9-10 bangla byakaran dhaka board

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evsjv fvlvi jwLK ev jL i~ciI iqQ `ywU ixwZ : GKwU PwjZ ixwZ (Standard colloquialstyle) AciwU mvay ixwZ (standard written form)

evsjv fvlvi G cKvif` ev ixwZf` Gfve `Lvbv hvq

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mvay PwjZ AvwjK(meRb^xKZ jL i~c) (meRb^xKZ Av`k PwjZ i~c) (Dcfvlv)

2 evsjv fvlvi evKiY

mvay I PwjZ ixwZi cv_K1. mvay ixwZ

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(L) G ixwZ iMxi I Zrmg kej|(M) mvay ixwZ bvUKi msjvc I eZvi AbychvMx|(N) G ixwZZ mebvg I wqvc` GK wekl MVbcwZ gb Pj|

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wekl I weklYi I GgbwU NU|

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mvay, PwjZ I K_ ixwZi D`vniY

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KvRx Bg`v`yj nK

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mebvg Zuvnviv/Dunviv Zuviv/Iuiv

mebvg ZvnvK/DnvK ZvK/IK

mebvg Zvnvi/Zuvnvi Zvi/Zuvi

wqv Kwievi Kievi/Kivi

wqv cvBqvwQjb cqwQjb

wqv nBjb njb

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Aeq mwnZ m/mv_|

4 evsjv fvlvi evKiY

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1. Zrmg k 2. Ze k 3. Aa-Zrmg k

4. `wk k 5. we`wk k

1. Zrmg k : hme k msZ fvlv _K mvRvmywR evsjvq GmQ Ges hvì i~c AcwiewZZiqQ, mme kK ejv nq Zrmg k| Zrmg GKwU cvwifvwlK k| Gi A_ [Zr (Zvi)+ mg(mgvb)]=Zvi mgvb A_vr msZ| D`vniY : P`, m~h, b, feb, ag, cv, gbyl BZvw`|

2. Ze k : hme ki g~j msZ fvlvq cvIqv hvq, wKz fvlvi ^vfvweK weeZb avivq cvKZigvag cwiewZZ nq AvaywbK evsjv fvlvq vb Ki wbqQ, mme kK ejv nq Ze k| ZeGKwU cvwifvwlK k| Gi A_, Zr (Zvi) _K fe (Drcb)| hgb msZ-n, cvKZ-n,ZenvZ| msZ-PgKvi, cvKZ-PAvi, Ze-Pvgvi BZvw`| GB Ze kjvK LuvwU evsjvkI ejv nq|

3. Aa-Zrmg k : evsjv fvlvq wKQy msZ k wKwr cwiewZZ AvKvi eeZ nq| GjvK ejAa-Zrmg k| Zrmg gvb msZ| Avi Aa Zrmg gvb Avav msZ| D`vniY : RvQbv, Qiv,wMbx, evg, KzwQZ G kjv h_vg msZ Rvrmv, kv, MwnYx, ee, KzrwmZ k _K AvMZ|

4. `wk k : evsjv`ki Avw`g Awaevmxì (hgb : Kvj, gyv cfwZ) fvlv I mswZi wKQy wKQyDcv`vb evsjvq iwZ iqQ| Gme kK `wk k bvg AwfwnZ Kiv nq| AbK mgq Gme kig~j wbaviY Kiv hvq bv; wKz Kvb fvlv _K GmQ Zvi nw`m gj| hgbKzwo (wek)Kvjfvlv,cU (Dì)Zvwgj fvlv, Pyjv (Dbyb)gyvix fvlv| Gi~c-Kzjv, M, Pvv, Uvci, Wve, WvMi, XuwKBZvw` AviI e `wk k evsjvq eeZ nq|

