8engineers of victory how to get convoys safely across the...

8 � E N G I N E E R S O F V I C T O R Y H O W T O G E T C O N V O Y S S A F E L Y A C R O S S T H E A T L A N T I C � 9

strategy. It threatened the British war effort; if things got worse, it threatened mass malnutrition for the islanders. The heavy losses suf-fered by oil tankers meant that only two to three months of fuel re-mained in Britain’s storage tanks, but how could the country fi ght, or live, without fuel? This crisis also threatened the Arctic convoys to aid Russia, and the Mediterranean convoys to aid Malta and Egypt. It threatened, by extension, the entire Egyptian campaign, for Britain could scarcely send military reinforcements via Sierra Leone and the

Location of Merchant Ships of the British Empire, November 1937A wonderful scattergraph map showing the sheer enormity and vulnerability of the British Empire’s merchant shipping across the entire globe. Note the signifi cance of the Mediterranean route, the massive trades from the Caribbean and South America, and the strategic signifi cance of Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Gibraltar. This free- ranging system could not sustain the ravages of constant U- boat and aerial attack.

Kenn_9781400067619_art_all_r1.indd 8-9Kenn_9781400067619_art_all_r1.indd 8-9 12/14/12 8:57 AM12/14/12 8:57 AM

3 6 � E N G I N E E R S O F V I C T O R Y H O W T O G E T C O N V O Y S S A F E L Y A C R O S S T H E A T L A N T I C � 3 7

ReykjavikHvalfjord

New York

London

Norfolk

St. John’s

Halifax

Argentia

Hampton Roads

Boston

Gibraltar

Londonderry

Freetown

Kingston

C A N A D A

U N I T E DS T A T E S

N E W F O U N D L A N D

LA

BR

A

DO

R

G R E A TB R I T A I N

I C E L A N DG R E E N L A N D

S I E R R AL E O N E

North Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Gulf ofSt. Lawrence

N O R T H A T L A N T I C O C E A N

A F R I C A

JAMAICA

Strait of Belle Isle

16°W

35°W

20°N

19°N

Zone of Newfoundland escort force Zone of Iceland escort force Escort zone western approaches

Approximate limit of air cover from North America

Approximate limit of air cover from Iceland Approximate lim

it of air cover from Britain

Appr

oxim

ate

east

ern

ocea

nm

eetin

g po

ints

Appr

oxim

ate

mid

-oce

an m

eetin

g po

ints

, Apr

il 19

41Zo

ne o

f Lon

dond

erry

esco

rt fo

rce

Zone

of F

reet

own

esco

rt fo

rce

Continuous antisubmarine escort

Continuous surface escort

Continuous

surface escort


Convoys

Convoys

Convoys

ReykjavikHvalfjord

New York

London

Norfolk

St. John’s

Halifax

Argentia

Hampton Roads

Boston

Gibraltar

Londonderry

Freetown

Kingston

C A N A D A



LA

BR

A

DO

R


I C E L A N DG R E E N L A N D

S I E R R AL E O N E

North Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Gulf ofSt. Lawrence


A F R I C A

JAMAICA

Strait of Belle Isle

16°W

35°W

20°N

19°N

Zone of Newfoundland escort force Zone of Iceland escort force Escort zone western approaches

Approximate limit of air cover from North America

Approximate limit of air cover from Iceland Approximate lim

it of air cover from Britain

Appr

oxim

ate

east

ern

ocea

nm

eetin

g po

ints

Appr

oxim

ate

mid

-oce

an m

eetin

g po

ints

, Apr

il 19

41Zo

ne o

f Lon

dond

erry

esco

rt fo

rce

Zone

of F

reet

own

esco

rt fo

rce



Continuous surface escort

Continuous

surface escort

Convoys

Convoys

Convoys

N

S

EW

The North Atlantic Air Gapand Convoys

Zone without air cover


The Fiercest Convoy Battle?A graphic illustration of how Allied convoys were sent on the great-circle route, yet still encountered the lines of Doenitz’s wolf packs. This convoy is ONS 5, which sailed from the United Kingdom on April 21, 1943, and had to fi ght its way through successive lines of German U-boats before arriving in Canadian and American ports almost three weeks later.

