts which run together. This

operating condition reduced the efficiency of machines parts. Therefore, it became

essential to determine the tribological behavior of the machine components running under

atmospheric conditions.

Wear is the process of removal of material from one or both of two solid surfaces

in solid-state contact. It occurs when solid surfaces are in rolling or sliding motion

relative to each other. In a well-designed tribological system, the removal of material is

normally a very slow process, but it is very continuous and steady. Similar to friction, the

wear behavior of a material is also a very complicated phenomenon in which various

mechanisms and factors are involved. Several type of wear phenomena occur, e.g.,

adhesive, abrasive, fatigue, corrosive, fretting, erosive wear by solid particles, fluids, and

cavitations. Moreover, definition of wear processes is imprecise and ambiguous.

FRICTION

Friction is the resistance to relative motion of contacting bodies. The degree of friction is

expressed as coefficient of friction µ, which is the ratio of the force FT required to initiate

or sustain relative motion to the normal force FN that presses the two surfaces together.

Friction experienced during a sliding condition is known as sliding friction. Friction

experienced during a rolling condition is known as rolling friction. Despite the

considerable amount of work that has been devoted to the study of friction, there is no

simple model to predict or calculate the coefficient of friction of a given pair of materials.

From the results of various studies, it is obvious that friction originates from complicated

molecular-mechanical interactions between contacting bodies and that these interactions

differ from one application to another [36].

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4.2 ELEMENTS OF FRICTION AND WEAR

Whenever there is contact between solid bodies, surface phenomena, designated

by friction and wear, are developed. By friction we mean the resistance to the relative

motion between bodies rolling or sliding, in open or closed loop, with dissipation of

energy. The frictional force is a tangential force that is common in the frontier of the

bodies in contact. By wear it is understood the progressive lost material of the active

surface of the body, by direct action of relative motion in that surface. These are

phenomena that, in general, lead to a loss of efficiency of the mechanical components

where they occur, with relevant economical implications. This reason led to the

development of a large number of studies on these types of problems. Therefore, the

precise knowledge of the influence of the mechanical parameters, the sliding velocity,

load and the temperature of the contact, the coefficient of friction and the wear is

extremely important.

Wear is the gradual removal of material obtained at contacting surfaces in relative

motion. While friction results in important energy losses, wear is associated with

increased maintenance costs and costly machine downtime. Wear phenomena are

intimately linked to frictional processes. Recall that friction forces are generally the result

of two main physical processes: shearing and ploughing. If solid surfaces in relative

motion are not separated in some way, wear can be expected. Lubricants are used to

separate contacting surfaces in relative motion and thus to reduce wear. Lubricants may

completely separate the contacting surfaces, as in the case of fluid film lubrication or

allow solid-solid contact only at a restricted number of locations (mitigated solid contact)

as in boundary lubrication. Here in this work the focus is on wear resulting from direct

solid disc with circular pin in presence of SAE 30 lubricating oil.

Wear phenomena are heavily influenced by the fact that most engineering

surfaces are rough (and hence surfaces come in contact at single asperities and the real

area of contact is usually much smaller that the nominal contact area). Furthermore, wear

behavior is also influenced by the presence of adsorbed species and/or surface layers.

Many different wear mechanisms have been identified.

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A first classification of wear mechanisms is based on their relative importance in

engineering practice. According to this, the following types of wear are often

encountered:

Adhesive Wear (plus Fretting Wear). Encountered in 23-45 % of cases.

Abrasive Wear (plus Erosive Wear). Encountered in 36-58 % of cases

Surface Fatigue Wear. Encountered in 14-15 % of cases.

Corrosive Wear. Encountered in 4-5 % of cases.

Another commonly encountered wear mode is fretting and fretting corrosion. This is not

a distinct mechanism, but rather a combination of adhesive, corrosive, and abrasive forms

of wear. Impact wear is subset of fatigue and erosive wear [36].

4.3 WEAR AND COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION BEHAVIOR INVES TIGATIONS

OF BRASS, GUNMETAL & CAST NYLON MATERIALS

Selection of materials for journal bearings is a multifunctional optimization

problem, no one material is best for all applications. Commonly considered material

properties include score resistance, embed ability, conformability, compressive strength,

fatigue, thermal properties, corrosion, and cost and wear resistance. Unfortunately, a

selection based considering the best value for one of these properties may be improper

when all factors are considered. In spite of the difficulty, bearing materials are selected

for many different applications every day. If we consider each of the required properties

independently, a rational basis should develop to assist in making the best compromise in

finding the right material for the job at hand.

Copper-base bearing materials are widely used as bearing material wall and also

as multilayered materials where the copper is either sintered or cast onto a steel backing.

The solid bearing wall may be either cast or sintered with the porous bearing being a

special unique case where the sintering is done to maintain an open structure for

lubricant. The copper based bearing materials are usually classified as lead, tin, or

aluminum bronzes. Tin bronzes are made up of copper with tin being the major alloy

constituent. Zinc is often added to improve cast ability with some penalty to score

resistance. Such materials are generally hard and strong with reduced score resistance and

embed ability compared to most other materials. Although tin itself has good score

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resistance, but it cannot improve that of copper until over 60% has been added. These tin

bronzes must rely upon the lead content to obtain good score resistance at lower tin

concentrations. Consequently, they are best used for high-load situations where low

speeds are maintained, with ample supply of clean lubricant, and with increased journal

hardness. Leaded bronzes, which are softer than the tin bronzes, will tolerate more

misalignment due to their improved conformability. The increased lead content in the

bearing material also confers additional embed ability and eases their lubricant

requirement. Actually increased lead content improves most bearing characteristics

except those concerned with strength, like fatigue resistance. Containing higher

percentages of lead than the leaded bronzes, such material will have the best score

resistance and embed ability of the copper-based bearing materials. This material group’s

Lead content may go as high as 51% (SAE 485).

All copper-lead alloys are either cast or sintered onto a steel back. They are

considerably hard with good to fairly good fatigue resistance. Such alloys are used for

main bearing and connecting rod bearings in a wide variety of engines. Such alloys may

be used with or without plated overlays but latest experience has shown that unplated

copper-lead bearings tend to suffer from corrosion damage in internal combustion

engines operated with unleaded fuel. In copper-lead-tin bearing alloys the copper is used

to support the load while lead confers score resistance and embedability to the copper. It

is true that lead is readily attacked by organic acids, tin is mixed with the lead to prevent

corrosion. Mixing of tin in material does very well in most situations as long as tin

content is over 3%. After extended periods of time at elevated temperature, the tin is

depleted from the lead by diffusion into the copper where copper-tin intermetallic

compounds are formed that may reduce the score resistance of the basic bearing material.

At the same time, corrosion resistance of the lead is reduced.

The modeling of friction and wear is an important engineering problem. In the

process of design of machine elements and tools operating in contact conditions,

engineers need to know areas of contact, contact stresses, and they need to predict wear

of rubbing elements. Wear, friction and contact problems are subjects of numerous

experimental and theoretical studies. The very complex nature of tribological phenomena

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is a reason that many problems of contact mechanics are still not solved. The modeling of

friction and wear can be carried out not only with the aid of laboratory tests but using

also mathematical models and computer simulations. Due to computer simulation

techniques, physical and mechanical phenomena in real objects can be reconstructed with

a high degree of precision.

4.4 WEAR THEORIES:

Wear is defined as the loss of substance from a solid body surface in frictional

conditions, which appears as a gradual decrease of body dimensions and/or change of

shape Wear may occur in different forms according to the nature of a process. Generally,

most forms of wear occur at the asperities at the real area of contact, which are the high

points of surfaces in a very small scale, like in Figure 4.1[37].

Wear Types

Wear can be grouped into the nature of the occurring mechanism:

** Abrasive wear: Abrasive wear is the wear type when a hard solid removes material

from a softer surface.

** Adhesive wear: Adhesive wear is the material transfer due to localized bonding

between contacting solid surfaces. After formation of welding, shearing of welded

junctions occurs because of the relative motion and material is removed.

** Erosive wear: Erosive wear is the material removal from a surface by a high-speed

fluid flow or a stream of hard particles in a fluid flow. Cavitations in a fluid flow leads to

the collapse of low-pressure gas bubbles on solid surfaces and particle erosion. If the

particle is hard and solid then it is possible that a process identical to abrasive wear will

occur. Where liquid particles are the erodent, abrasion wear will not take place and the

wear mechanisms involved are the result of repetitive stresses on impact.

** Fretting: Fretting is a form of adhesive wear when two surfaces move with small

oscillatory motion with respect to each other. It results in two forms of damage; surface

wear and deterioration of fatigue life. The surface appears as pitted and fine powdered

debris is observed. Gear teeth and wire ropes are common examples where fretting

occurs.

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** Surface fatigue: This phenomenon occurs when a surface is subject to a sequence of

compressive and tensile stresses. These stresses lead to cracking under surface and

release lumps of material from surface. Phenomenon is commonly observed when a

concentrated load passes over a surface, such as loaded ball or roller.

Adhesion Wear:

Adhesion is the material transfer between two solid bodies in contact. Adhesion

of metals is explained by electron transfer between contacting surfaces. Numerous free

electrons are present in metals and on contact electrons may be exchanged between the

two solids to establish bonding. The electrons are not bound by a rigid structure and

providing that the distance between two bodies in contact is sufficiently small, i.e. < 1

nm, they can move from one body to another. As a result the electrons can bond two

solids despite their differing atomic structures. In this sense, like materials tend to adhere

more. Besides, adhesion is reduced with increasing surface roughness or hardness of

bodies.

The adhesive wear occurs when two surfaces are moving relatively one over the

other, and this relative movement is in one direction or a successive movement under the

effect of the load so that the pressure on the adjacent projections is big enough to make a

load plastic deformation and adhesion. This adhesion will be at a high grade of efficiency

and capability in relative to the clean surfaces, and adhesion will take place between a

number of these projections whose sizes will be bigger and the area will be increased

during movement .

Adhesion is the result of the direct contact of bearing metals. When the applied

load is sufficient to rupture any protective surface film (oxides, etc.), the contacting

asperities deform first elastically, then plastically (Figure 4.2). Welding of these

asperities may occur on contact, but occurs more readily when relative motion takes place

between contacting surfaces. The shearing of these adhesive junctions produces wear

particles; it is through this process also that metal is transferred from one bearing surface

to the other in sliding or rolling motion. When adhesive-wear damage is more in

magnitude or severe, it is referred to as scuffing. If frictional heating causes

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decomposition and/or desorption of protective films from the contacting surface, the

process can become more destructive.

This adhesion wear is proportional directly to the load applied and the sliding

distance and indirectly with the hardness of the metal. The adhesion wear is one of the

most prevailing wears, it forms 15% of the industrial wear , which happens when the

surfaces are sliding one over the other, so that the pressure between the adjacent

projections is enough to produce some local formation adhesion and plastic [37].Every

surface, however, smoothly appears, it will be rough in the microscopic scale and

contains a range of tops and lows, and when two surfaces meet then this contact takes

place at these projections which are little and relatively isolated; thus when applying a

load on these surfaces, then locally there will be a high pressure and heat which will

cause overtaking the elastic limits of one surface or both surfaces and the deformation of

the projections in a plastic way, so that, the real contacting areas are increased to a limit

to support the applied load.

The mechanism of the formation of the adhesion wear could be explained as follows:

The contacting areas are inclined to be damaged under the effect of the relative

movements between the two surfaces. The weariness occurs usually at one surface,

because of the resistance of the in between surface to breaking and weariness due to the

reaction of strain hardness during the adhesion of projections.

Figure 4.2: Process of Adhesion wears (www.machinerylubrication.com)

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The removed substance (due to the shearing of projections) will take the shape of small

foils which is usually transferred to the opposite surface or it is found separately between

the two surfaces. The improvement of wear and corrosion resistance of RPS Ti-TiN

coating by mean of thermal oxidation, and they found that the wear and its rate will be

less in the specimens which were painted and oxidized and this will increase in the metals

already coated without its oxidization also with the chemical corrosion [38].

Figure 4.3 Three different sample pins

In the current research the effect of loads, times and sliding speeds on the wear rate for

three different materials were investigated. In this study, the bearing materials like

Bronze, Brass, and Cast Nylon which are widely used in industry were investigated in

order to see the possible effects of wear and friction. The Copper, Brass and Cast Nylon

were purchased from the market to prepare a test sample. The diameter and the length of

the pins were 10 mm and 30 mm respectively. Before the experiments, the top surfaces of

each pins were finished with CC-1500 abrasive paper so that they had the same surface

conditions with the abrasive disk surface (surface roughness 0,35µm).The all three pins

are shown in the figure 4.3.In the figure 4.3 left to right first pin is made from Gun metal.

Second is made from Cast Nylon and last is made from the Brass.

4.5 WEAR TEST EXPERIMENT SETUP FOR PINS

The friction and wear tests were carried out using single pin type “Pin-on-disc

friction and wear monitor TR20”, Ducom make, Bangalore. Tests were carried out at the

room temperature under dry and wet operating condition. Lubrication was provided by

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dropping SAE 30 oil on to the revolving disc at the rate of 1.5cm3/h. The cylindrical Pin

flat ended specimens of size 10 mm diameter and 25mm length were tested against EN-

31 steel disc (0.62%Si-0.35Mn-1.02C-1.05Cr-0.3Ni). The average surface Roughness

value Ra of disc before test was measured as 0.5 µm.