5. we`wk k : ivRbwZK, agxq, mswZMZ I evwYwRK KviY evsjv`k AvMZ wewfb fvlvfvlxgvbyli e k evsjvq Gm vb Ki wbqQ| Gme kK ejv nq we`wk k| Gme we`wk kiga Aviwe, dviwm Ges BsiwR kB weklfve Dj-LhvM| m Kvji mgvR Rxebi cqvRbxqDcKiYi~c we`wk k G `ki fvlvq MnxZ nqQ| GQvov cZzwMR, divwm, Ij`vR, ZzwK GmefvlviI wKQy k GKBfve evsjv fvlvq Gm MQ| Avgvì cvkeZx fviZ, gvqvbgvi (evgv), gvjq,Pxb, Rvcvb cfwZ `kiI wKQy k Avgvì fvlvq cPwjZ iqQ|

fvlv 5

K. Aviwe k : evsjvq eeZ Aviwe kjvK `ywU cavb fvM fvM Kiv hvq

(1) agmsv k : Avj-vn, Bmjvg, Cgvb, IRy, Kvievwb, KziAvb, wKqvgZ, Mvmj, RvbvZ,Rvnvbvg, ZIev, Zmwe, RvKvZ, nR, nvw`m, nvivg nvjvj BZvw`|

(2) ckvmwbK I mvswZK k : Av`vjZ, Avjg, Bbmvb, C`, DwKj, IRi, GRjvm, Gjg,Kvbyb, Kjg, wKZve, KQv, LvwiR, Mvqe, `vqvZ, bM`, evwK, gnKzgv, gyd, gvvi,ivq BZvw`|

L. dviwm k : evsjv fvlvq AvMZ dviwm kjvK Avgiv wZb fvM fvM KiZ cvwi|

(1) agmsv k : Lv`v, bvn, `vRL, bvgvR, cqM^i, dikZv, enkZ, ivRv BZvw`|

(2) ckvmwbK I mvswZK k : KviLvbv, Pkgv, Revbew`, ZvwiL, ZvkK, `dZi, `ievi,`vKvb, ` LZ, `jZ, bvwjk, ev`kvn, ev`v, eMg, g_i, im` BZvw`|

(3) wewea k : Av`wg, Avg`vwb, Rvbvqvi, wR`v, bgybv, e`gvm, idZvwb, nvvgv BZvw`|

M. BsiwR k : BsiwR k `yB cKvii cvIqv hvq

(1) AbKUv BsiwR DPviY : BDwbfvwmwU, BDwbqb, KjR, wUb, bfj, bvU, cvDWvi,cwj, evM, dzUej, gvvi, jvBewi, zj BZvw`|

(2) cwiewZZ DPviY : Avwdg (Opium), Awdm (Office), Bzj (School), ev (Box),nvmcvZvj (Hospital), evZj (Bottle) BZvw`|

N. BsiwR Qvov Abvb BDivcxq fvlvi k(1) cZzwMR : Avbvim, Avjwcb, Avjgvwi, wMRv, `vg, Pvwe, cvDiwU, cvw`, evjwZ BZvw`|

(2) divwm : KvZzR, Kzcb, wWcv, iZviuv BZvw`|

(3) Ij`vR : Bvcb, UK&Kv, Zzic, iBZb, niZb BZvw`|

O. Abvb fvlvi k(1) RivwU : Li, niZvj BZvw`|

(2) cvvwe : Pvwn`v, wkL BZvw`|

(3) ZzwK : PvKi, PvKz, Zvc, `vivMv BZvw`|

(4) wPbv : Pv, wPwb BZvw`|

(5) gvqvbgvi (evwgR) : dzw, jyw BZvw`|

(6) Rvcvwb : wiv, nvwiwKwi BZvw`|

6 evsjv fvlvi evKiY

wgk k : Kvbv Kvbv mgq `wk I we`wk ki wgjb kZ mw nq _vK| hgb ivRv-ev`kv (Zrmg+dviwm), nvU-evRvi (evsjv+dviwm), nW-gjwf (BsiwR+dviwm), nW-cwZ(BsiwR+Zrmg) wLv (BsiwR+Zrmg), Wvvi-Lvbv (BsiwR+dviwm), cKU-gvi(BsiwR+evsjv), P-nw (dviwm+Aviwe) BZvw`|

cvwifvwlK k : evsjv fvlvq cPwjZ we`wk ki fvevbyev`g~jK cwZkK cvwifvwlK k ej| GiewkifvMB G Kvji cqvM|

D`vniY : ARvboxygen; D`hvb-hydrogen; bw_-file; cwkY-training; eevcK-manager; eZvi-radio; gnveevcK-general manager; mwPe-secretary; vZK-graduate; vZKvi-post graduate; mgvw-final; mvgwqKx-periodical; mgxKiY-equation BZvw`|