Reykjavik

New York

London

St. John’s

Gander

Halifax

Boston

Gibraltar

Londonderry

C A N A D A

PORTUGAL

IRELAND

F R A N C E

S P A I N



E N G L A N D

S C O T L A N DLA

BR

A

DO

R


I C E L A N D

N O R W A Y

G R E E N L A N D

N O V AS C O T I A

North Sea

MediterraneanSea

Gulf ofSt. Lawrence

C. Race

Faroe Islands

Orkney Islands

Shetland IslandsC. Farewell


Dav i s St ra i t

Denmark Stra

it

G R O U P S T A RAMSEL 2

G R O U P S P E C H T

April 28

G R O U P F I N K

G R O U P A M S E L

April 28

AMSEL 1May 5

AMSEL 3

AMSEL 4

April 23

April 24

April 25May 1

May 7

May 8

May 9May 10

May 11

May 4

May 5

April 26April 27

April 28April 29April 30

GR

OU

P S T A R

May 2May 3

May 6

Reykjavik

New York

London

St. John’s

Gander

Halifax

Boston

Gibraltar

Londonderry

C A N A D A

PORTUGAL

IRELAND

F R A N C E

S P A I N



E N G L A N D

S C O T L A N DLA

BR

A

DO

R


I C E L A N D

N O R W A Y

G R E E N L A N D

N O V AS C O T I A

North Sea

MediterraneanSea

Gulf ofSt. Lawrence

C. Race

Faroe Islands

Orkney Islands

Shetland IslandsC. Farewell


Dav i s St ra i t

Denmark Stra

it

G R O U P S T A RAMSEL 2

G R O U P S P E C H T

April 28

G R O U P F I N K

G R O U P A M S E L

April 28

AMSEL 1May 5

AMSEL 3

AMSEL 4

April 23

April 24

April 25May 1

May 2May 3

May 7

May 6

May 8

May 9May 10

May 11

May 4

May 5

April 26April 27

April 28April 29April 30

GR

OU

P S T A R

N

S

EW

The Fiercest Convoy Battle?

Air cover U-boat wolf packsONS 5 route


1 6 8 � E N G I N E E R S O F V I C T O R Y H O W T O S T O P A B L I T Z K R I E G � 1 6 9

A U S T R I A

I T A L Y

T U N I S I AA L G E R I A

L I B Y A

G R E E C E

A L B A N I A

Y U G O S L A V I A

T U R K E Y

M O R O C C O

S P A I N

P O R T U G A L

H U N G A R Y

R O M A N I A

B U L G A R I A

F R A N C E

G E R M A N Y

S O V I E T U N I O NG R E A TB R I T A I N

P O L A N D

E A S TP R U S S I A

Black SeaAdriatic

Sea

North Sea

A T L A N T I C O C E A N

Strait ofGibraltar

Sicily

Sardinia(Italy)

Corsica(France)

Balearic Islands(Spain)

CreteCyprus

C. Bon

S W I T Z E R -L A N D

S P A N I S HM O R O C C O

E G Y P T

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

N E T H E R -L A N D S

B E L G I U M

C Z E C H O S L O V A K I A

Rh

ône

R.

Po R.

200miles0

200km0

Taranto

Bizerte

Toulon

CasablancaOran

DijonSep. 11, 1944

Salerno

Messina

Tripoli

FoggiaCassinoAnzio

Kasserine

Cannes

Gibraltar

Gafsa

Constantine

Mareth

Tobruk

El Alamein

Tébessa

Algiers

Marseille

Naples

Milan

Tunis

Palermo

RomeWinter LineOct. 1943–May 1944

Gothic LineJan.–Apr. 1945

A U S T R I A

I T A L Y

T U N I S I AA L G E R I A

L I B Y A

G R E E C E

A L B A N I A

Y U G O S L A V I A

T U R K E Y

M O R O C C O

S P A I N

P O R T U G A L

H U N G A R Y

R O M A N I A

B U L G A R I A

F R A N C E

G E R M A N Y

S O V I E T U N I O NG R E A TB R I T A I N

P O L A N D


Black SeaAdriatic

Sea

North Sea

A T L A N T I C O C E A N

Strait ofGibraltar

Sicily

Sardinia(Italy)

Corsica(France)

Balearic Islands(Spain)

CreteCyprus

C. Bon

S W I T Z E R -L A N D

S P A N I S HM O R O C C O

E G Y P T

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

N E T H E R -L A N D S

B E L G I U M


Rh

ône

R.

Po R.

200miles0

200km0

Taranto

Bizerte

Toulon

CasablancaOran

DijonSep. 11, 1944

Salerno

Messina

Tripoli

FoggiaCassinoAnzio

Kasserine

Cannes

Gibraltar

Gafsa

Constantine

Mareth

Tobruk

El Alamein

Tébessa

Algiers

Marseille

Naples

Milan

Tunis

Palermo

Rome

BRITISHSep. 9, 1943

Winter LineOct. 1943–May 1944

Gothic LineJan.–Apr. 1945

BRITISHSep. 3, 1943

BRITISHJul. 10, 1943

BRITISHJan. 1943

BRITISHMay 1943

BRITISHNov. 1942

BRITISHFeb. 1943

U.S.Jul. 10, 1943

U.S.Sep. 9, 1943

U.S. & BR.Jan. 22, 1944

U.S. & FR.Aug. 15, 1944

U.S. & BR.Nov. 12, 1942

U.S. & BR.Nov. 8, 1942U.S. & BR.