Figure 4.4 shows an exploded view of Pin on disc Holder Machine used for this

work. As shown in below figure 4.5 and figure 4.6, the machine consists of Steel disc,

which is mounted on circular turn table. The turn table is mounted on a bearing housing

which provide the unidirectional motion to the turn table. The cylindrical pin is holed

firmly in a holder, which is attaching to a pivoted loading arm. The loading arm is

supported in bearing arrangement to allow load to be applied to the all three pin

specimen. Frictional force and wear is measure by digital display. Technical

Specifications of pin on disc machine use are given in Table 4.1.

The rate of wear will be relatively small in most of the machinery and engineering

tool, and mostly the value of the change in dimensions is only few microns every year,

and for measuring wear they are using some apparatuses and instruments which give

results about the rate of wear happening in the tools and machinery.

Figure 4.4: Exploded view of Pin Holder Machine

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Table: 4.1 Specification of pin on disk friction and wear monitor

4.6 OBJECTIVES OF WEAR TEST EXPERIMENTS 1. To Study the wear behavior of the selected materials and the effect of various speeds,

loads and time on wear.

2. To study the relationship between coefficient of friction, frictional force, speed and

load.

3. To find the effect of lubricant on wear rate and coefficient of friction.

As mentioned earlier materials were procured from the market and standard size

sample of 25 mm. long and 10 mm diameter pins were prepared from each type of

materials. Three different materials (Brass, Bronze and Cast Nylon) were selected. The

materials properties are shown in Table (4.3).Readings were recorded on every 10

seconds and time span for each set up was 90 minutes. In this study, friction coefficient,

wear losses and temperature values of three sample pins made from different materials

were determined by radial journal bearing wear test rig as shown in the figure 4.4. All

three pins were tested under the identical lubricating condition i.e. during the test, SAE30

oils were utilized. In figure 4.5 described the entire overall setup including Computer

CPU, Monitor and Test rig setup with motor. In figure 4.6 the top view of the pin holding

device along with rotating steel disc can be seen.

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Figure 4.5 Experimental setup for PINS

Figure : 4.6 Top View of Wear Testing machine for PINS

Above two figures 4.5 and 4.6 described the entire test rig setup used along with personal computer and software for wear test of standard pins.

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4.7 WEAR ANALYSIS FOR THE BEARING MATERIALS:

Pin wear analysis was carried out in three set up. Lubricant was the same i.e. SAE 30.

Three speeds 650,850 and 1000 rpm were used. Three loads 30, 40, 50 N were used

during the experiment work

Pin Wear analysis result for First set up:

Load = 30 N Speed: 650 rpm

Table 4.2 Wear readings for first setup for 650 rpm and 30 N loads.

Time(secs) Brass (microns)

(microns)

Gunmetal

(microns)

Nylon (microns)

(microns)

10 19.482 10.436 5.436 20 19.856 10.464 5.464 30 19.276 10.212 5.212 40 19.603 10.171 5.171 50 19.911 12.197 7.197 60 20.235 12.025 7.025 70 20.53 12.112 7.112 80 20.837 12.21 7.21 90 21.022 12.235 7.235 100 21.318 12.23 7.23 110 21.657 12.461 7.461 120 21.947 12.535 7.535 130 22.231 12.801 7.801 140 22.578 13.009 8.009 150 22.851 13.3 8.3 160 23.124 13.32 8.32 170 23.311 13.745 8.745 180 23.453 13.907 8.907 190 23.723 14.051 9.051 200 23.928 14.311 9.311 210 24.281 14.51 9.51 220 24.483 14.601 9.601 230 24.653 14.748 9.748 240 24.978 15.054 10.054 250 25.216 15.297 10.297 260 25.556 15.478 10.478

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270 25.682 15.664 10.664 280 25.921 15.859 10.859 290 26.084 16.185 11.185 300 26.358 16.322 11.322 310 26.531 16.492 11.492 320 26.665 16.682 11.682 330 26.912 16.771 11.771 340 27.091 17.048 12.048 350 27.289 17.237 12.237 360 27.378 17.371 12.371 370 27.705 17.566 12.566 380 27.846 17.689 12.689 390 28.166 17.963 12.963 400 28.381 18.048 13.048 410 28.534 18.274 13.274 420 28.66 18.438 13.438 430 28.884 18.711 13.711 440 28.851 18.816 13.816 450 29.053 18.957 13.957 460 29.274 19.093 14.093 470 29.562 19.245 14.245 480 29.818 19.341 14.341 490 29.906 19.505 14.505 500 29.888 19.563 14.563 510 30.067 19.7 14.7 520 30.127 19.952 14.952 530 30.232 20.283 15.283 540 30.431 20.161 15.161 550 30.666 20.317 15.317 560 30.84 20.43 15.43 570 30.823 20.44 15.44 580 31.077 20.588 15.588 590 31.228 20.713 15.713 600 31.332 20.604 15.604 610 31.458 20.788 15.788 620 31.666 20.896 15.896 630 31.754 20.964 15.964 640 31.901 21.253 16.253 650 32.074 21.376 16.376 660 32.109 21.237 16.237

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670 32.204 21.485 16.485 680 32.338 21.574 16.574 690 32.53 21.785 16.785 700 32.702 21.774 16.774 710 32.882 21.944 16.944 720 33.126 22.034 17.034 730 33.192 22.132 17.132 740 33.252 22.205 17.205 750 33.449 22.311 17.311 760 33.499 22.394 17.394 770 33.827 22.516 17.516 780 33.844 22.547 17.547 790 33.855 22.794 17.794 800 33.948 22.899 17.899 810 34.038 23.101 18.101 820 34.173 23.399 18.399 830 34.289 23.445 18.445 840 34.406 23.528 18.528 850 34.5 23.663 18.663 860 34.592 23.789 18.789 870 34.67 23.939 18.939 880 34.74 23.932 18.932 890 34.751 24.002 19.002 900 34.82 24.28 19.28 910 34.921 24.426 19.426 920 35.125 24.48 19.48 930 35.23 24.538 19.538 940 35.401 24.66 19.66 950 35.509 24.714 19.714 960 35.527 24.839 19.839 970 35.674 24.965 19.965 980 35.717 25.053 20.053 990 35.897 25.076 20.076 1000 35.977 25.189 20.189 1010 35.938 25.261 20.261 1020 36.137 25.389 20.389 1030 36.148 25.359 20.359 1040 36.347 25.543 20.543 1050 36.38 25.626 20.626 1060 36.486 25.764 20.764

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1070 36.565 25.828 20.828 1080 36.778 25.839 20.839 1090 36.784 25.801 20.801 1100 37.032 25.968 20.968 1110 37.255 25.962 20.962 1120 37.308 26.177 21.177 1130 37.451 26.144 21.144 1140 37.486 26.212 21.212 1150 37.654 26.187 21.187 1160 37.745 26.397 21.397 1170 37.891 26.465 21.465 1180 38.072 26.4 21.4 1190 37.971 26.445 21.445 1200 38.214 26.608 21.608 1210 38.164 26.707 21.707 1220 38.356 26.777 21.777 1230 38.378 26.829 21.829 1240 38.514 26.982 21.982 1250 38.507 27.018 22.018 1260 38.586 27.148 22.148 1270 38.618 27.16 22.16 1280 38.789 27.372 22.372 1290 38.889 27.39 22.39 1300 38.872 27.507 22.507 1310 39.15 27.645 22.645 1320 39.202 27.617 22.617 1330 39.183 27.632 22.632 1340 39.293 27.758 22.758 1350 39.278 27.854 22.854 1360 39.302 27.9 22.9 1370 39.485 27.936 22.936 1380 39.499 27.973 22.973 1390 39.542 28.054 23.054 1400 39.67 28.207 23.207 1410 39.605 28.397 23.397 1420 39.745 28.46 23.46 1430 39.841 28.587 23.587 1440 39.993 28.805 23.805 1450 39.943 28.744 23.744 1460 39.961 28.823 23.823

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1470 40.05 28.841 23.841 1480 40.082 28.991 23.991 1490 40.073 29.027 24.027 1500 40.108 29.109 24.109 1510 40.316 29.143 24.143 1520 40.358 29.257 24.257 1530 40.609 29.354 24.354 1540 40.697 29.458 24.458 1550 40.885 29.438 24.438 1560 40.99 29.591 24.591 1570 41.083 29.629 24.629 1580 41.23 30.032 25.032 1590 41.162 30.165 25.165 1600 41.232 30.173 25.173 1610 41.311 30.309 25.309 1620 41.407 30.284 25.284 1630 41.488 30.358 25.358 1640 41.451 30.451 25.451 1650 41.526 30.44 25.44 1660 41.644 30.597 25.597 1670 41.71 30.761 25.761 1680 41.767 30.88 25.88 1690 41.94 30.897 25.897 1700 42.042 31.054 26.054 1710 42.051 31.074 26.074 1720 42.058 31.211 26.211 1730 42.216 31.234 26.234 1740 42.212 31.255 26.255 1750 42.307 31.391 26.391 1760 42.523 31.484 26.484 1770 42.626 31.452 26.452 1780 42.608 31.536 26.536 1790 42.795 31.458 26.458 1800 42.912 31.678 26.678 1810 43.107 31.587 26.587 1820 43.265 31.627 26.627 1830 43.269 31.79 26.79 1840 43.378 31.774 26.774 1850 43.451 31.903 26.903 1860 43.44 31.887 26.887

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1870 43.578 31.884 26.884 1880 43.659 31.987 26.987 1890 43.796 31.855 26.855 1900 43.765 31.951 26.951 1910 43.826 32.08 27.08 1920 43.953 32.157 27.157 1930 44.029 32.138 27.138 1940 44.156 32.173 27.173 1950 44.179 32.179 27.179 1960 44.308 32.418 27.418 1970 44.233 32.549 27.549 1980 44.361 32.529 27.529 1990 44.413 32.604 27.604 2000 44.439 32.578 27.578 2010 44.434 32.667 27.667 2020 44.598 32.694 27.694 2030 44.656 32.885 27.885 2040 44.856 32.849 27.849 2050 44.885 32.794 27.794 2060 45.049 32.848 27.848 2070 45.093 32.961 27.961 2080 45.197 32.971 27.971 2090 45.176 33.154 28.154 2100 45.254 33.181 28.181 2110 45.243 33.123 28.123 2120 45.271 33.242 28.242 2130 45.487 33.366 28.366 2140 45.541 33.283 28.283 2150 45.59 33.266 28.266 2160 45.811 33.353 28.353 2170 45.898 33.384 28.384 2180 45.87 33.529 28.529 2190 45.93 33.627 28.627 2200 45.989 33.624 28.624 2210 45.973 33.613 28.613 2220 45.911 33.582 28.582 2230 46.017 33.537 28.537 2240 45.959 33.703 28.703 2250 46.004 33.701 28.701 2260 46.112 33.605 28.605

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2270 45.898 33.676 28.676 2280 46.13 33.639 28.639 2290 46.095 33.596 28.596 2300 46.159 33.69 28.69 2310 46.145 33.716 28.716 2320 46.144 33.709 28.709 2330 46.134 33.774 28.774 2340 46.201 33.648 28.648 2350 46.16 33.692 28.692 2360 46.271 33.727 28.727 2370 46.406 33.83 28.83 2380 46.493 33.937 28.937 2390 46.62 33.844 28.844 2400 46.681 33.902 28.902 2410 46.646 33.95 28.95 2420 46.644 33.97 28.97 2430 46.649 33.975 28.975 2440 46.624 34 29 2450 46.662 34.057 29.057 2460 46.774 34.028 29.028 2470 46.75 34.066 29.066 2480 46.751 34.115 29.115 2490 46.737 34.145 29.145 2500 46.88 34.219 29.219 2510 46.977 34.11 29.11 2520 46.964 34.13 29.13 2530 47.021 34.151 29.151 2540 47.276 34.138 29.138 2550 47.906 34.08 29.08 2560 47.901 34.118 29.118 2570 48.018 34.061 29.061 2580 48.089 34.288 29.288 2590 48.175 34.208 29.208 2600 48.208 34.252 29.252 2610 48.17 34.233 29.233 2620 48.281 34.309 29.309 2630 48.379 34.319 29.319 2640 48.41 34.389 29.389 2650 48.52 34.366 29.366 2660 48.431 34.473 29.473