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fvlv 7

wZxq cwiQ`

evsjv evKiY I Gi AvjvP welqevKiYevKiY (= we + Av + K + Ab) kwUi eyrcwMZ A_ weklfve wek-lY|msv : h kv Kvbv fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vbi cKwZ I î~ci wePvi-wek-lY Kiv nq Ges wewfbDcv`vbi mK wbYq I cqvMwewa wek`fve AvjvwPZ nq, ZvK evKiY ej|evKiY cvVi cqvRbxZv : evKiY cvV Ki fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vbi MVb cKwZ I mmei myzeenviwewa mcK vb jvf Kiv hvq Ges jLvq I K_vq fvlv cqvMi mgq vw wbaviY mnR nq|evsjv evKiY : h kv evsjv fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vbi MVbcKwZ I î~c wek-wlZ nq Ges GìmcK I myz cqvMwewa AvjvwPZ nq, ZvB evsjv evKiY|evsjv evKiY AvjvP welqcZK fvlviB PviwU gwjK Ask _vK| hgb

1. awb (Sound)2. k (Word)3. evK (Sentence)4. A_ (Meaning)

me fvlvi evKiYB cavbZ wbgwjwLZ PviwU welqi AvjvPbv Kiv nq

1. awbZ (Phonology)2. kZ ev i~cZ ((Morphology)3. evKZ ev c`g (Syntax) Ges4. A_Z (Semantics)

G Qvov AwfavbZ (Lexicography) Q` I AjsKvi cfwZI evKiYi AvjvP welq|1. awbZawb : gvbyli evK cZ A_vr Kbvwj, gyLweei, wRnv, Avj-wRnv, Kvgj Zvjy, k Zvjy, ùvZ,gvwo, Pvqvj, VuvU BZvwì mvnvh DPvwiZ AvIqvRK awb ejv nq| evK cZRvZ awbim~Zg gwjK Ask ev GKKK (Unit) awbg~j (Phoneme) ejv nq|

eY : evK cZRvZ cZKwU awb GKKi Rb cZK fvlvqB jLvi mgq GK GKwU cZxK ev wP(Symbol) eeZ nq| evsjvq G cZxK ev wPK ejv nq eY (Letter)| hgbevsjvq eK K_vwUic_g awbwUi cZxK i~c eenvi Kiv nqQ e, BsiwRZ m awbi Rb eeZ nq B ev b (we);Avevi Aviwe, dviwm I D`yZ GKB awbi Rb eeZ nq (e)|

awbi DPviYcYvjx, DPviYi vb, awbi cZxK ev eYi webvm, awbmshvM ev mw, awbicwieZb I jvc, YZ I lZ weavb BZvw` evsjv evKiY awbZi AvjvP welq|

2. i~cZ

GK ev GKvwaK awbi A_evaK mwjb k Zwi nq, ki z`vskK ejv nq i~c(morpheme)| i~c MVb Ki k| mB Rb kZK i~cZ (Morphology) ejv nq|

3. evKZ

gvbyli evK&cZRvZ awb mgbq MwVZ kmnhvM m A_evaK evK cevni wekl weklAskK ejv nq evK (Sentence)| evKi mwVK MVbcYvjx, wewfb Dcv`vbi mshvRb, weqvRb,Gì mv_K eenvihvMZv, evKga k ev cì vb ev g, cì i~c cwieZb BZvw` welqevKZ AvjvwPZ nq| evKi ga Kvb cì ci Kvb c` em, Kvb cì vb Kv_vqevKZ Gmei c~Y wek-lY _vK| evKZK c`gI ejv nq|

4. A_Z

ki A_wePvi, evKi A_wePvi, A_i wewfb cKvif`, hgbgyLv_, MYv_, wecixZv_ BZvwÀ_Zi AvjvP welq|

evsjv evKiYi AvjvPbvq eeZ KwZcq cvwifvwlK k : evsjv evKiYi AvjvPbvi Rb cwZivKwZcq cvwifvwlK k eenvi KiQb| G aibi cqvRbxq wKQy cvwifvwlK ki cwiPq wbc`vb Kiv njv :