Nov. 8, 1942

U.S. & BR.Nov. 8, 1942

N

S

EW

Anglo-American Armies Advancein Northern Africa and Southern Italy



R U S S I A

G E R M A N Y

S W E D E N

P O L A N D

R O M A N I AY U G O S L A V I A

H U N G A R Y


B U L G A R I A

D E N -M A R K

F I N L A N D

A U S T R I A

Black Sea

Nieman

LakeLadoga

Sea of Azov

Gulf ofBothnia

Gulf of Finland

Baltic Sea

V

olga

Volga

Don

Donets

Don

Dniest er

Dnieper

Danube

D anube

Elbe

Od er

Vistula

Dvina

Pripet

Oka

V

olga

Bryansk

Gomel

Orel

Tula

Kalinin

Rzhev

Mozhaisk

KolomnaVitebsk

Orsha

Brest

Bialystok

Grodno

Kaunas

Vilna

Suwalki

Cracow

Lublin

Tarnopol

Lvov

Rowne

Kowel

Polotsk

Dvinsk

Demyansk

Novgorod

Livny

Kursk

BelgorodRomny

LubnyZhitomir

Uman

Krasnograd

Rostov

Perekop

Kerch Armavir

Elista

Grozny

Kotelnikov

Maikop

YaltaConstanta

Ploesti

Balta

Szeged

Sarajevo

Zagreb

Prague

Austerlitz

Breslau

Dresden

Poznan

Stettin

Leipzig

Rostock

Danzig

Konigsberg Tilsit

Memel

Dnepropetrovsk

Konotop

Izyum

Voroshilovgrad

Voronezh

Smolensk

SevastopolBucharest

Odessa

Stalingrad

Kharkov

Leningrad

Minsk

Kiev

Warsaw

Budapest

Vienna

Berlin

Copenhagen

Belgrade

Riga

Tallinn

Helsinki

Stockholm

Moscow

Gulf ofRiga

E S T O N I A

L A T V I A

L I T H U A N I A

E A S T

P R U S S I A

U K R A I N E

AdriaticSea

B E L O - R U S S I A

R U S S I A

G E R M A N Y

S W E D E N

E S T O N I A

L A T V I A

L I T H U A N I A

P O L A N D

R O M A N I AY U G O S L A V I A

H U N G A R Y


B U L G A R I A

D E N -M A R K

F I N L A N D

A U S T R I A

E A S T

P R U S S I A

U K R A I N E

B E L O - R U S S I A

Black Sea

Nieman

LakeLadoga

Sea of Azov

Gulf ofBothnia

Gulf of Finland

Baltic Sea

V

olga

Volga

Don

Donets

Don

Dniest er

Dnieper

Danube

D anube

Elbe

Od er

Vistula

Dvina

Pripet

Oka

V

olga

Gulf ofRiga

AdriaticSea

Bryansk

Gomel

Orel

Tula

Kalinin

Rzhev

Mozhaisk

KolomnaVitebsk

Orsha

Brest

Bialystok

Grodno

Kaunas

Vilna

Suwalki

Cracow

Lublin

Tarnopol

Lvov

Rowne

Kowel

Polotsk

Dvinsk

Demyansk

Novgorod

Livny

Kursk

BelgorodRomny

LubnyZhitomir

Uman

Krasnograd

Rostov

Perekop

Kerch Armavir

Elista

Grozny

Kotelnikov

Maikop

YaltaConstanta

Ploesti

Balta

Szeged

Sarajevo

Zagreb

Prague

Austerlitz

Breslau

Dresden

Poznan

Stettin

Leipzig

Rostock

Danzig

Konigsberg Tilsit

Memel

Dnepropetrovsk

Konotop

Izyum

Voroshilovgrad

Voronezh

Smolensk

SevastopolBucharest

Odessa

Stalingrad

Kharkov

Leningrad

Minsk

Kiev

Warsaw

Budapest

Vienna

Berlin

Copenhagen

Belgrade

Riga

Tallinn

Helsinki

Stockholm

Moscow

N

S

EW

100miles0

100km0