100 | P a g e

2670 48.349 34.45 29.45 2680 48.457 34.489 29.489 2690 48.394 34.46 29.46 2700 48.559 34.583 29.583 2710 48.429 34.501 29.501 2720 48.445 34.591 29.591 2730 48.449 34.602 29.602 2740 48.423 34.52 29.52 2750 48.628 34.645 29.645 2760 48.499 34.575 29.575 2770 48.477 34.654 29.654 2780 48.441 34.597 29.597 2790 48.416 34.589 29.589 2800 48.5 34.756 29.756 2810 48.48 34.809 29.809 2820 48.54 34.823 29.823 2830 48.52 34.746 29.746 2840 48.524 34.799 29.799 2850 48.544 34.864 29.864 2860 48.545 34.975 29.975 2870 48.579 34.878 29.878 2880 48.589 35.037 30.037 2890 48.554 34.987 29.987 2900 48.587 35.078 30.078 2910 48.619 35.128 30.128 2920 48.652 35.027 30.027 2930 48.665 35.119 30.119 2940 48.675 35.078 30.078 2950 48.683 35.181 30.181 2960 48.831 35.285 30.285 2970 48.668 35.327 30.327 2980 48.825 35.345 30.345 2990 48.927 35.354 30.354 3000 48.873 35.312 30.312 3010 48.866 35.328 30.328 3020 48.835 35.387 30.387 3030 48.822 35.486 30.486 3040 48.934 35.633 30.633 3050 48.93 35.651 30.651 3060 48.988 35.727 30.727

101 | P a g e

3070 48.914 35.704 30.704 3080 48.865 35.709 30.709 3090 49.069 35.864 30.864 3100 48.927 35.901 30.901 3110 49.031 35.869 30.869 3120 49.098 35.987 30.987 3130 49.328 36.04 31.04 3140 49.479 36.118 31.118 3150 49.46 36.142 31.142 3160 49.407 36.074 31.074 3170 49.53 36.188 31.188 3180 49.565 36.131 31.131 3190 49.705 36.186 31.186 3200 49.741 36.308 31.308 3210 49.824 36.342 31.342 3220 49.817 36.147 31.147 3230 49.924 36.231 31.231 3240 49.976 36.291 31.291 3250 49.979 36.319 31.319 3260 49.877 36.31 31.31 3270 50.021 36.442 31.442 3280 50.089 36.366 31.366 3290 50.115 36.4 31.4 3300 50.238 36.375 31.375 3310 50.243 36.443 31.443 3320 50.379 36.537 31.537 3330 50.39 36.517 31.517 3340 50.415 36.446 31.446 3350 50.452 36.376 31.376 3360 50.435 36.439 31.439 3370 50.473 36.513 31.513 3380 50.422 36.536 31.536 3390 50.529 36.473 31.473 3400 50.523 36.554 31.554 3410 50.643 36.464 31.464 3420 50.588 36.421 31.421 3430 50.532 36.519 31.519 3440 50.519 36.42 31.42 3450 50.575 36.424 31.424 3460 50.508 36.445 31.445

102 | P a g e

3470 50.608 36.413 31.413 3480 50.635 36.399 31.399 3490 50.513 36.303 31.303 3500 50.52 36.335 31.335 3510 50.551 36.32 31.32 3520 50.577 36.237 31.237 3530 50.763 36.293 31.293 3540 50.736 36.192 31.192 3550 50.717 36.233 31.233 3560 50.763 36.208 31.208 3570 50.869 36.236 31.236 3580 50.818 36.132 31.132 3590 50.887 36.141 31.141 3600 50.929 36.197 31.197

AVERAGE 40.762 28.849 23.85

Figure: 4.7 Graphical representations between Wear vs. Time for First setup

The first set up for wear analysis for all three pin was carried out at 650 rpm speed and 30

N loads. Readings were recorded at every 10 seconds and the test duration was 60

minutes. The graphical representation for first set up is shown in the above figure. We

can see that average maximum wear is for Brass (40.762), Gunmetal (28.849) and for

Cast Nylon (23.850). We can see in figure 4.7 that the lowest coefficient of friction is for

Cast nylon.

103 | P a g e

Pin Wear analysis result for Second set up:

Load = 50 N Speed 850 rpm.

Table 4.3 Wear readings for second setup for 850 rpm and 50 N loads.

Time(secs)

Brass (microns)

(microns)

Gunmetal

(microns) Nylon (microns)

10 21.07 11.678 2.104 20 21.137 11.756 2.505 30 21.203 11.741 3.376 40 21.281 11.768 4.021 50 21.411 11.852 4.568 60 21.521 11.88 5.005 70 21.607 11.791 5.329 80 21.689 11.794 5.615 90 21.88 11.812 5.757 100 21.976 11.899 6.119 110 22.054 12.143 6.168 120 22.148 12.375 6.375 130 22.431 12.314 6.599 140 22.248 12.226 6.757 150 22.296 12.26 6.868 160 22.419 12.295 6.962 170 22.449 12.381 7.126 180 22.516 12.438 7.303 190 22.605 12.51 7.327 200 22.662 12.665 7.358 210 22.986 12.993 7.444 220 22.975 12.974 7.537 230 22.957 13.12 7.576 240 23.009 13.142 7.651 250 22.937 13.124 7.752 260 22.972 13.048 7.848 270 22.911 13.149 7.78 280 22.846 13.161 7.886 290 22.919 13.217 7.972 300 22.906 13.212 7.93

104 | P a g e

310 23.017 13.251 8.078 320 22.989 13.319 8.086 330 22.959 13.25 8.125 340 22.964 13.314 8.261 350 23.069 13.435 8.279 360 23.083 13.386 8.345 370 22.959 13.277 8.44 380 22.944 13.413 8.54 390 22.991 13.351 8.627 400 23.001 13.491 8.77 410 22.979 13.469 8.828 420 23.095 13.476 8.752 430 23.145 13.505 8.838 440 23.034 13.476 8.899 450 23.066 13.494 8.922 460 23.16 13.621 8.964 470 23.135 13.497 8.994 480 23.06 13.502 9.064 490 22.953 13.711 9.137 500 23.126 13.638 9.244 510 23.093 13.665 9.232 520 23.043 13.759 9.317 530 23.073 13.741 9.334 540 23.105 13.736 9.399 550 23.068 13.75 9.47 560 23.08 13.747 9.479 570 23.137 13.709 9.478 580 23.068 13.744 9.478 590 23.137 13.849 9.478 600 23.191 13.941 9.971 610 23.223 13.952 9.97 620 23.213 13.929 9.975 630 23.244 14.027 9.723 640 23.298 13.961 9.724 650 23.297 14.017 9.724

660 23.263 13.997 9.723 670 23.269 14.066 10.477

105 | P a g e

680 23.257 14.055 10.526 690 23.355 14.128 10.468 700 23.308 14.2 10.37 710 23.346 14.309 10.458 720 23.277 14.361 10.507 730 23.257 14.429 10.676

740 23.343 14.57 10.806 750 23.301 14.675 10.91 760 23.317 14.73 11.045 770 23.313 14.795 11.068 780 23.342 14.92 11.184 790 23.232 14.94 11.311 800 23.4 14.99 11.303 810 23.21 14.991 11.282 820 23.292 15.108 11.188 830 23.372 15.24 11.149 840 23.378 15.069 11.059 850 23.319 15.192 11.013 860 23.382 15.186 11.131 870 23.397 15.203 11.107 880 23.408 15.38 11.008 890 23.377 15.391 11.176 900 23.498 15.188 11.154 910 23.397 15.303 11.226 920 23.416 15.256 11.084 930 23.465 15.38 11.114 940 23.523 15.283 11.09 950 23.424 15.378 11.064 960 23.378 15.364 11.106 970 23.504 15.352 11.161 980 23.532 15.394 11.142 990 23.508 15.298 11.135 1000 23.596 15.312 11.134 1010 23.525 15.318 11.203 1020 23.582 15.333 11.126 1030 23.567 15.249 11.139 1040 23.585 15.292 11.126

106 | P a g e

1050 23.582 15.135 11.082 1060 23.548 15.127 11.124 1070 23.534 15.154 11.059 1080 23.647 15.325 11.15 1090 23.589 15.312 11.059 1100 23.55 15.281 11.131 1110 23.556 15.354 11.08 1120 23.689 15.251 11.154 1130 23.71 15.334 11.275 1140 23.737 15.209 11.308 1150 23.687 15.248 11.247 1160 23.758 15.11 11.248 1170 23.699 15.323 11.265 1180 23.689 15.29 11.309 1190 23.755 15.199 11.329 1200 23.768 15.23 11.323 1210 23.774 15.299 11.305 1220 23.921 15.236 11.329 1230 23.943 15.287 11.343 1240 23.936 15.157 11.373 1250 23.945 15.108 11.273 1260 23.966 15.187 11.407 1270 24.03 15.174 11.476 1280 24.13 15.241 11.504 1290 24.157 15.219 11.474 1300 24.241 15.262 11.421 1310 24.231 15.356 11.407 1320 24.242 15.216 11.536 1330 24.205 15.259 11.486 1340 24.192 15.351 11.541 1350 24.222 15.357 11.666 1360 24.34 15.362 11.669 1370 24.327 15.368 11.648 1380 24.409 15.311 11.624 1390 24.414 15.333 11.503 1400 24.549 15.433 11.629 1410 24.532 15.321 11.624

107 | P a g e

1420 24.593 15.277 11.625 1430 24.696 15.381 11.604 1440 24.628 15.443 11.714 1450 24.656 15.345 11.68 1460 24.746 15.333 11.623 1470 24.776 15.342 11.699 1480 24.814 15.334 11.768 1490 24.803 15.316 11.706 1500 24.972 15.314 11.721 1510 24.944 15.409 11.662 1520 25.071 15.407 11.71 1530 25.059 15.3 11.727 1540 25.084 15.348 11.729 1550 25.135 15.291 11.706 1560 25.232 15.417 11.771 1570 25.308 15.423 11.745 1580 25.278 15.336 11.684 1590 25.491 15.234 11.845 1600 25.438 15.269 11.635 1610 25.448 15.471 11.634 1620 25.459 15.539 11.52 1630 25.455 15.483 11.707 1640 25.54 15.508 11.61 1650 25.5 15.438 11.698 1660 25.543 15.338 11.684 1670 25.588 15.484 11.674 1680 25.55 15.512 11.596 1690 25.67 15.529 11.568 1700 25.751 15.57 11.761 1710 25.685 15.681 11.747 1720 25.819 15.495 11.764 1730 25.918 15.636 11.784 1740 25.955 15.584 11.699 1750 25.898 15.608 11.777 1760 25.998 15.54 11.797 1770 26.022 15.551 11.847 1780 25.963 15.528 11.883 1790 25.997 15.588 11.902

108 | P a g e

1800 26.102 15.639 11.925

1810 26.172 15.668 11.964 1820 26.19 15.44 11.876 1830 26.306 15.48 11.96 1840 26.385 15.523 11.87 1850 26.261 15.553 11.936 1860 26.425 15.567 11.958 1870 26.465 15.591 11.863

1880 26.486 15.521 11.976 1890 26.581 15.383 11.97 1900 26.548 15.38 11.979 1910 26.544 15.312 12.02 1920 26.587 15.384 12.008 1930 26.634 15.27 12.023 1940 26.69 15.206 12.146 1950 26.819 15.201 12.024 1960 26.809 15.283 12.168 1970 26.866 15.231 12.238 1980 26.863 15.084 12.295 1990 26.99 15.08 12.264 2000 27.095 15.006 12.3 2010 27.111 14.919 12.397 2020 27.267 14.945 12.334 2030 27.261 14.951 12.314 2040 27.278 14.927 12.341 2050 27.333 14.973 12.33 2060 27.264 15.024 12.261 2070 27.464 15.056 12.32 2080 27.456 15.11 12.369 2090 27.59 15.109 12.231 2100 27.6 15.121 12.358 2110 27.626 15.198 12.427 2120 27.712 15.25 12.375 2130 27.744 15.138 12.418 2140 27.742 15.24 12.474 2150 27.75 15.188 12.365 2160 27.869 15.286 12.355

109 | P a g e

2170 27.841 15.32 12.486

2180 27.907 15.311 12.501 2190 27.932 15.154 12.481 2200 27.978 15.29 12.504 2210 28.124 15.346 12.502 2220 28.086 15.508 12.506 2230 28.151 15.562 12.548 2240 28.133 15.58 12.445 2250 28.249 15.58 12.397 2260 28.167 15.732 12.506 2270 28.254 15.783 12.555 2280 28.165 15.686 12.597 2290 28.368 15.826 12.481 2300 28.282 15.829 12.646 2310 28.353 15.803 12.568 2320 28.391 15.847 12.563 2330 28.461 15.912 12.477 2340 28.428 16.001 12.569 2350 28.368 15.862 12.667 2360 28.41 15.821 12.691 2370 28.451 15.877 12.778 2380 28.507 15.84 12.826 2390 28.552 15.928 12.668 2400 28.574 15.891 12.651 2410 28.669 15.963 12.628 2420 28.589 15.968 12.673 2430 28.68 15.917 12.751 2440 28.704 15.772 12.624 2450 28.672 15.969 12.643 2460 28.858 15.984 12.66 2470 28.776 15.98 12.747 2480 28.821 16.007 12.699 2490 28.831 15.899 12.773 2500 28.887 15.89 12.701 2510 28.997 15.888 12.803 2520 29.002 15.854 12.762 2530 29.119 15.811 12.81

110 | P a g e

2540 29.05 15.762 12.816 2550 29.188 15.825 12.845 2560 29.301 15.897 12.83 2570 29.18 15.837 12.829 2580 29.117 15.88 12.868 2590 29.193 15.689 12.826 2600 29.244 15.726 12.968