cvwZcw`K : wefwnxb bvg kK cvwZcw`K ej| hgb nvZ, eB, Kjg BZvw`|

mvwaZ k : gwjK k eZxZ Ab me kKB mvwaZ k ej| h_v nvZv, Miwgj, `wZBZvw`|

mvwaZ k `yB cKvi : bvg k I wqv| cZKwU mvwaZ k ev bvgki I wqvi `ywU Ask _vK|

cKwZ I cZq|

cKwZ : h kK ev Kvbv ki h AskK Avi Kvbv z`Zi Ask fvM Kiv hvq bv, ZvK cKwZ ej|

cKwZ `yB cKvi : bvg cKwZ I wqv cKwZ ev avZz|

bvg cKwZ : nvZj, dzjj, gyLi G kjv wek-lY Kij Avgiv cvB - nvZ + j = nvZj (euvU),dzj + Gj = dzjj (dzjRvZ) Ges gyL + i = gyLi (evPvj)| GLvb nvZ, dzj I gyL kjvK ejvnq cKwZ ev g~j Ask| Gjv bvg cKwZ|

evsjv evKiY I Gi AvjvP welq 9

wqv cKwZ : Avevi Pj, Rgv I wjwLZ G kjv wek-lY Kij Avgiv cvB Pj&+A= Pj(Pjgvb), Rg& + Av = Rgv (mwZ) Ges wjL& + BZ = wjwLZ (hv jLv nqQ)| GLvb Pj&, Rg& IwjL& G wZbwU wqvg~j ev wqvi g~j Ask| GjvK ejv nq wqv cKwZ ev avZz|

cZq : k MVbi Dk k ev bvg cKwZi Ges wqv cKwZi ci h kvsk hy nq ZvK cZqej| KqKwU ki cKwZ I cZq wek-lY Ki `Lvbv njv|

bvg cKwZ cZq cZqv knvZ + j nvZj

dzj + Gj dzjj

gyL + i gyLi

wqv cKwZ cZq cZqv kPj& + A PjRg& + Av Rgv

evsjv k MVb `yB cKvi cZq cvIqv hvq : 1. ZwZ cZq I 2. Kr cZq|

1. ZwZ cZq : kg~j ev bvg ki m h cZq hy nq bZzb k Zwi nq, ZvK ej ZwZcZq| hgb-nvZj, dzjj I gyLi ki h_vg j, Gj Ges i ZwZ cZq|

2. Kr cZq : wqvg~j ev avZzi mv_ h cZq hy nq bZzb k Zwi nq, ZvK ej Kr cZq|D`vniY Pj, Rgv I wjwLZ ki h_vg A, Av Ges BZ Kr cZq|

ZwZ cZq mvwaZ kK ejv nq ZwZv k Ges Kr cZq mvwaZ kK ejv K` k| hgb-nvZj, dzjj I gyLi ZwZv k Ges Pj, Rgv I wjwLZ K` k|

DcmM : k ev avZzi c~e KwZcq mywbw` Aeq RvZxq kvsk hy nq mvwaZ ki A_i cwieZb,mcmviY I msKvPb NwUq _vK| GjvK ejv nq DcmM|

evsjv fvlvq eeZ DcmMjvi wbR^ Kvbv A_ bv _vKjI k ev avZzi c~e eeZ njBA_evPKZv m~wPZ nq| hgb - civ GKwU DcmM, Gi wbR^ Kvbv A_ bB| wKy Rq ki c~ehy nq njv civRq| GwU Rqi wecixZv_K| mBi~c `kb A_ `Lv| Gi AvM c DcmM hynq njv c`kb A_vr mgKi~c `kb ev weklfve `Lv|

evsjv fvlvq wZb cKii DcmM `Lv hvq: 1. msZ 2, evsjv, 3. we`wk DcmM|

1. msZ DcmM : c, civ, Ac-Gi~c wekwU msZ ev Zrmg DcmM iqQ|

10 evsjv fvlvi evKiY

Zrmg DcmM Zrmg k ev avZzi c~e eeZ nq| hgb, c~Y GKwU Zrmg k| cwi DcmMhvMnq cwic~Y| n (ni)+NT = nvi-G K` ki AvM DcmM hvM Kij Kxi~c A_i cwieZbnjv j Ki : Av+nvi = Avnvi (LvIqv) we + nvi = wenvi (gY), Dc+nvi=Dcnvi (cvwiZvwlK),cwi+nvi=cwinvi (eRb) BZvw`|

2| evsjv DcmM : A, Abv, ANv, AR, Av, Ave, wb BZvw` Aeq RvZxq kvsk evsjv DcmM| LuvwUevsjv ki AvM Gjv hy nq| hgb - A+KvR=AKvR, Abv+wQw (mw kRvZ) = AbvwQwBZvw`|