The Rapid GermanExpansion in the East,July–December 1941

Territory controlled by Germanyand Axis allies on June 22, 1941

to July 9, 1941

to September 1, 1941

to September 9, 1941

to December 5, 1941



XX

XX

X

X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

XX

XX

X X X X

XX

XX

X X X X

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

X

XX

XX

XX

XX

X

X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

XX

XX

X X X X

XX

XX

X X X X

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

X

XX

XX

3 SH PurkaevX X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

FIRSTBALTIC

Bagramyan

X X X X X

SECONDBALTIC

Yeremenko

X X X X X

THIRDBALTIC

Maslenikov

X X X X X

THIRD WHITERUSSIAN

Chernyakovski

X X X X X

FIRST WHITERUSSIAN

Rokossovski

X X X X X

FIRST UKRAINIAN

Konev

X X X X X

SECONDUKRAINIANMalinovski

X X X X X

THIRDUKRAINIAN

Tolbukhin

X X X X X

FOURTHUKRAINIAN

Tolbukhin

X X X X X

SECOND WHITERUSSIANZhakarov

X X X X X

LENINGRADGovorov

X X X X X

KARELIANMeretskov

X X X X X

Zhukov

Vasilevsky

33 KryuchenkinX X X X

40 ZhmachenkoX X X X

27 TrofimenkoX X X X

5 SH BerzarinX X X X

4 GD GalaninX X X X

22 VostrukhovX X X X

39 LyudnikovX X X X

51 KreizerX X X X

28 LuchinskyX X X X

70 V.S. PopovX X X X

5 GD ZhadovX X X X

52 Koroteev X X X X

57 GagenX X X X

37 ShazokhinX X X X

46 ShleminX X X X

8 GD ChulkovX X X X

13 PukhovX X X X3 GD Gordov

X X X X

60 KurochkinX X X X

38 MoskalenkoX X X X

7 GD ShumicovX X X X

1 GD GrechkoX X X X

18 ZhuravlevX X X X

3 GorbatovX X X X

65 BatovX X X X

61 BelovX X X X

31 GlagolevX X X X

11 GD GalitskyX X X X

50 BoldinX X X X

4 SH MalyshevX X X X

67 SviridovX X X X

5 KrylonX X X X

21 GusevX X X X

54 RoginskiX X X X

54 StarikovX X X X

X X X X

42 Maslennikov

X X X X

48 Romanenko

X X X X

4 TK Lelyushenko

X X X X

6 TK Kravchenko

X X X X1 GDTK Katukov X X X X

3 GDTK Rybalko

X X X X

2 TK Radzievsky

X X X X

2 SH FedyuninskyX X X X

23 Cherepanov

X X X X

42 Beloborosov

X X X X

2 GD Chanchibadze

X X X X

5 GDTK Rotmistrov

SOUTHUKRAINE(SOUTH)Schörner

(Friessner)

X X X X X

NORTHUKRAINE

(A)Model

(Harpe)

X X X X X

FOURTHRacovitza

X X X X

THIRDDumitrescu

X X X X

SIXTHFretter-Pico

X X X X

FIRSTMiklos

X X X X

NINTHJordan

(Vormann)

X X X X

SECONDWeiss

X X X X

FOURTHHossbach

X X X X

NARVAFriessner

X X X X

SEVENTEENTHShulz

X X X X

SIXTEENTHHansen

X X X XEIGHTEENTH

Loch

X X X X

EIGHTHWöhler

X X X X

Raus(Heinrici)

X X X X

FIRST

Balck

X X X X

FOURTH

Reinhardt(Raus)

X X X X

THIRD

CENTER

Busch(Model)

(Reinhardt)

X X X X X

NORTH

Lindemann(Friessner)(Schörner)