2610 29.248 15.861 12.876 2620 29.198 15.819 12.895 2630 29.346 15.779 12.889

2640 29.282 15.846 12.862 2650 29.249 15.82 12.944 2660 29.297 15.822 13.005

2670 29.297 15.858 12.959 2680 29.368 15.783 12.938 2690 29.294 15.938 12.95 2700 29.398 15.816 13.067 2710 29.429 15.868 12.915 2720 29.387 15.922 12.962 2730 29.318 16.038 13.015 2740 29.395 15.966 13.025 2750 29.61 15.98 13.123 2760 29.643 15.921 13.162 2770 29.725 15.953 13.197 2780 29.803 15.86 13.213 2790 29.817 15.799 13.248 2800 29.814 15.928 13.512 2810 29.813 15.964 13.834 2820 29.778 16.019 13.648 2830 29.822 15.958 13.668 2840 29.728 15.878 13.849 2850 29.804 15.841 13.847 2860 29.803 16.013 13.823 2870 29.69 15.922 13.841 2880 29.625 15.89 13.876 2890 29.723 15.899 13.875 2900 29.627 15.631 13.913

111 | P a g e

2910 29.611 15.586 13.912 2920 29.672 15.791 13.913 2930 29.682 15.723 13.91

2940 29.706 15.838 13.91

2950 29.748 16.003 13.904 2960 29.718 16.011 13.925 2970 29.636 15.981 13.927 2980 29.763 15.912 13.922 2990 29.687 16.047 13.936 3000 29.629 15.994 13.92 3010 29.737 16.043 13.92 3020 29.663 16.096 13.918 3030 29.777 16.066 13.927 3040 29.636 16.228 13.923 3050 29.678 16.158 13.929 3060 29.804 16.304 13.934 3070 29.634 16.262 13.942 3080 29.704 16.17 13.963 3090 29.688 16.249 13.982 3100 29.694 16.164 13.982 3110 29.692 16.415 13.984 3120 29.633 16.38 13.988 3130 29.657 16.353 13.987 3140 29.619 16.512 13.987 3150 29.611 16.562 13.986 3160 29.641 16.579 13.981 3170 29.749 16.586 13.91 3180 29.755 16.668 13.789 3190 29.875 16.61 13.838 3200 29.973 16.818 13.884 3210 29.978 16.869 13.896 3220 30.094 16.838 13.894 3230 30.143 16.785 13.833 3240 30.237 16.826 13.9 3250 30.306 16.867 13.884 3260 30.34 17.009 13.896 3270 30.454 17.273 13.827

112 | P a g e

3280 30.475 17.462 13.818 3290 30.565 17.764 13.859 3300 30.716 17.776 13.786 3310 30.792 17.859 13.902

3320 30.778 18.004 13.978 3330 30.839 18.206 13.876 3340 30.948 18.42 13.841 3350 31.061 18.381 13.861 3360 31.095 18.567 13.937 3370 31.136 18.688 13.957 3380 31.335 18.606 13.999 3390 31.428 18.819 13.938 3400 31.364 18.912 13.908 3410 31.49 18.892 13.932 3420 31.651 19.023 14.031 3430 31.721 19.116 14.014 3440 31.72 19.129 14.038 3450 31.882 19.444 14.061 3460 32.026 19.543 14.001 3470 32.311 19.534 14.06 3480 32.353 19.459 14.085 3490 32.463 19.563 14.014 3500 32.456 19.51 14.042 3510 32.564 19.718 14.122 3520 32.556 19.595 14.124 3530 32.644 19.775 14.089 3540 32.679 19.762 14.052 3550 32.632 19.699 14.104 3560 32.788 19.816 14.109 3570 32.946 19.807 14.044 3580 33.023 19.866 14.089 3590 33.027 19.87 14.06 3600 33.27 19.956 14.157

Average 26.479 15.422 11.622

113 | P a g e

Figure: 4.8 Graphical representations between Wear vs. Time Second setup

The second set up for wear analysis for all three pin was carried out at 850 rpm speed and

50 N load. Readings were recorded at every 10 seconds and the test duration was 60

minutes. The graphical representation for second set up is shown in the above figure 4.8.

We can see that average maximum wear is for Brass (33.387), Gunmetal (19.698) and for

Cast Nylon (14.124). Out of three materials Cast Nylon wear is less compare to Brass and

Gunmetal.

Pin Wear analysis result for Third set up:

Load = 70 N Speed: 1000 rpm

TABLE 4.4 Wear readings for third setup for 1000 rpm and 70 N loads.

Time(secs) BRASS (Micron) GUN_METAL NYLON 10 23.166 18.204 7.126 20 23.251 18.655 7.422 30 23.478 18.71 7.724 40 23.598 18.309 8.183 50 23.842 18.045 8.386 60 23.927 18.605 8.413

114 | P a g e

70 24.142 18.326 8.899 80 24.26 18.174 9.07 90 24.329 19.905 9.134 100 24.747 19.774 9.313 110 25.192 19.573 9.478 120 25.688 19.331 9.639 130 26.419 19.157 9.802 140 26.778 19.993 9.98 150 27.33 20.877 10.111 160 27.865 20.705 10.274 170 28.431 20.615 10.374 180 28.835 20.376 10.536 190 29.274 20.47 10.654 200 29.731 20.23 10.324 210 30.143 20.212 10.118 220 30.503 20.041 10.078 230 30.821 20.894 9.975 240 31.183 20.869 9.93 250 31.588 20.698 9.882 260 31.705 20.623 9.681 270 30.115 20.672 9.821 280 30.41 20.61 9.678 290 30.798 20.658 9.749 300 31.127 20.518 9.799 310 31.343 20.45 9.678 320 31.67 20.252 9.694 330 32 20.356 9.559 340 32.198 20.331 9.462 350 32.427 20.461 9.495 360 32.731 20.416 9.273 370 33.013 20.234 9.359 380 33.288 20.161 9.422 390 33.478 20.99 9.341 400 33.646 21.054 9.182 410 33.885 21.082 9.395 420 34.157 21.069 9.446 430 34.34 20.959 9.357 440 34.637 20.973 9.269 450 34.819 20.944 9.376

115 | P a g e

460 35.016 21.03 9.347 470 35.131 21.048 9.389

480 35.3 20.939 9.401 490 35.648 20.933 9.296 500 35.661 20.984 9.35 510 35.892 20.868 9.363 520 35.948 20.988 9.234 530 36.22 20.936 9.265 540 36.366 20.852 9.202 550 36.59 20.846 9.109 560 36.802 20.85 9.388 570 36.919 20.785 9.3 580 37.092 20.826 9.552 590 37.398 20.761 9.356 600 37.441 20.692 9.298 610 37.619 20.748 9.088 620 37.774 20.73 9.108 630 37.836 20.659 9.181 640 37.935 20.667 9.079 650 38.114 20.592 9.141 660 38.236 20.627 9.147 670 38.305 20.618 9.23 680 38.327 20.731 9.231 690 38.291 20.682 9.268 700 38.533 20.68 9.334 710 38.717 20.798 9.248 720 38.842 20.764 9.312 730 38.9 20.737 9.322 740 39.046 20.652 9.225 750 39.12 20.573 9.343 760 39.307 20.536 9.186 770 39.361 20.64 9.209 780 39.454 20.504 9.284 790 39.606 20.477 9.209 800 39.638 20.511 9.077 810 39.72 20.663 9.051 820 39.719 20.54 9.022 830 39.879 20.566 9.075 840 40.005 20.429 9

116 | P a g e

850 39.983 20.407 9.021 860 40.216 20.373 9.015

870 40.206 20.397 9.101 880 40.26 20.412 9.073 890 40.255 20.47 9.118 900 40.398 20.448 9.102 910 40.4 20.41 9.131 920 40.466 20.392 9.092 930 40.624 20.301 9.086 940 40.75 20.389 9.065 950 40.867 20.35 9.049 960 40.918 20.289 9.143 970 41.121 20.303 9.119 980 41.258 20.256 9.225 990 41.23 20.165 9.218 1000 41.44 20.244 9.199 1010 41.494 20.32 9.256 1020 41.541 20.32 9.353 1030 41.407 20.309 9.3 1040 41.742 20.394 9.365 1050 41.65 20.436 9.344 1060 41.719 20.514 9.325 1070 41.901 20.553 9.343 1080 41.921 20.441 9.401 1090 41.983 20.405 9.381 1100 41.961 20.435 9.568 1110 42.244 20.454 9.494 1120 42.24 20.534 9.604 1130 42.338 20.51 9.535 1140 42.381 20.596 9.528 1150 42.531 20.593 9.799 1160 42.481 20.665 9.672 1170 42.495 20.614 9.734 1180 42.597 20.591 9.649 1190 42.504 20.683 9.721 1200 42.572 20.659 9.722 1210 42.686 20.628 9.712 1220 42.705 20.596 9.656 1230 42.75 20.508 9.754

117 | P a g e

1240 42.895 20.562 9.605 1250 42.832 20.668 9.812

1260 43.033 20.75 9.792 1270 43.153 20.778 9.882 1280 43.183 20.868 9.762 1290 43.226 20.872 9.792 1300 43.223 20.914 9.849 1310 43.4 20.914 9.776 1320 43.386 20.999 9.913 1330 43.601 20.933 9.976 1340 43.509 20.87 9.985 1350 43.587 20.912 10.013 1360 43.63 20.984 9.791 1370 43.691 20.961 9.995 1380 43.818 20.923 9.965 1390 43.732 21.033 10.166 1400 43.853 21.085 10.529 1410 43.811 21.017 10.61 1420 43.851 21.12 10.696 1430 43.826 21.176 10.767 1440 44.109 21.236 10.878 1450 44.213 21.239 10.885 1460 44.237 21.313 10.903 1470 44.32 21.248 10.99 1480 44.43 21.326 11.307 1490 44.464 21.251 11.279 1500 44.42 21.442 11.407 1510 44.483 21.41 11.501 1520 44.404 21.418 11.575 1530 44.438 21.491 11.689 1540 44.447 21.379 11.658 1550 44.551 21.394 11.717 1560 44.562 21.464 11.722 1570 44.603 21.475 11.89 1580 44.512 21.477 11.951 1590 44.564 21.581 12.056 1600 44.551 21.62 11.977 1610 44.65 21.503 12.112 1620 44.537 21.405 12.148

118 | P a g e

1630 44.666 21.412 12.196 1640 44.487 21.532 12.12

1650 44.539 21.397 12.222 1660 44.679 21.463 12.212 1670 44.567 21.588 12.341 1680 44.501 21.486 12.248 1690 44.62 21.649 12.327 1700 44.414 21.67 12.464 1710 44.489 21.77 12.552 1720 44.516 21.79 12.469 1730 44.423 21.849 12.454 1740 44.634 21.825 12.613 1750 44.578 21.875 12.505 1760 44.697 21.923 12.559 1770 44.502 21.877 12.611 1780 44.681 21.892 12.682 1790 44.63 21.844 12.617 1800 44.738 21.975 12.811 1810 44.672 21.931 12.783 1820 44.694 21.916 12.78 1830 44.782 21.906 12.815 1840 44.646 21.958 12.753 1850 44.767 21.942 12.768 1860 44.892 21.866 12.771 1870 44.893 21.935 12.874 1880 44.919 21.992 12.848 1890 44.927 21.998 12.861 1900 45.015 21.926 12.892 1910 45.002 21.858 12.866 1920 45.162 21.952 12.941 1930 45.067 21.986 13.069 1940 45.161 21.964 13.131 1950 45.157 21.992 12.99 1960 45.264 22.008 12.941 1970 45.353 22.13 13.086 1980 45.353 22.016 13 1990 45.363 22.125 13.065 2000 45.315 22.128 13.074 2010 45.447 22.091 13.081

119 | P a g e

2020 45.37 22.028 12.876 2030 45.379 22.102 13.127

2040 45.384 22.051 13.041 2050 45.447 22.227 13.101 2060 45.354 22.33 13.175 2070 45.353 22.143 13.065 2080 45.313 22.142 13.1 2090 45.294 22.269 13.044 2100 45.161 22.264 12.987 2110 45.436 22.304 13.113 2120 45.288 22.331 13.038 2130 45.325 22.392 13.197 2140 45.193 22.484 13.176 2150 45.244 22.552 13.151 2160 45.357 22.484 13.114 2170 45.27 22.525 13.032 2180 45.306 22.633 12.966 2190 45.378 22.606 12.902 2200 45.423 22.636 12.924 2210 45.302 22.758 12.868 2220 45.411 22.793 12.893 2230 45.406 22.963 13.08 2240 45.55 22.93 12.935 2250 45.397 22.996 12.956 2260 45.516 22.968 12.999 2270 45.418 23.066 13.02 2280 45.514 23.039 13.106 2290 45.585 23.153 13.037 2300 45.669 23.107 13.003 2310 45.691 23.071 13.048 2320 45.587 23.304 12.949 2330 45.642 23.137 12.98 2340 45.735 23.11 12.926 2350 45.604 23.182 13.049 2360 45.821 23.259 13.014 2370 45.779 23.244 13.063 2380 45.849 23.517 13.019 2390 45.797 23.474 12.82 2400 45.81 23.289 12.673

