80456540 review of chemical structure and bonding

8/20/2019 80456540 Review of Chemical Structure and Bonding

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Professor: Ms. Lady ChristineN. Grey

Review of Chemical Structureand Bonding !cids and Bases


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Chemistry

"arly #$th

century%rganic Chemistry means thechemistry of com&ounds in

living organisms.%rganic matter are 'elievedto 'e endowed with a vital

force.


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Brief History of Organic Chemistry

#()(*riedrich +ohler &roduced theorganic chemical com&ound

urea, a com&onent of urine,from the inorganic ammoniumcyanate.


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Chemistry

#(-+illiam /enry Per0in, whiletrying to manufacture 1uinine,

accidentally manufactured the2rst synthetic organic dyeMauveine, also 0nown as

Per0in3s mauve.


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Chemistry

Mid #(44s5t was clear that there was nofundamental di6erence 'etween

organic and inorganiccom&ounds.

7he only distinguishing

characteristic of organicchemicals is that all contain theelement Carbon.


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Atomic Structure


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Atomic Structure

!tomic Num'er 89 ; thenum'er of &rotons an atomcontains.

Mass Num'er 8! ; the totalnum'er of &rotons &lus neutronsin the nucleus of an atom.

5soto&es ; atoms with the sameatomic num'er 'ut di6erentmass num'ers.


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Atomic Structure

!tomic %r'itals

! region of s&ace around thenucleus where electrons most

li0ely to 'e found.


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Atomic Structure


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Chemical Bonding

5onic Bond

! ty&e of chemical 'ond formedthrough an electrostatic

attraction 'etween twoo&&ositely charged ions.


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Chemical Bonding Covalent Bond

! ty&e of chemical 'ond formed

through sharing of electrons.

7he neutral grou& of atoms held

together 'y covalent 'onds is calleda molecule.


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Chemical Bonding

"lectron=dot structures and Line='ond structures


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Chemical Bonding


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Molecular Orbitals

Re&resent regions in a moleculewhere an electron is li0ely to 'efound.

%'tained from the com'ination ofatomic or'itals, which &redict thelocation of an electron in an atom.


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Methane: Simplest Organic Compound


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Hybrid Orbitals

! ty&e of atomic or'itals that resultswhen two or more atomic or'itals of anisolated atom mi>.

7he num'er of hy'rid or'itals on a

covalently 'onded atom is e1ual to thenum'er of atomic or'itals used to formhy'rid or'itals.

?o not e>ist in isolated atoms. !re e1uivalent and form identical 'onds.


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sp3 hybrid orbital


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sp3 hybrid orbital


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Ethene


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sp2 hybrid orbital


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sp2 hybrid orbital


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Ethyne


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sp hybrid orbital


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sp hybrid orbital


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olar Co!alent Bonds

Bonding electrons are

attracted more strongly'y one atom than theother so that theelectron distri'ution

'etween atoms is notsymmetrical. "lectronegativity ; isthe a'ility of an atom to

attract the sharedelectron in a covalent'ond.


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Electronegati!ity "alues and #rends


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redicting the polarity of a bond

5f electronegativity di6erence is:

) or more ; 5onic 'ond

less than 4.@ ; Non=&olar 'ond

4.- to #.$ ; Polar Covalent 'ond

$nducti!e e%ect ; the shifting of

electrons in aσ

'ond in res&onseto the electronegativity of near'yatoms.


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Acids and Bases

Acids ; taste sour, &/ level of # to.$, turns 'lue litmus &a&er to red.

Bases ; taste 'itter, &/ level of

A.# to #@, turns red litmus &a&er to'lue.


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Bronsted & 'o(ry Acids and Bases

Bronsted)'o(ry Acid ; asu'stance that donates a hydrogenion 8/ or a &roton.

Bronsted) 'o(ry Base

; asu'stance that acce&ts a hydrogenion 8/= or a &roton.


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Organic Acids and Bases

Organic Acids ; characteried 'ythe &resence of a &ositively&olaried hydrogen atom.

) ty&es of organic acids :

with a / atom 'onded to anelectronegative % atom

with a / atom 'onded to a C atomne>t to a CD% dou'le 'ond


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Organic Bases ; characteried 'ythe &resence of an atom with a lone&air of electrons that can 'ond to the/ ion.


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'e(is Acids and Bases

'e(is Acid ; a su'stance thatacce&ts an electron &air.

'e(is Base ; a su'stance thatdonates an electron &air.


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'e(is Acids and Bases


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$ntermolecular *orces of Attraction

7hese are attractions 'etween onemolecule and a neigh'ouringmolecule.


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#ypes of $ntermolecular Attractions

?i&ole=di&ole forces

"lectrostatic interactions of&ermanent di&oles in molecules.

7hese interactions tend to align themolecules to increase theinteraction.


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5on=di&ole forces

Consists of an ion and a &olarmolecule interacting. 7hey align sothat the &ositive and negative forcesare ne>t to one another, allowing forma>imum attraction.


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?i&ole=induced di&ole force

5t is the attractive interaction'etween a &ermanent multi&ole onone molecule with an inducedmulti&ole on another.


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London dis&ersion force

5t is a tem&orary attractive force thatresults when the electrons in twoadEacent atoms occu&y &ositionsthat ma0e the atoms form tem&orarydi&oles.


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/ydrogen

'onding

5t is the attractiveforce 'etween an

electronegativeatom and ahydrogen atomthat is 'onded to

either nitrogen,o>ygen, orFuorine.

80456540 review of chemical structure and bonding

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