X X X X X

R U S S I AG E R M A N Y

S W E D E N

P O L A N D


R O M A N I A

Y U G O S L A V I A

H U N G A R Y


B U L G A R I A

D E N -M A R K

F I N L A N D

A U S T R I A

Black Sea

Nieman

LakeLadoga

Sea of Azov

Gulf of Bothnia

Gulf of Finland

Baltic Sea

Volg

a

Volga

Donets

Don

Danube

D anube

Elbe

Od er

Vistula

Dvina

Pripet

Oka

Dniester

Dnieper

Bryansk

Gomel

RogachevOrel

Tula

Vologda

Kalinin

Rzhev

Bely

Vyazma

Mozhaisk

Klin

Kolomna

Kaluga

Kholm

Nevel

Vitebsk

Orsha

Bobruysk

Brest

Bialystok

Grodno

KaunasVilna

Suwalki

Radom

Cracow

Lublin

PrzemyslTarnopol

Lvov

Rowne

Kowel

Mogilev

Polotsk

Dvinsk

VelikiyeLuki

Demyansk

Novgorod

Tikhvin

Tartu

Pskov

Narva

Luga

StarayaRussa

Livny

Kursk

BelgorodSumy

Romny

LakhvitsaLubnyZhitomir

Fastiv

Vinnitsa

Uman

Krivoy Rog

Nikopol

Krasnograd

Stalina

TaganrogMariupol

Perekop

Kherson

NikolayevMelitopol

KerchKrasnodar

Tikhoretsk

Armavir

Elista

Grozny

Ordzhonikidze

Kotelnikov

Gorki

Kazan

Maikop

Tuapse

NovorossiyskFeodosiya

YaltaConstanta

Ploesti

Bacau

Galati

TighinaRoman

Iasi

Cernay

Balta

Szeged

Sarajevo

Zara

Zagreb

Prague

Austerlitz

Breslau

Dresden

Poznan

Stettin

Leipzig

Rostock

Danzig

Konigsberg Tilsit

Memel

PitestiYevpatoriya

Dnepropetrovsk

Konotop

Glukhov

Izyum

Voroshilovgrad

Voronezh

Smolensk

SevastopolBucharest

Odessa

Stalingrad

Kharkov

Leningrad

Minsk

Kiev

Warsaw

Budapest

Vienna

Berlin

Copenhagen

Belgrade

Riga

Tallinn

HelsinkiViipuri

Hango

Stockholm

Moscow

100miles0

100km0DUMITRESCU

GROUP

BESSARAB I A

CARPATHIAN MTS.

(Reconstituted)

(Reconstituted)

E S T O N I A

L A T V I A

L I T H U A N I A

Dago

Oesel

Rostov

WÖHLERGROUP

(Hun.)

(Rom.) (Rom.)

42 AX/64 AX

3 SH AX

22 AX

2 GD X / 51 AX

5 AX / 11 GD X

5 GD O / 11 GDX

65 AX

61 AX

65 AX / 28 AX

70 AX8 GD X

39 A43 A

9 A

4 A

1 GD X

38 AX

5 GD X

3 GD X / 13 AX

1 GD OXII

3 GD O / 4 TK O

3

GD X

13 AX

3 GD TK

4 TK O

3 SH PurkaevX X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

FIRSTBALTIC

Bagramyan

X X X X X

SECONDBALTIC

Yeremenko

X X X X X

THIRDBALTIC

Maslenikov

X X X X X

THIRD WHITERUSSIAN

Chernyakhovski

X X X X X

FIRST WHITERUSSIAN

Rokossovski

X X X X X

FIRST UKRAINIAN

Konev

X X X X X

SECONDUKRAINIANMalinovski

X X X X X

THIRDUKRAINIAN

Tolbukhin

X X X X X

FOURTHUKRAINIAN

I.E. Petrov

X X X X X

SECOND WHITERUSSIANZhakharov

X X X X X

LENINGRADGovorov

X X X X X

KARELIANMeretskov

7th & 3rd ArmiesX X X X X

Zhukov

Vasilevsky

33 KryuchenkinX X X X

40 ZhmachenkoX X X X

27 TrofimenkoX X X X

5 SH BerzarinX X X X

4 GD GalaninX X X X

22 VostrukhovX X X X

39 LyudnikovX X X X

51 KreizerX X X X

28 LuchinskyX X X X

70 V.S. PopovX X X X

5 GD Zhadov

(Organized July 24)

X X X X

52 Koroteev X X X X

57 GagenX X X X

37 ShazokhinX X X X

46 ShleminX X X X

8 GD ChulkovX X X X

13 PukhovX X X X3 GD Gordov

X X X X

60 KurochkinX X X X

38 MoskalenkoX X X X

7 GD ShumilovX X X X

1 GD GrechkoX X X X

18 ZhuravlevX X X X

3 GorbatovX X X X

65 BatovX X X X

61 BelovX X X X

31 GlagolevX X X X

11 GD GalitskyX X X X

50 BoldinX X X X

4 SH MalyshevX X X X

67 SviridovX X X X

5 KrylovX X X X

21 GusevX X X X

54 RoginskiX X X X

8 StarikovX X X X

X X X X

42 Maslennikov

X X X X

48 Romanenko

X X X X

4 TK Lelyushenko

X X X X

6 TK Kravchenko

X X X X1 GDTK Katukov X X X X

3 GO TK Rybalko

X X X X

2 TK Radzievsky

(From Crimea)

X X X X

2 SH FedyuninskyX X X X

23 Cherepanov

X X X X

42 Beloborosov

X X X X

2 GD Chanchibadze

X X X X

5 GDTK Rotmistrov

42 AX/64 AX

3 SH AX

22 AX

2 GD X / 51 AX

5 AX / 11 GD X

5 GD O / 11 GDX

65 AX

61 AX

65 AX / 28 AX

70 AX8 GD X

39 A43 A

9 A

4 A

1 GD X

38 AX

5 GD X

3 GD X / 13 AX

1 GD OXII

3 GD O / 4 TK O

3

GD X

13 AX

3 GD TK

4 TK O

SOUTHUKRAINE(SOUTH)Schörner

(Friessner)

X X X X X

NORTHUKRAINE

(A)Model

(Harpe)