120 | P a g e

2410 45.699 23.344 12.528 2420 45.861 23.29 12.582

2430 45.924 23.385 12.591 2440 45.895 23.46 12.515 2450 45.94 23.597 12.492 2460 45.965 23.623 12.69 2470 45.949 23.567 12.725 2480 46.017 23.564 12.791 2490 45.943 23.643 12.77 2500 45.951 23.816 12.816 2510 45.945 23.811 12.752 2520 46.032 23.853 12.827 2530 46.16 23.919 12.706 2540 46.098 23.971 12.675 2550 46.276 24.041 12.758 2560 46.207 24.113 12.752 2570 46.255 24.008 12.759 2580 46.095 24.003 12.768 2590 46.248 24.014 12.861 2600 46.176 23.996 12.801 2610 46.231 24.001 12.736 2620 46.288 24.105 12.725 2630 46.328 23.973 12.796 2640 46.199 24.117 12.795 2650 46.253 23.992 12.781 2660 46.357 24.015 12.792 2670 46.375 24.015 12.779 2680 46.429 24.035 12.768 2690 46.42 24.053 12.798 2700 46.337 24.121 12.877 2710 46.523 24.104 12.818 2720 46.578 24.147 12.816 2730 46.608 24.189 12.851 2740 46.509 24.197 12.961 2750 46.679 24.395 12.854 2760 46.709 24.558 12.797 2770 46.717 24.622 12.766 2780 46.722 24.752 12.709 2790 46.826 24.925 12.715

121 | P a g e

2800 46.817 24.914 12.753 2810 46.922 24.905 12.74

2820 46.844 24.949 12.8 2830 46.908 24.889 12.742 2840 46.98 24.625 12.816 2850 46.906 24.571 12.773 2860 46.939 24.713 12.639 2870 46.955 24.71 12.519 2880 46.898 24.712 12.594 2890 46.913 24.884 12.604 2900 46.783 24.884 12.531 2910 46.685 24.919 12.421 2920 46.769 24.911 12.456 2930 46.721 24.825 12.576 2940 46.848 24.85 12.432 2950 46.815 24.848 12.323 2960 46.849 24.838 12.264 2970 46.798 24.804 12.327 2980 46.941 24.861 12.392 2990 46.86 24.785 12.432 3000 46.869 24.824 12.335 3010 46.891 24.838 12.24 3020 46.951 24.765 12.376 3030 46.959 24.686 12.354 3040 46.947 24.656 12.247 3050 46.889 24.712 12.292 3060 46.846 24.889 12.322 3070 46.88 24.699 12.381 3080 46.85 24.784 12.471 3090 46.843 24.801 12.569 3100 46.892 24.748 12.664 3110 46.872 24.648 12.647 3120 46.901 24.548 12.532 3130 47.004 24.613 12.625 3140 46.882 24.704 12.673 3150 46.892 24.729 12.711 3160 46.779 24.698 12.821 3170 46.863 24.592 12.896 3180 46.901 24.462 12.791

122 | P a g e

3190 46.831 24.554 12.717 3200 46.909 24.436 12.882

3210 47.007 24.465 12.811 3220 46.888 24.442 12.818 3230 46.939 24.602 12.855 3240 46.788 24.753 12.908 3250 46.784 24.758 12.565 3260 46.815 24.78 12.69 3270 46.742 24.819 12.743 3280 46.754 24.76 12.872 3290 46.559 24.778 12.73 3300 46.507 24.862 12.769 3310 46.589 24.901 12.785 3320 46.503 24.827 12.814 3330 46.504 24.988 12.864 3340 46.491 25.003 12.837 3350 46.532 24.845 12.817 3360 46.547 25.011 12.869 3370 46.547 25.044 12.975 3380 46.526 24.878 12.968 3390 46.534 24.945 12.875 3400 47.445 24.887 12.89 3410 47.597 24.919 12.873 3420 47.662 24.828 12.721 3430 47.665 24.903 12.804 3440 47.639 24.917 12.767 3450 47.755 24.809 12.676 3460 47.94 24.77 12.583 3470 47.867 24.826 12.535 3480 47.81 24.919 12.546 3490 48.008 24.963 12.588 3500 47.961 24.913 12.582 3510 47.979 24.754 12.562 3520 48.07 24.825 12.501 3530 48.133 24.871 12.625 3540 48.04 24.875 12.624 3550 48.161 24.966 12.654 3560 48.12 24.908 12.654 3570 48.117 24.948 12.669

123 | P a g e

Figure: 4.9 Graphical representations between Wear versus Time for Third setup

The third set up for wear analysis for all three pin was carried out at speed 1000 rpm and

50 N load. Readings were recorded at every 10 seconds and the test duration was 60

minutes. The graphical representation for third set up is shown in the above figure 4.9.

We can see that average maximum wear is for Brass (42.417), for Gunmetal (22.272) and

for Cast Nylon (11.374). We can see that Cast Nylon wear is less compared to Brass and

Gunmetal. We can see in figure that wear loss becomes steady for Cast nylon and brass

after approximately 30 minutes run but for Brass it is continue to increase. Here we

conclude that for the same lubricant, in all three setup and readings Cast Nylon

coefficient of friction considerably low with respect to Brass and Gunmetal.

3580 48.149 24.962 12.67 3590 48.315 24.908 12.667

3600 48.122 24.968 12.672 Average 42.417 22.272 11.374

124 | P a g e

At last, taken into account readings recorded in the Table 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 and its

graphical representation shown in the figure 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9, we can conclude that out of

all three bearing materials, Cast Nylon has got less wear compared to Brass and

Gunmetal.

4.8 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION ANALYSIS FOR THE BEAR ING MATERIALS This experiment analysis was carried out in three different setup for coefficient of

friction. In first setup we used 650 rpm and 30 N load applied to pins. In second setup we

used 850 rpm and 40 N loads applied and in last setup we used 1000 rpm and 50 N loads

applied to sample pin. In all setup we used common lubricant i.e. SAE 30 oil.

First setup readings for coefficient of friction:

Speed 650 rpm and load 30 N.