X X X X X

FOURTHRacovitza

X X X X

THIRDDumitrescu

DUMITRESCUGROUP

WÖHLERGROUP X X X X

SIXTHFretter-Pico

X X X X

FIRSTMiklos

X X X X

NINTHJordan

(Vormann)

X X X X

SECONDWeiss

X X X X

FOURTHHossbach

X X X X

NARVAFriessner

X X X X

SEVENTEENTHShulz

X X X X

SIXTEENTHHansen

X X X XEIGHTEENTH

Loch

X X X X

EIGHTHWöhler

X X X X

Raus(Heinrici)

X X X X

FIRST

Balck

X X X X

FOURTH

Reinhardt(Raus)

X X X X

THIRD

CENTER

Busch(Model)

(Reinhardt)

X X X X X

NORTH

Lindemann(Friessner)(Schörner)

X X X X X

(Reconstituted)

(Hun.)

(Rom.) (Rom.)

(Reconstituted)

R U S S I AG E R M A N Y

S W E D E N

P O L A N D


R O M A N I A

Y U G O S L A V I A

H U N G A R Y


B U L G A R I A

D E N -M A R K

F I N L A N D

A U S T R I A

BESSARAB I A

E S T O N I A

L A T V I A

L I T H U A N I A

U K R A I N E

Black Sea

C A U C A S U S M T S .

Nieman

LakeLadoga

Sea of Azov

CRIMEA

Gulf of Bothnia

Dago

Oesel

Gulf of Finland

Baltic Sea

Volg

a

Volga

Donets

Don

Danube

D anube

Elbe

Od er

Vistula

Dvina

Pripet

Oka

Dniester

Dnieper

Kuban

Mius

CARPATHIAN MTS.

Valdai

Hills

Bryansk

Gomel

RogachevOrel

Tula

Vologda

Kalinin

Rzhev

Bely

Vyazma

Mozhaisk

Klin

Kolomna

Kaluga

Kholm

Nevel

Vitebsk

Orsha

Bobruysk

Brest

Bialystok

Grodno

KaunasVilna

Suwalki

Radom

Cracow

Lublin

PrzemyslTarnopol

Lvov

Rowne

Kowel

Mogilev

Polotsk

Dvinsk

VelikiyeLuki

Demyansk

Novgorod

Tikhvin

Tartu

Pskov

Narva

Luga

StarayaRussa

Livny

Kursk

BelgorodSumy

Romny

LakhvitsaLubnyZhitomir

Fastiv

Vinnitsa

UmanKirov

Krivoy Rog

Nikopol

Krasnograd

Stalina

TaganrogMariupol

Perekop

Kherson

NikolayevMelitopol

KerchKrasnodar

Tikhoretsk

Armavir

Elista

GroznyBaku

Ordzhonikidze

Kotelnikov

Gorki

Kazan

Maikop

Tuapse

NovorossiyskFeodosiya

YaltaConstanta

Ploesti

Bacau

Galati

TighinaRoman

Iasi

Cernay

Balta

Szeged

Sarajevo

Zara

Zagreb

Prague

Austerlitz

Breslau

Dresden

Poznan

Stettin

Leipzig

Rostock

Danzig

Konigsberg Tilsit

Memel

PitestiYevpatoriya

Dnepropetrovsk

Kbrosken

Konotop

Glukhov

Izyum

Voroshilovgrad

Voronezh

Smolensk

SevastopolBucharest

Odessa

Stalingrad

Rostov

Kharkov

Leningrad

Minsk

Kiev

Warsaw

Budapest

Vienna

Berlin

Copenhagen

Belgrade

Riga

Tallinn

HelsinkiViipuri

Hango

Stockholm

Moscow

N

S

EW

100miles0

100km0

Red Army AdvancesDuring Operation Bagration,

June–August 1944Red Army advanceJune 22–August 19, 1944


2 5 4 � E N G I N E E R S O F V I C T O R Y H O W T O S E I Z E A N E N E M Y - H E L D S H O R E � 2 5 5

10miles0

10km0

Ste. Mère-Eglise

CollevilleArromanches

Cherbourg

Caen

Bayeux

Carentan

St. Lô

English Channel

A T L A N T I CO C E A N

Orn

e Ri

ve

r

AmericanDrop Zones

BritishDrop Zone

10miles0

10km0

N

S

EW

BritishDrop Zone

AmericanDrop Zones

British 6thAirborne Div.

U.S. 82ndAirborne Div.

U.S. 101stAirborne Div.

U.S. 4thInfantry Div.

U.S. 1stInfantry Div.

UT A H

O M A H A G O L D J U N O

SWO R D

P O I N T ED U H O C

X X

X XX XX X

X X

X X

X X

X X

U.S. 29thInfantry Div.

British 50thInfantry Div.

British 3rdInfantry Div.

Canadian 3rdInfantry Div.

X XX X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X X

X X

709thInfantry Div.

77thInfantry Div.

91stInfantry Div.

275thInfantry Div.

243rdInfantry Div.

352ndInfantry Div.

716thInfantry Div.

711thInfantry Div.

30thMobile Div.

21stPanzer Div.

77thSS Div.

2ndPanzer Div.

Ste. Mère-Eglise

CollevilleArromanches

Cherbourg

Caen

Bayeux

Carentan

St. Lô

English Channel

A T L A N T I CO C E A N

Orn

e Ri

ve

r

21st ARMY GROUPMontgomery

X X X X X

SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDEisenhower

X X X X X

BRITISH SECOND ARMYDempsey

X X X X

U.S. FIRST ARMYBradley

X X X X

U.S. VII CorpsCollins

X X X

British XXX CorpsBucknall

X X X

British I CorpsCrocker

X X X

U.S. V CorpsGerow

X X X

XX

X

XX

X

XX

XX

The D-Day Invasions,June 6, 1944

Germanforces

D-Day beachhead

Allied advance to June 12

Germanbatteries Heavy Medium Light

Alliedforces

352ndInfantry Div.

BRITISH 6thAirborne Division

London

Paris

G R E A T B R I T A I N

F R A N C E

BELGIUM

NorthSea

EnglishChannel


2 8 8 � E N G I N E E R S O F V I C T O R Y H O W T O D E F E A T T H E “ T Y R A N N Y O F D I S T A N C E ” � 2 8 9

1000miles0

100km0

N

S

EW

Mikawa

X X X X

Hyakutake

X X X XAuba

I I I

Kawaguchi

X

NEW GUINEAFORCEPowell

X X X

Nimitz

X X X X X

KONGA FORCEI I I

Gormley

X X X X X

1st MARINEVandegrift

X X

EQUATOR

INT

ER

NA

TIO

NA

LD

AT

E L

INE

INTERNATIO

NAL

DATE LIN

E

Clark Field

KraIsthmus

KA

MC

HA

TK

AMeroukes

MilneBay

Burma Road

Suva

Pearl Harbor

Tokyo

Peking

San Francisco

Seattle

Los Angeles

Hong KongCanton

ChungkingShanghai

Saigon

Bangkok

Batavia Soerabaja

ChangshaKunming

Calcutta

Singapore

Rangoon

Espiritu Santo

Noumea

Sydney

Brisbane

Melbourne

Adelaide

Perth

Townsville

Darwin

BroomeDerby

Auckland

Wellington

RabaulMadang

PortMoresby

Hollandia

Sarmi

Mandalay

Buna

Sandakan

Sansapor

Miri

JesseltonDavao

Kendari

Koepang

KaviengAmboina

Makassar

BalikpapanBanjarmasinPalembang

Manado

Vladivostok

Dutch Harbor

Kodiak

Nome

Juneau

FRENCHINDOCHINA

MALAYA

BURMAI N D I A

THAILAND

D U T C H E A S T I N D I E S

C H I N A

A U S T R A L I A

U N I O N O F S O V I E T S O C I A L I S T R E P U B L I C S

C A N A D A


A L A S K A

J A P A N

M A N C H U R I AO U T E R M O N G O L I A

T I B E T

S I N K I A N G

K

OR

EA

NEWZEALAND

Bering Sea

Coral Sea

South

China

Sea

EastChina

Sea

Sea ofJapan

YellowSea

Sea ofOkhotsk

Strait ofMalacca

CamranhBay

Inland SeaTsushima Stra

it

N O R T H P A C I F I C O C E A N

S O U T H P A C I F I C O C E A N

I N D I A NO C E A N

SANTA CRUZIS.

MARSHALLISLANDS

GILBERTISLANDS

MARIANAISLANDS

VOLCANOISLANDS

BONINISLANDS

RYUKUISLANDS

SAKHALIN

FIJI IS.

Samoa

NewBritain

Biak

Timor Is.Christmas Is.

Wake

Midway

Kwajalein

MaloelapWotje

MajuroMilleMakin

Tarawa

Marcus

Palmyra

Oahu

Christmas Is.

Johnston Is.

Guam

Saipan

Okinawa

Pescador Is.Iwo Jima

SpratlyIs.

Rota

Eniwetok

TahitiNEWHEBRIDES

NEWCALEDONIA

NEW GUINEA

CAROLINE ISLANDS

ANDAMANIS.

JAVA

SUMATRA CELEBES

BORNEO

MINDANAO

FORMOSA(Taiwan)

PHILIPPINEISLANDS

PhilippineSea

BISMARCKARCHIPELAGO

SOLOMONISLANDS

Tarakan Is.