Table: 4.5 C.O.F. readings for first setup for 650 rpm and 30 N loads

Time(secs) Gunmetal_cof_I Nylon_cof_I Brass_cof_I 10 0.176 0.048 0.258

20 0.175 0.048 0.258

30 0.175 0.048 0.258

40 0.175 0.047 0.257

50 0.175 0.048 0.258

60 0.175 0.048 0.258

70 0.175 0.048 0.258

80 0.176 0.048 0.258

90 0.175 0.048 0.258

100 0.174 0.048 0.258

110 0.175 0.048 0.258

120 0.176 0.048 0.258

130 0.176 0.048 0.258

140 0.175 0.048 0.258

150 0.175 0.048 0.258

160 0.175 0.048 0.258

170 0.175 0.048 0.258

125 | P a g e

180 0.175 0.048 0.258

190 0.175 0.048 0.258

200 0.175 0.048 0.258

210 0.175 0.048 0.258

220 0.173 0.048 0.258

230 0.173 0.048 0.258

240 0.173 0.048 0.258

250 0.173 0.048 0.258

260 0.173 0.048 0.258

270 0.173 0.048 0.258

280 0.173 0.048 0.258

290 0.173 0.049 0.259

300 0.173 0.049 0.259

310 0.173 0.049 0.259

320 0.173 0.049 0.259

330 0.173 0.049 0.259

340 0.173 0.049 0.259

350 0.173 0.049 0.259

360 0.173 0.049 0.259

370 0.173 0.048 0.258

380 0.173 0.048 0.258

390 0.173 0.048 0.258

400 0.173 0.048 0.258

410 0.173 0.049 0.259

420 0.174 0.049 0.259

430 0.174 0.049 0.259

440 0.174 0.049 0.259

450 0.174 0.049 0.259

460 0.175 0.049 0.259

470 0.172 0.049 0.259

480 0.173 0.049 0.259

490 0.173 0.049 0.259

500 0.172 0.049 0.259

510 0.173 0.049 0.259

520 0.173 0.049 0.259

530 0.173 0.049 0.259

540 0.173 0.049 0.259

126 | P a g e

550 0.173 0.049 0.259

560 0.173 0.049 0.259

570 0.173 0.049 0.259

580 0.173 0.049 0.259

590 0.173 0.049 0.259

600 0.174 0.049 0.259

610 0.174 0.049 0.259

620 0.174 0.049 0.259

630 0.174 0.049 0.259

640 0.174 0.049 0.259

650 0.174 0.049 0.259

660 0.174 0.05 0.26

670 0.174 0.05 0.26

680 0.174 0.05 0.26

690 0.175 0.05 0.26

700 0.171 0.05 0.26

710 0.171 0.05 0.26

720 0.171 0.05 0.26

730 0.171 0.05 0.26

740 0.171 0.05 0.26

750 0.171 0.05 0.26

760 0.171 0.05 0.26

770 0.172 0.05 0.26

780 0.172 0.05 0.26

790 0.172 0.05 0.26

800 0.172 0.05 0.26

810 0.172 0.051 0.261

820 0.172 0.051 0.261

830 0.172 0.051 0.261

840 0.172 0.05 0.26

850 0.172 0.051 0.261

860 0.172 0.05 0.26

870 0.172 0.05 0.26

880 0.172 0.05 0.26

890 0.172 0.05 0.26

900 0.172 0.05 0.26

910 0.172 0.05 0.26

127 | P a g e

920 0.172 0.05 0.26

930 0.172 0.05 0.26

940 0.172 0.05 0.26

950 0.172 0.051 0.261

960 0.172 0.05 0.26

970 0.172 0.05 0.26

980 0.172 0.05 0.26

990 0.172 0.05 0.26

1000 0.172 0.05 0.26

1010 0.172 0.05 0.26

1020 0.172 0.051 0.261

1030 0.172 0.051 0.261

1040 0.172 0.05 0.26

1050 0.172 0.051 0.261

1060 0.173 0.05 0.26

1070 0.172 0.051 0.261

1080 0.173 0.051 0.261

1090 0.173 0.051 0.261

1100 0.173 0.051 0.261

1110 0.173 0.051 0.261

1120 0.173 0.051 0.261

1130 0.173 0.051 0.261

1140 0.173 0.051 0.261

1150 0.173 0.05 0.26

1160 0.173 0.051 0.261

1170 0.173 0.051 0.261

1180 0.173 0.051 0.261

1190 0.173 0.051 0.261

1200 0.173 0.051 0.261

1210 0.173 0.05 0.26

1220 0.173 0.05 0.26

1230 0.173 0.05 0.26

1240 0.173 0.051 0.261

1250 0.174 0.05 0.26

1260 0.174 0.05 0.26

1270 0.174 0.05 0.26

1280 0.174 0.05 0.26

128 | P a g e

1290 0.174 0.05 0.26

1300 0.174 0.05 0.26

1310 0.174 0.05 0.26

1320 0.174 0.05 0.26

1330 0.174 0.05 0.26

1340 0.175 0.051 0.261

1350 0.175 0.051 0.261

1360 0.177 0.051 0.261

1370 0.178 0.051 0.261

1380 0.178 0.051 0.261

1390 0.178 0.051 0.261

1400 0.177 0.05 0.26

1410 0.177 0.051 0.261

1420 0.18 0.051 0.261

1430 0.179 0.05 0.26

1440 0.178 0.05 0.26

1450 0.178 0.05 0.26

1460 0.178 0.051 0.261

1470 0.178 0.05 0.26

1480 0.179 0.05 0.26

1490 0.179 0.05 0.26

1500 0.179 0.05 0.26

1510 0.179 0.05 0.26

1520 0.179 0.05 0.26

1530 0.179 0.05 0.26

1540 0.178 0.05 0.26

1550 0.179 0.05 0.26

1560 0.18 0.05 0.26

1570 0.18 0.05 0.26

1580 0.18 0.049 0.259

1590 0.18 0.05 0.26

1600 0.181 0.05 0.26

1610 0.181 0.05 0.26

1620 0.182 0.05 0.26

1630 0.183 0.05 0.26

1640 0.184 0.05 0.26

1650 0.185 0.05 0.26

129 | P a g e

1660 0.186 0.049 0.259

1670 0.186 0.049 0.259

1680 0.187 0.049 0.259

1690 0.186 0.049 0.259

1700 0.185 0.049 0.259

1710 0.185 0.049 0.259

1720 0.185 0.049 0.259

1730 0.185 0.049 0.259

1740 0.185 0.049 0.259

1750 0.185 0.049 0.259

1760 0.185 0.05 0.26

1770 0.185 0.05 0.26

1780 0.185 0.05 0.26

1790 0.185 0.05 0.26

1800 0.185 0.05 0.26

1810 0.185 0.05 0.26

1820 0.185 0.05 0.26

1830 0.185 0.05 0.26

1840 0.185 0.05 0.26

1850 0.185 0.05 0.26

1860 0.185 0.049 0.259

1870 0.185 0.049 0.259

1880 0.185 0.049 0.259

1890 0.185 0.049 0.259

1900 0.185 0.049 0.259

1910 0.185 0.05 0.26

1920 0.185 0.049 0.259

1930 0.185 0.049 0.259

1940 0.185 0.05 0.26

1950 0.185 0.049 0.259

1960 0.185 0.049 0.259

1970 0.185 0.049 0.259

1980 0.185 0.049 0.259

1990 0.185 0.049 0.259

2000 0.184 0.049 0.259

2010 0.184 0.049 0.259

2020 0.184 0.049 0.259

130 | P a g e

2030 0.184 0.049 0.259

2040 0.184 0.049 0.259

2050 0.184 0.049 0.259

2060 0.185 0.049 0.259

2070 0.184 0.049 0.259

2080 0.184 0.049 0.259

2090 0.185 0.049 0.259

2100 0.185 0.049 0.259

2110 0.185 0.05 0.26

2120 0.185 0.049 0.259

2130 0.185 0.049 0.259

2140 0.185 0.049 0.259

2150 0.185 0.049 0.259

2160 0.185 0.049 0.259

2170 0.185 0.049 0.259

2180 0.185 0.049 0.259

2190 0.185 0.049 0.259

2200 0.185 0.049 0.259

2210 0.185 0.049 0.259

2220 0.185 0.05 0.26

2230 0.185 0.05 0.26

2240 0.185 0.05 0.26

2250 0.185 0.05 0.26

2260 0.185 0.05 0.26

2270 0.185 0.05 0.26

2280 0.185 0.05 0.26

2290 0.185 0.049 0.259

2300 0.185 0.049 0.259

2310 0.185 0.049 0.259

2320 0.185 0.049 0.259

2330 0.185 0.049 0.259

2340 0.185 0.049 0.259

2350 0.185 0.05 0.26

2360 0.185 0.049 0.259

2370 0.185 0.05 0.26

2380 0.185 0.049 0.259

2390 0.185 0.049 0.259

131 | P a g e

2400 0.185 0.049 0.259

2410 0.185 0.049 0.259

2420 0.185 0.049 0.259

2430 0.185 0.049 0.259

2440 0.185 0.049 0.259

2450 0.185 0.049 0.259

2460 0.185 0.049 0.259

2470 0.185 0.05 0.26

2480 0.185 0.05 0.26

2490 0.185 0.05 0.26

2500 0.185 0.049 0.259

2510 0.185 0.049 0.259

2520 0.185 0.05 0.26

2530 0.185 0.05 0.26

2540 0.185 0.05 0.26

2550 0.185 0.05 0.26

2560 0.185 0.05 0.26

2570 0.185 0.05 0.26

2580 0.185 0.05 0.26

2590 0.185 0.049 0.259

2600 0.185 0.049 0.259

2610 0.185 0.049 0.259

2620 0.185 0.049 0.259

2630 0.185 0.05 0.26

2640 0.185 0.05 0.26

2650 0.185 0.05 0.26

2660 0.185 0.05 0.26

2670 0.185 0.05 0.26

2680 0.185 0.05 0.26

2690 0.185 0.05 0.26

2700 0.185 0.05 0.26

2710 0.185 0.05 0.26

2720 0.185 0.05 0.26

2730 0.185 0.049 0.259

2740 0.185 0.05 0.26

2750 0.185 0.05 0.26

2760 0.185 0.049 0.259

132 | P a g e

2770 0.185 0.05 0.26

2780 0.185 0.05 0.26

2790 0.185 0.05 0.26

2800 0.185 0.05 0.26

2810 0.185 0.05 0.26

2820 0.185 0.05 0.26

2830 0.185 0.05 0.26

2840 0.185 0.049 0.259

2850 0.185 0.049 0.259

2860 0.185 0.049 0.259

2870 0.185 0.049 0.259

2880 0.185 0.049 0.259

2890 0.185 0.049 0.259

2900 0.185 0.049 0.259

2910 0.185 0.049 0.259

2920 0.185 0.049 0.259

2930 0.184 0.049 0.259

2940 0.185 0.049 0.259

2950 0.185 0.049 0.259

2960 0.185 0.049 0.259

2970 0.184 0.049 0.259

2980 0.185 0.049 0.259

2990 0.185 0.049 0.259

3000 0.185 0.049 0.259

3010 0.185 0.05 0.26

3020 0.185 0.049 0.259

3030 0.185 0.05 0.26

3040 0.185 0.05 0.26

3050 0.185 0.05 0.26

3060 0.185 0.05 0.26

3070 0.185 0.05 0.26

3080 0.185 0.05 0.26

3090 0.185 0.05 0.26

3100 0.185 0.05 0.26

3110 0.186 0.05 0.26

3120 0.186 0.05 0.26

3130 0.186 0.05 0.26

133 | P a g e

3140 0.186 0.05 0.26

3150 0.186 0.05 0.26

3160 0.186 0.051 0.261

3170 0.187 0.052 0.262

3180 0.187 0.051 0.261

3190 0.187 0.052 0.262

3200 0.188 0.052 0.262

3210 0.187 0.051 0.261

3220 0.186 0.05 0.26

3230 0.186 0.05 0.26

3240 0.186 0.05 0.26

3250 0.186 0.05 0.26

3260 0.186 0.05 0.26

3270 0.185 0.05 0.26

3280 0.186 0.05 0.26

3290 0.186 0.05 0.26

3300 0.186 0.05 0.26

3310 0.185 0.05 0.26

3320 0.186 0.05 0.26

3330 0.186 0.05 0.26

3340 0.186 0.051 0.261

3350 0.186 0.05 0.26

3360 0.186 0.051 0.261

3370 0.186 0.051 0.261

3380 0.186 0.051 0.261

3390 0.186 0.051 0.261

3400 0.186 0.051 0.261

3410 0.186 0.051 0.261

3420 0.186 0.051 0.261

3430 0.186 0.051 0.261

3440 0.186 0.051 0.261

3450 0.186 0.051 0.261

3460 0.186 0.051 0.261

3470 0.186 0.051 0.261

3480 0.186 0.051 0.261

3490 0.186 0.051 0.261

3500 0.187 0.048 0.261

134 | P a g e

Figure :4.10 Graphical representation between C.O.F. Versus Time First setup Referring to the above figure 4.10 , we can see that average co efficient of friction is less

for Cast Nylon (0.048 ) compared to Brass (0.260 ) and Gunmetal (0.176).The highest

coefficient of friction is for Brass and lowest is for Cast Nylon while Gunmetal average

coefficient of frictions is less than Brass but more than Cast Nylon. After 30 to 35

minutes in all 3 cases COF get steady but it is highest for Brass and lowest for Cast

Nylon.

3510 0.185 0.048 0.261

3520 0.185 0.048 0.261

3530 0.185 0.047 0.261

3540 0.185 0.048 0.261

3550 0.185 0.048 0.261

3560 0.185 0.048 0.261

3570 0.185 0.048 0.261

3580 0.185 0.048 0.261

3590 0.185 0.048 0.261

3600 0.185 0.048 0.261

AVERAGE 0.176 0.048 0.260

135 | P a g e

Second setup & readings for coefficient of friction:

Speed 850 rpm and load 50 N.