Jolo

Ulithi

Palau Is.

Yap

Hainan

KURILE ISLAN

DS

Attu

Amchitka Adak

Kiska Umnak

A L E U T I A N I S L A N D S

LINE ISLANDS

Ngulu

Canton Is.

H A W A I I A N I S L A N D S

TASMANIA

X X X X X

XX

XX

X

XX

XX

XX X X X X

North Pacific AreaCentral Pacific Area

Central Pacific Area

South Pacific Area

Sout

h Pa

cific

Are

a

Sout

hwes

t Pac

ific

Area

1000miles0

100km0

N

S

EW

EQUATOR

INT

ER

NA

TIO

NA

LD

AT

E L

INE

INTERNATIO

NAL

DATE LIN

E

Clark Field

KraIsthmus

KA

MC

HA

TK

AMeroukes

MilneBay

Burma Road

Suva

Pearl Harbor

Tokyo

Peking

San Francisco

Seattle

Los Angeles

Hong KongCanton

ChungkingShanghai

Saigon

Bangkok

Batavia Soerabaja

ChangshaKunming

Calcutta

Singapore

Rangoon

Espiritu Santo

Noumea

Sydney

Brisbane

Melbourne

Adelaide

Perth

Townsville

Darwin

BroomeDerby

Auckland

Wellington

RabaulMadang

PortMoresby

Hollandia

Sarmi

Mandalay

Buna

Sandakan

Sansapor

Miri

JesseltonDavao

Kendari

Koepang

KaviengAmboina

Makassar

BalikpapanBanjarmasinPalembang

Manado

Vladivostok

Dutch Harbor

Kodiak

Nome

Juneau

FRENCHINDOCHINA

MALAYA

BURMAI N D I A

THAILAND

D U T C H E A S T I N D I E S

C H I N A

A U S T R A L I A

U N I O N O F S O V I E T S O C I A L I S T R E P U B L I C S

C A N A D A


A L A S K A

J A P A N

M A N C H U R I AO U T E R M O N G O L I A

T I B E T

S I N K I A N G

K

OR

EA

NEWZEALAND

Bering Sea

Coral Sea

South

China

Sea

EastChina

Sea

Sea ofJapan

YellowSea

Sea ofOkhotsk

Strait ofMalacca

CamranhBay

Inland SeaTsushima Stra

it

N O R T H P A C I F I C O C E A N

S O U T H P A C I F I C O C E A N

I N D I A NO C E A N

SANTA CRUZIS.

MARSHALLISLANDS

GILBERTISLANDS

MARIANAISLANDS

VOLCANOISLANDS

BONINISLANDS

RYUKUISLANDS

SAKHALIN

FIJI IS.

Samoa

NewBritain

Biak

Timor Is.Christmas Is.

Wake

Midway

Kwajalein

MaloelapWotje

MajuroMilleMakin

Tarawa

Marcus

Palmyra

Oahu

Christmas Is.

Johnston Is.

Guam

Saipan

Okinawa

Pescador Is.Iwo Jima

SpratlyIs.

Rota

Eniwetok

TahitiNEWHEBRIDES

NEWCALEDONIA

NEW GUINEA

CAROLINE ISLANDS

ANDAMANIS.

JAVA

SUMATRA CELEBES

BORNEO

MINDANAO

FORMOSA(Taiwan)

PHILIPPINEISLANDS

PhilippineSea

BISMARCKARCHIPELAGO

SOLOMONISLANDS

Tarakan Is.

Jolo

Ulithi

Palau Is.

Yap

Hainan

KURILE ISLAN

DS

Attu

Amchitka Adak

Kiska Umnak

A L E U T I A N I S L A N D S

LINE ISLANDS

Ngulu

Canton Is.

H A W A I I A N I S L A N D S

TASMANIA

EIGHTH FLEETMikawa

X X X X

SEVENTEENTHARMY

Hyakutake

X X X X

DETAuba

I I I

DETKawaguchi

X

SWPAMacArthur

X X X X X

NEW GUINEAFORCEPowell

X X X

POANimitz

X X X X X

KONGA FORCEI I I

JapaneseOuter Perimeter

2 July 1942

SOPAGormley

X X X X X

1st MARINEVandegrift

X X

POA and SWPA UnderUnited States Strategic Direction

Pacific Ocean Areas (POA)Included Central, South, Southeast,

and Northern Pacific Areas

United StatesStrategic Direction

BritishStrategic Direction

The Japanese Empire’s Expansionat Its Peak, 1942

Japanese Outer Perimeter, July 2, 1942

Allied Theater Boundaries Allied Bases Under Construction

Allied Forces,Commanders

Japanese Forces,Commanders SOPA

Gormley

X X X X XEIGHTH FLEET

Mikawa

X X X X


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