Table: 4.6 C.O.F. readings for second setup for 850 rpm and 50 N loads

Time(secs) Cof_Gunmetal_second Cof_Nylon_second Cof_brass_second

10 0.038 0.029 0.068

20 0.038 0.029 0.068

30 0.038 0.027 0.068

40 0.038 0.026 0.068

50 0.037 0.025 0.067

60 0.037 0.023 0.066

70 0.037 0.022 0.066

80 0.037 0.021 0.066

90 0.037 0.021 0.066

100 0.037 0.02 0.066

110 0.037 0.02 0.066

120 0.037 0.019 0.066

130 0.037 0.019 0.066

140 0.037 0.019 0.066

150 0.037 0.019 0.066

160 0.037 0.019 0.066

170 0.037 0.019 0.066

180 0.037 0.019 0.066

190 0.037 0.019 0.066

200 0.037 0.019 0.066

210 0.037 0.019 0.066

220 0.037 0.019 0.066

230 0.037 0.019 0.066

240 0.037 0.019 0.066

250 0.037 0.019 0.066

260 0.037 0.018 0.066

270 0.037 0.018 0.066

280 0.037 0.018 0.066

290 0.037 0.018 0.066

300 0.037 0.018 0.066

136 | P a g e

310 0.037 0.018 0.066

320 0.037 0.018 0.066

330 0.037 0.018 0.066

340 0.037 0.018 0.066

350 0.037 0.018 0.066

360 0.037 0.018 0.066

370 0.037 0.018 0.066

380 0.037 0.018 0.066

390 0.037 0.018 0.066

400 0.037 0.018 0.066

410 0.037 0.018 0.066

420 0.037 0.018 0.066

430 0.037 0.018 0.066

440 0.036 0.018 0.066

450 0.036 0.018 0.066

460 0.036 0.018 0.066

470 0.036 0.018 0.066

480 0.036 0.018 0.066

490 0.036 0.018 0.066

500 0.036 0.018 0.066

510 0.036 0.018 0.066

520 0.036 0.018 0.066

530 0.036 0.018 0.066

540 0.036 0.018 0.066

550 0.037 0.018 0.066

560 0.037 0.018 0.066

570 0.037 0.018 0.066

580 0.037 0.018 0.066

590 0.037 0.018 0.066

600 0.037 0.018 0.066

610 0.037 0.018 0.066

620 0.037 0.018 0.066

630 0.037 0.018 0.066

640 0.037 0.018 0.066

650 0.036 0.018 0.066

660 0.036 0.018 0.066

670 0.036 0.018 0.066

680 0.036 0.018 0.066

137 | P a g e

690 0.036 0.018 0.066

700 0.036 0.017 0.066

710 0.036 0.018 0.066

720 0.036 0.018 0.066

730 0.036 0.017 0.066

740 0.037 0.018 0.066

750 0.037 0.018 0.066

760 0.037 0.018 0.066

770 0.037 0.017 0.066

780 0.037 0.017 0.066

790 0.037 0.018 0.066

800 0.037 0.018 0.066

810 0.037 0.018 0.066

820 0.037 0.018 0.066

830 0.037 0.017 0.066

840 0.037 0.017 0.066

850 0.037 0.017 0.066

860 0.037 0.017 0.066

870 0.037 0.018 0.066

880 0.037 0.017 0.066

890 0.037 0.017 0.066

900 0.037 0.017 0.066

910 0.037 0.018 0.066

920 0.037 0.017 0.066

930 0.037 0.017 0.066

940 0.037 0.017 0.066

950 0.037 0.017 0.066

960 0.037 0.017 0.066

970 0.036 0.017 0.066

980 0.037 0.017 0.066

990 0.037 0.017 0.066

1000 0.037 0.017 0.066

1010 0.037 0.017 0.066

1020 0.037 0.017 0.066

1030 0.037 0.017 0.066

1040 0.037 0.017 0.066

1050 0.037 0.017 0.066

1060 0.037 0.017 0.066

138 | P a g e

1070 0.037 0.017 0.066

1080 0.036 0.017 0.066

1090 0.036 0.017 0.066

1100 0.036 0.017 0.065

1110 0.036 0.017 0.066

1120 0.036 0.017 0.066

1130 0.036 0.017 0.066

1140 0.036 0.017 0.066

1150 0.036 0.017 0.066

1160 0.036 0.017 0.066

1170 0.036 0.017 0.065

1180 0.036 0.017 0.066

1190 0.036 0.017 0.066

1200 0.036 0.017 0.066

1210 0.036 0.017 0.065

1220 0.036 0.017 0.065

1230 0.036 0.017 0.064

1240 0.036 0.017 0.066

1250 0.036 0.017 0.066

1260 0.036 0.017 0.065

1270 0.036 0.017 0.064

1280 0.035 0.017 0.066

1290 0.035 0.017 0.066

1300 0.035 0.017 0.066

1310 0.034 0.017 0.066

1320 0.034 0.017 0.066

1330 0.033 0.017 0.066

1340 0.033 0.017 0.066

1350 0.033 0.017 0.066

1360 0.033 0.017 0.066

1370 0.033 0.017 0.066

1380 0.034 0.017 0.066

1390 0.034 0.017 0.065

1400 0.034 0.017 0.064

1410 0.034 0.017 0.064

1420 0.035 0.017 0.064

1430 0.035 0.017 0.064

1440 0.037 0.017 0.064

139 | P a g e

1450 0.037 0.017 0.064

1460 0.037 0.017 0.064

1470 0.037 0.017 0.064

1480 0.036 0.017 0.064

1490 0.037 0.017 0.064

1500 0.037 0.017 0.064

1510 0.037 0.017 0.064

1520 0.037 0.017 0.064

1530 0.037 0.017 0.064

1540 0.037 0.017 0.064

1550 0.037 0.017 0.064

1560 0.037 0.017 0.064

1570 0.037 0.017 0.064

1580 0.037 0.017 0.064

1590 0.036 0.017 0.064

1600 0.036 0.017 0.064

1610 0.036 0.017 0.064

1620 0.036 0.017 0.064

1630 0.036 0.017 0.064

1640 0.036 0.017 0.064

1650 0.036 0.017 0.064

1660 0.036 0.017 0.064

1670 0.036 0.017 0.064

1680 0.036 0.017 0.064

1690 0.036 0.017 0.064

1700 0.036 0.017 0.064

1710 0.036 0.017 0.064

1720 0.036 0.017 0.064

1730 0.036 0.017 0.064

1740 0.036 0.017 0.064

1750 0.036 0.017 0.064

1760 0.036 0.017 0.064

1770 0.036 0.017 0.064

1780 0.036 0.017 0.064

1790 0.035 0.017 0.064

1800 0.035 0.017 0.064

1810 0.035 0.017 0.064

1820 0.034 0.016 0.064

140 | P a g e

1830 0.034 0.016 0.064

1840 0.033 0.017 0.064

1850 0.033 0.017 0.064

1860 0.033 0.017 0.064

1870 0.033 0.017 0.064

1880 0.033 0.017 0.064

1890 0.034 0.017 0.064

1900 0.034 0.017 0.064

1910 0.034 0.017 0.064

1920 0.034 0.017 0.064

1930 0.035 0.017 0.064

1940 0.035 0.017 0.064

1950 0.035 0.016 0.064

1960 0.035 0.017 0.064

1970 0.034 0.016 0.064

1980 0.033 0.017 0.064

1990 0.036 0.017 0.064

2000 0.036 0.016 0.064

2010 0.036 0.017 0.064

2020 0.036 0.017 0.064

2030 0.036 0.017 0.064

2040 0.036 0.016 0.064

2050 0.036 0.016 0.064

2060 0.036 0.016 0.064

2070 0.036 0.017 0.064

2080 0.036 0.017 0.064

2090 0.036 0.017 0.064

2100 0.036 0.016 0.064

2110 0.036 0.017 0.064

2120 0.035 0.016 0.064

2130 0.035 0.017 0.064

2140 0.034 0.016 0.064

2150 0.034 0.017 0.064

2160 0.034 0.017 0.064

2170 0.034 0.017 0.064

2180 0.033 0.017 0.064

2190 0.033 0.017 0.064

2200 0.034 0.017 0.064

141 | P a g e

2210 0.033 0.017 0.064

2220 0.033 0.017 0.064

2230 0.033 0.017 0.064

2240 0.033 0.017 0.064

2250 0.033 0.017 0.064

2260 0.032 0.017 0.064

2270 0.033 0.017 0.064

2280 0.033 0.017 0.064

2290 0.033 0.017 0.064

2300 0.032 0.017 0.064

2310 0.032 0.017 0.064

2320 0.033 0.017 0.064

2330 0.033 0.017 0.064

2340 0.033 0.017 0.064

2350 0.033 0.017 0.064

2360 0.033 0.017 0.064

2370 0.033 0.017 0.064

2380 0.033 0.017 0.064

2390 0.033 0.017 0.064

2400 0.033 0.017 0.064

2410 0.033 0.017 0.064

2420 0.033 0.017 0.064

2430 0.033 0.017 0.064

2440 0.033 0.017 0.064

2450 0.033 0.017 0.064

2460 0.033 0.017 0.064

2470 0.033 0.017 0.064

2480 0.033 0.017 0.064

2490 0.033 0.017 0.064

2500 0.033 0.017 0.064

2510 0.033 0.017 0.064

2520 0.033 0.017 0.064

2530 0.033 0.017 0.064

2540 0.033 0.017 0.064

2550 0.033 0.017 0.064

2560 0.033 0.017 0.064

2570 0.033 0.017 0.064

2580 0.033 0.017 0.064

142 | P a g e

2590 0.033 0.017 0.064

2600 0.033 0.017 0.064

2610 0.033 0.017 0.064

2620 0.033 0.017 0.064

2630 0.033 0.017 0.064

2640 0.033 0.016 0.064

2650 0.033 0.016 0.064

2660 0.033 0.016 0.064

2670 0.033 0.016 0.064

2680 0.033 0.016 0.064

2690 0.033 0.017 0.064

2700 0.033 0.017 0.064

2710 0.033 0.016 0.064

2720 0.033 0.016 0.064

2730 0.033 0.016 0.064

2740 0.033 0.016 0.064

2750 0.033 0.016 0.064

2760 0.033 0.016 0.064

2770 0.033 0.016 0.064

2780 0.033 0.016 0.064

2790 0.033 0.016 0.064

2800 0.033 0.016 0.064

2810 0.033 0.016 0.064

2820 0.033 0.016 0.064

2830 0.033 0.016 0.064

2840 0.033 0.016 0.064

2850 0.033 0.016 0.064

2860 0.033 0.016 0.064

2870 0.033 0.016 0.064

2880 0.033 0.016 0.064

2890 0.033 0.016 0.064

2900 0.033 0.016 0.064

2910 0.033 0.016 0.064

2920 0.033 0.016 0.064

2930 0.033 0.016 0.064

2940 0.033 0.016 0.064

2950 0.033 0.017 0.064

2960 0.033 0.017 0.064

143 | P a g e

2970 0.033 0.017 0.064

2980 0.033 0.017 0.064

2990 0.033 0.017 0.064

3000 0.033 0.017 0.064

3010 0.033 0.017 0.064

3020 0.033 0.017 0.064

3030 0.033 0.017 0.064

3040 0.033 0.017 0.064

3050 0.033 0.017 0.064

3060 0.033 0.017 0.064

3070 0.033 0.017 0.064

3080 0.033 0.017 0.064

3090 0.033 0.017 0.064

3100 0.033 0.017 0.064

3110 0.033 0.017 0.064

3120 0.033 0.016 0.064

3130 0.033 0.016 0.064

3140 0.033 0.016 0.064

3150 0.033 0.016 0.064

3160 0.033 0.016 0.064

3170 0.033 0.017 0.064

3180 0.033 0.017 0.064

3190 0.032 0.016 0.064

3200 0.033 0.016 0.064

3210 0.033 0.016 0.064

3220 0.033 0.016 0.064

3230 0.033 0.016 0.064

3240 0.033 0.016 0.064

3250 0.033 0.016 0.064

3260 0.033 0.016 0.064

3270 0.033 0.016 0.064

3280 0.033 0.016 0.064

3290 0.033 0.016 0.064

3300 0.033 0.016 0.064

3310 0.033 0.016 0.064

3320 0.033 0.016 0.064

3330 0.033 0.016 0.064

3340 0.033 0.016 0.064

144 | P a g e

3350 0.033 0.016 0.064

3360 0.033 0.016 0.064

3370 0.032 0.016 0.064

3380 0.032 0.016 0.064

3390 0.033 0.016 0.064

3400 0.033 0.016 0.064

3410 0.032 0.016 0.064

3420 0.033 0.016 0.064

3430 0.033 0.017 0.064

3440 0.033 0.017 0.064

3450 0.033 0.017 0.065

3460 0.033 0.017 0.065

3470 0.033 0.017 0.065

3480 0.033 0.017 0.065

3490 0.033 0.017 0.065

3500 0.033 0.017 0.064

3510 0.033 0.017 0.065

3520 0.033 0.017 0.065

3530 0.033 0.017 0.065

3540 0.033 0.017 0.065

3550 0.033 0.017 0.064

3560 0.033 0.017 0.065

3570 0.033 0.017 0.065

3580 0.033 0.017 0.064

3590 0.033 0.017 0.065

3600 0.033 0.017 0.065

AVERAGE 0.035 0.017 0.065

145 | P a g e

Figure: 4.11 Graphical representations between C.O.F. vs. Time for second setup

With reference to above figure 4.11, we can see that average maximum coefficient of

friction at 850 rpm and 50 N loads, for Brass it is 0.065, for Gunmetal it is 0.035 and for

Cast Nylon it is 0.017. In this case the coefficient of friction of Cast Nylon is low with

respect to Brass and Gunmetal. We can also see that in the case of Brass and Gunmetal

the coefficient of friction is stabilized after approximately 30 to 40 minutes. While in the

case of Cast Nylon in the beginning it was high but immediately stabilized and remains

steady through the test. We can see from figure 4.11 that at the end of setup i.e. before 5

to 7 minutes in all three cases COF is stabilized.

Third setup and reading for coefficient of friction:

Speed 1000 rpm and load 50 N

TABLE: 4.7 C.O.F. Readings for third setup for 1000 rpm and 70 N loads

Time(secs) Brass_Cof_third Gunmetal_cof_third Nylon_Cof_third 10 0.126 0.081 0.029 20 0.124 0.083 0.029 30 0.126 0.097 0.027

146 | P a g e

40 0.126 0.096 0.026 50 0.126 0.096 0.025 60 0.126 0.096 0.023 70 0.126 0.096 0.022 80 0.126 0.096 0.021 90 0.126 0.096 0.021 100 0.126 0.095 0.02 110 0.126 0.096 0.02 120 0.126 0.096 0.019 130 0.126 0.096 0.019 140 0.126 0.096 0.019 150 0.126 0.096 0.019 160 0.126 0.095 0.019 170 0.126 0.095 0.019 180 0.126 0.095 0.019 190 0.126 0.095 0.019 200 0.126 0.095 0.019 210 0.126 0.095 0.019 220 0.126 0.095 0.019 230 0.126 0.095 0.019 240 0.126 0.095 0.019 250 0.126 0.095 0.019 260 0.126 0.095 0.018 270 0.126 0.095 0.018 280 0.126 0.095 0.018 290 0.126 0.095 0.018 300 0.126 0.095 0.018 310 0.126 0.095 0.018 320 0.126 0.095 0.018 330 0.126 0.095 0.018 340 0.126 0.095 0.018 350 0.126 0.095 0.018 360 0.126 0.095 0.018 370 0.126 0.095 0.018 380 0.126 0.095 0.018 390 0.126 0.095 0.018 400 0.126 0.095 0.018 410 0.126 0.095 0.018 420 0.126 0.095 0.018 430 0.126 0.095 0.018 440 0.126 0.094 0.018 450 0.126 0.094 0.018 460 0.126 0.094 0.018

147 | P a g e

470 0.126 0.094 0.018 480 0.126 0.094 0.018 490 0.126 0.094 0.018 500 0.126 0.094 0.018 510 0.126 0.094 0.018 520 0.126 0.094 0.018 530 0.126 0.094 0.018 540 0.126 0.094 0.018 550 0.126 0.094 0.018 560 0.126 0.094 0.018 570 0.126 0.094 0.018 580 0.126 0.094 0.018 590 0.126 0.094 0.018 600 0.126 0.094 0.018 610 0.126 0.094 0.018 620 0.126 0.094 0.018 630 0.126 0.094 0.018 640 0.126 0.094 0.018 650 0.126 0.094 0.018 660 0.126 0.094 0.018 670 0.126 0.093 0.018 680 0.126 0.094 0.018 690 0.126 0.094 0.018 700 0.126 0.094 0.017 710 0.126 0.094 0.018 720 0.126 0.094 0.018 730 0.126 0.094 0.017 740 0.126 0.093 0.018 750 0.126 0.093 0.018 760 0.126 0.093 0.018 770 0.126 0.093 0.017 780 0.126 0.093 0.017 790 0.126 0.093 0.018 800 0.126 0.093 0.018 810 0.126 0.093 0.018 820 0.126 0.093 0.018 830 0.126 0.093 0.017 840 0.126 0.093 0.017 850 0.126 0.093 0.017 860 0.126 0.093 0.017 870 0.126 0.093 0.018 880 0.126 0.093 0.017 890 0.126 0.093 0.017

148 | P a g e

900 0.126 0.093 0.017 910 0.126 0.093 0.018 920 0.126 0.093 0.017 930 0.126 0.093 0.017 940 0.126 0.093 0.017 950 0.126 0.093 0.017 960 0.126 0.093 0.017 970 0.126 0.093 0.017 980 0.126 0.093 0.017 990 0.126 0.093 0.017 1000 0.126 0.093 0.017 1010 0.126 0.092 0.017 1020 0.126 0.092 0.017 1030 0.126 0.092 0.017 1040 0.126 0.092 0.017 1050 0.126 0.093 0.017 1060 0.126 0.092 0.017 1070 0.126 0.092 0.017 1080 0.126 0.092 0.017 1090 0.125 0.092 0.017 1100 0.125 0.092 0.017 1110 0.125 0.092 0.017 1120 0.126 0.092 0.017 1130 0.126 0.092 0.017 1140 0.126 0.092 0.017 1150 0.125 0.092 0.017 1160 0.125 0.092 0.017 1170 0.125 0.092 0.017 1180 0.126 0.092 0.017 1190 0.126 0.092 0.017 1200 0.126 0.092 0.017 1210 0.126 0.092 0.017 1220 0.125 0.092 0.017 1230 0.124 0.092 0.017 1240 0.126 0.092 0.017 1250 0.126 0.092 0.017 1260 0.125 0.092 0.017 1270 0.124 0.091 0.017 1280 0.126 0.092 0.017 1290 0.126 0.092 0.017 1300 0.126 0.092 0.017 1310 0.126 0.091 0.017 1320 0.126 0.091 0.017

149 | P a g e

1330 0.126 0.091 0.017 1340 0.126 0.091 0.017 1350 0.126 0.091 0.017 1360 0.126 0.091 0.017 1370 0.126 0.091 0.017 1380 0.126 0.091 0.017 1390 0.126 0.091 0.017 1400 0.125 0.091 0.017 1410 0.125 0.091 0.017 1420 0.125 0.091 0.017 1430 0.125 0.091 0.017 1440 0.125 0.091 0.017 1450 0.125 0.091 0.017 1460 0.125 0.091 0.017 1470 0.125 0.091 0.017 1480 0.125 0.091 0.017 1490 0.125 0.091 0.017 1500 0.125 0.091 0.017 1510 0.125 0.091 0.017 1520 0.125 0.091 0.017 1530 0.125 0.091 0.017 1540 0.125 0.091 0.017 1550 0.124 0.091 0.017 1560 0.124 0.091 0.017 1570 0.124 0.091 0.017 1580 0.124 0.091 0.017 1590 0.124 0.091 0.017 1600 0.124 0.091 0.017 1610 0.124 0.091 0.017 1620 0.124 0.091 0.017 1630 0.124 0.09 0.017 1640 0.124 0.09 0.017 1650 0.124 0.09 0.017 1660 0.124 0.09 0.017 1670 0.124 0.09 0.017 1680 0.124 0.09 0.017 1690 0.124 0.091 0.017 1700 0.124 0.091 0.017 1710 0.124 0.091 0.017 1720 0.124 0.09 0.017 1730 0.124 0.09 0.017 1740 0.124 0.09 0.017 1750 0.124 0.091 0.017

150 | P a g e

1760 0.124 0.091 0.017 1770 0.124 0.091 0.017 1780 0.124 0.091 0.017 1790 0.124 0.091 0.017 1800 0.124 0.091 0.017 1810 0.124 0.091 0.017 1820 0.124 0.091 0.016 1830 0.124 0.091 0.016 1840 0.124 0.091 0.017 1850 0.124 0.09 0.017 1860 0.124 0.09 0.017 1870 0.124 0.089 0.017 1880 0.124 0.089 0.017 1890 0.124 0.09 0.017 1900 0.124 0.09 0.017 1910 0.124 0.09 0.017 1920 0.124 0.091 0.017 1930 0.124 0.091 0.017 1940 0.124 0.091 0.017 1950 0.124 0.091 0.016 1960 0.124 0.091 0.017 1970 0.124 0.091 0.016 1980 0.124 0.091 0.017 1990 0.123 0.091 0.017 2000 0.124 0.091 0.016 2010 0.124 0.091 0.017 2020 0.123 0.091 0.017 2030 0.124 0.09 0.017 2040 0.123 0.091 0.016 2050 0.124 0.091 0.016 2060 0.123 0.091 0.016 2070 0.123 0.092 0.017 2080 0.123 0.091 0.017 2090 0.124 0.091 0.017 2100 0.124 0.091 0.016 2110 0.124 0.091 0.017 2120 0.123 0.091 0.016 2130 0.123 0.091 0.017 2140 0.123 0.092 0.016 2150 0.123 0.092 0.017 2160 0.124 0.091 0.017 2170 0.123 0.091 0.017 2180 0.123 0.092 0.017

151 | P a g e

2190 0.123 0.092 0.017 2200 0.124 0.092 0.017 2210 0.123 0.092 0.017 2220 0.123 0.092 0.017 2230 0.123 0.092 0.017 2240 0.123 0.092 0.017 2250 0.123 0.092 0.017 2260 0.123 0.091 0.017 2270 0.123 0.091 0.017 2280 0.123 0.091 0.017 2290 0.123 0.091 0.017 2300 0.123 0.091 0.017 2310 0.123 0.091 0.017 2320 0.123 0.091 0.017 2330 0.123 0.091 0.017 2340 0.123 0.091 0.017 2350 0.123 0.091 0.017 2360 0.123 0.091 0.017 2370 0.123 0.091 0.017 2380 0.123 0.091 0.017 2390 0.123 0.092 0.017 2400 0.123 0.091 0.017 2410 0.123 0.091 0.017 2420 0.123 0.091 0.017 2430 0.123 0.091 0.017 2440 0.123 0.091 0.017 2450 0.123 0.091 0.017 2460 0.123 0.091 0.017 2470 0.123 0.091 0.017 2480 0.123 0.091 0.017 2490 0.123 0.091 0.017 2500 0.123 0.091 0.017 2510 0.123 0.091 0.017 2520 0.123 0.091 0.017 2530 0.123 0.091 0.017 2540 0.123 0.091 0.017 2550 0.123 0.092 0.017 2560 0.123 0.092 0.017 2570 0.123 0.091 0.017 2580 0.123 0.091 0.017 2590 0.123 0.091 0.017 2600 0.123 0.091 0.017 2610 0.123 0.091 0.017

152 | P a g e

2620 0.123 0.091 0.017 2630 0.123 0.091 0.017 2640 0.123 0.091 0.016 2650 0.123 0.091 0.016 2660 0.123 0.091 0.016 2670 0.123 0.091 0.016 2680 0.123 0.091 0.016 2690 0.123 0.092 0.017 2700 0.123 0.092 0.017 2710 0.123 0.093 0.016 2720 0.123 0.092 0.016 2730 0.123 0.092 0.016 2740 0.123 0.092 0.016 2750 0.123 0.092 0.016 2760 0.123 0.092 0.016 2770 0.123 0.092 0.016 2780 0.123 0.092 0.016 2790 0.123 0.092 0.016 2800 0.123 0.092 0.016 2810 0.123 0.092 0.016 2820 0.123 0.092 0.016 2830 0.123 0.092 0.016 2840 0.123 0.093 0.016 2850 0.123 0.091 0.016 2860 0.123 0.092 0.016 2870 0.123 0.092 0.016 2880 0.123 0.092 0.016 2890 0.123 0.092 0.016 2900 0.123 0.092 0.016 2910 0.123 0.092 0.016 2920 0.123 0.092 0.016 2930 0.123 0.092 0.016 2940 0.123 0.091 0.016 2950 0.123 0.091 0.017 2960 0.123 0.091 0.017 2970 0.123 0.091 0.017 2980 0.123 0.092 0.017 2990 0.123 0.092 0.017 3000 0.123 0.091 0.017 3010 0.123 0.091 0.017 3020 0.123 0.091 0.017 3030 0.123 0.091 0.017 3040 0.123 0.091 0.017

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3050 0.123 0.092 0.017 3060 0.123 0.091 0.017 3070 0.123 0.092 0.017 3080 0.122 0.092 0.017 3090 0.122 0.092 0.017 3100 0.122 0.091 0.017 3110 0.122 0.091 0.017 3120 0.122 0.092 0.016 3130 0.122 0.092 0.016 3140 0.122 0.092 0.016 3150 0.123 0.092 0.016 3160 0.122 0.091 0.016 3170 0.123 0.09 0.016 3180 0.122 0.09 0.016 3190 0.123 0.09 0.016 3200 0.123 0.09 0.016 3210 0.123 0.09 0.016 3220 0.122 0.091 0.016 3230 0.122 0.09 0.016 3240 0.122 0.092 0.016 3250 0.122 0.092 0.016 3260 0.122 0.092 0.016 3270 0.123 0.092 0.016 3280 0.123 0.092 0.016 3290 0.122 0.092 0.016 3300 0.122 0.092 0.016 3310 0.123 0.092 0.016 3320 0.122 0.092 0.016 3330 0.122 0.092 0.016 3340 0.122 0.092 0.016 3350 0.122 0.092 0.016 3360 0.122 0.092 0.016 3370 0.123 0.092 0.016 3380 0.123 0.092 0.016 3390 0.122 0.092 0.016 3400 0.122 0.092 0.016 3410 0.122 0.092 0.016 3420 0.122 0.092 0.016 3430 0.122 0.092 0.017 3440 0.123 0.092 0.017 3450 0.123 0.092 0.017 3460 0.123 0.092 0.017 3470 0.123 0.092 0.017

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3480 0.123 0.092 0.017 3490 0.123 0.092 0.017 3500 0.122 0.092 0.017 3510 0.122 0.092 0.017 3520 0.122 0.092 0.017 3530 0.122 0.092 0.017 3540 0.122 0.092 0.017 3550 0.122 0.092 0.017 3560 0.122 0.092 0.017 3570 0.122 0.092 0.017 3580 0.122 0.092 0.017 3590 0.122 0.092 0.017

AVERAGE 0.124 0.092 0.017

Figure: 4.12 Graphical representations between C.O.F. versus Time for Third setup

With reference to above figure4.12 and readings recorded in Table 4.7, the average

maximum coefficient of friction, it is 0.124 for Brass, for Gunmetal 0.092 and for Cast

Nylon 0.017. Here, out of three materials coefficient of friction, Cast Nylon Coefficient

of friction is lowest. We can also see in the figure 4.12 that coefficient of friction for Cast

Nylon is quite steady compared to Brass and Gunmetal during the test.In this third set up

Gunmetal coefficient of friction was shot up in the beginning of test and later on was

stabilized .

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4.9 IMPORTANT RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The tests on the adhesion wear has been done on three different material specimens and

its average values are given in Table (4.8).With the help of software and arrangement

made in the wear equipment made by Ducom, it was possible to record reading on every

10 seconds and for the 60 Minutes test duration 360 readings were recorded for the Wear,

Temperature and Coefficient of friction.

The entire testing was divided in 3 phases. The details of all three phases are mentioned

below:

First Phase : 650 rpm, load 30 N and duration 60 minutes

Second Phase : 850 rpm , load 50 N and duration 60 minutes

Third phase : 1000 rpm, load 70 N and duration 60 minutes

Table: 4.8 Average value of C.O.F. and wear for three materials Table (4.8).A

Material: Gun Metal Duration 60 Minutes Oil: SAE30

Sr. Load N

Speeds rpm

Coeff. Of friction

Wear (Miligram)

1 30 650 0.176 0.176 2 50 850 0.018 0.035 3 70 1000 0.092 0.082

Table (4.8).B Material: Nylon Duration 60 Minutes Oil : SAE30

Sr. Load

N Speeds rpm

Coeff. Of friction

Wear (Miligram)

1 30 650 0.048 0.048 2 50 850 0.065 0.017 3 70 1000 0.017 0.029

Table (4.8).C Material: Brass Duration 60 Minutes Oil : SAE30

Sr. Load

N Speeds rpm

Coeff. Of friction

Wear (Miligram)

1 30 650 0.260 0.260 2 50 850 0.035 0.065 3 70 1000 0.124 0.126

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Table: 4.9 Mechanical properties and physical properties of bearing materials

Materials Density Poiss-on Ratio

Young’s Modulus MPa

Co-efficient of Thermal expansion /oC or /K

Thermal Conductivity

Compressive Strength (MPa)

Remarks

Cast Nylon 1150 0.39 32800 9.555-05 24.8 W/m-K 115 Cast

Nylon6

Gunmetal 8719 0.33 95100 1.883e-05 74.8 W/m-K 175 CuPb5Sn5Zn5 C83600

Brass 8490 0.31 112000 1.900e-05 115 W/m-K 193 CuZn33Pb2Si C36000

(Sources: CRC handbook of lubrication & http://www.anchorbronze.com)

4.10 RESULT DISCUSSION FOR COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION & TIME

From the figure 4.10, 4.11 and 4.12 it is quite evident that the co-efficient of

friction is very low of Cast Nylon compared to Brass and Gunmetal. In first phase

keeping rpm 650 and load 30 N, the C.O.F. (Coefficient of friction) of Brass is

approximately five times more compared to Cast Nylon. The C.O.F. of Gunmetal is also

nearly three times more than Cast Nylon. Remaining two images of figure 4.11 and figure

4.12 revealed the same facts i.e. the C.O.F. of Cast Nylon is quite low with respect to

Brass and Gunmetal. Hence we can conclude that compared to Brass and Gunmetal Cast

Nylon material having low coefficient of friction at same speeds and loads which help us

to draw the conclusion that we can replace the conventional material of Bushing by new

non metallic light material i.e. Cast Nylon. As stated earlier in the experimental set up

same lubricant i.e. SAE 30 was used which helped us to draw more perfect conclusion.

Here we can conclude that for the same lubricant i.e. SAE 30 oil, in all three

setups and readings Cast Nylon coefficient of friction is considerably low with respect to

Brass and Gunmetal.

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4.11 DISSCUSSION ON WEAR ANALYSIS FOR THE BEARING MATERIALS The basic intention of the test carried out on the Wear Test Rig for the Brass, Gun

metal and Cast Nylon was to check existing materials and new material tribological

behavior. While analyzing the available test data and physical properties, it was found

that the Cast Nylon is lighter in weight and heaving low co-efficient of friction compared

to Gunmetal and Brass. We can easily draw this conclusion by referring figure 4.7 , 4.8

and 4.9 (graphs between C.O.F. versus Time) for the wear analysis test carried out for

Brass, Gunmetal and Cast Nylon.

With reference to above figure 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9 it is clear that the wear rate of

material (keeping same lubricating condition i.e. SAE30 oil), in first setup lowest wear

rate for the Cast Nylon (31.554 Micron) and highest wear rate for the Brass (50.929

Micron).This fact is applied in other two case of phase II and III of figure 4. And 4.9..

Compared to other non ferrous material in general, Brass is little bit hard material and

therefore its wear rate is higher compared to other two materials.