3| we`wk DcmM : wKQz we`wk k ev kvsk evsjv DcmMi~c eeZ nq A_i ewP mw Ki|we`wk DcmM we`wk ki mB eeZ nq| h_v : enW, jvcvv, MinvwRi BZvw`|

(ci DcmM Aavq G m^ wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ)|

AbymM : evsjv fvlvq viv, w`qv, KZK, Pq, _K, Dci, ci, cwZ, gvS, eB, eZxZ, Aewa,nZz, Rb, KviY, gZv, Ze BZvw` k KLbv Ab ki m hy bv nq ^vaxbfve c`i~cevK eeZ nq; Avevi KLbv KLbv kwefwi bvq Ab ki m chy nq A_ewP NwUq_vK| GMyjvK AbymM ejv nq| hgbKej Avgvi Rb Zvgvi G `yfvM| gbvhvM w`q kvb,kl ch mevi KvR Avme|

Abykxjbx

1| fvlv ejZ Kx evS? evsjv fvlvq mvay I PwjZ ixwZi cv_K eywSq `vI|

2| evsjv fvlvi kjvK KqwU Q wef Kiv hvq? D`vniYmn eYbv Ki|

3| wbPi kjvK &Q Abyhvqx mvRvI (Zrmg, Ze BZvw` wkivbvgi wbP jL)|

ivLvj, mgvU, ev`kvn, eMg, iy, Mn, nvwKg, `v, nvmcvZvj, Pqvi, mgy`, wKZve, wWw,XuwK, wPwb, jyw, wiv, `eZv, Log|

4| evKiY KvK ej| evKiY Kx Kx welq AvjvwPZ nq?

5| wbPi evKMyjvK Av`k PwjZ ixwZZ cwieZb Ki|

K. GLbI m zj nBZ wdi bvB|

L. Avwg ZvnvK wPwV wjwLqvwQ|M. m Avwme ewjqv fimv KwiZ cwiZwQ bv|N. Avwg ZvnvK w`qv KvRwU KivBqv jBqvwQ|O. zj cvjvBqv iex`bv_ nBZ cvwie bv|P. eZv KwiZ KwiZ wZwb Avb nBqv cwojb|

evsjv evKiY I Gi AvjvP welq 11

Q. myì gyL `wLqv fzwjqv hvBI bv, `y jvKi wg K_vq fzwjI bv|R. hvnvì K_vgZv AMmi nBjvg kl ch ZvnvivB AvgvK wec` dwjj|

S. `yB ez eb gY KwiZwQj, Ggb mgq GK fvjyK Avwmqv Zvnvì myL nvwRi nBj|

6| wVKZ wUK () wP `vI|K. evsjv jL fvlvi ixwZ KqwU? - GKwU/ `ywU/wZbwU/PviwU|

L. mvay ixwZi evKwebvm-AwbqwZ I Awbw`/ AwbqwZ I Awbw`/ AwbqwZ I mywbw`M. PwjZ ixwZ-`yeva/mnReva/eZvi AbychvMx|N. evsjv fvlvi kmviK Kq fvM fvM Kiv hvq? - wZb fvM/ cuvP fvM/ Pvi fvMO. `wk k-msZ RvZ / Ze RvZ/ `kR|

P. Zrmg k gvb- msZ/ dviwm/ D`y

7| K. wbPi kjv _K BsiwR k LyuR ei Ki

wKZve, nvwKg, Avbvim, PvKi, cwj, Kjg, wUb, zj, kvUL. wbPi kjv _K Aviwe-dviwm k LyuR ei Ki Ges Aviwe ki Wvb Av I dviwmki Wvb dv wjL `vI|iviuv, evZvg, `vivMv, Awdm, Av`vjZ, Kjg, `vqvZ, Lv`v, bvgvR, bwe, cqMî,dzUej, `vg, evjwZ, dikZv, enkZ, Cgvb, Mvmj, ge, gvIjvbv|

M. wbPi kjvi cwZ Qi cvk Wvb w`K h bvg jLv AvQ Zv fzj nj wVK bvgwU emvI|

1. bvn, dikZv, `vRL, ivRv-Aviwe

2. gvvi, jvBewi, evM, KjR-dviwm3. P`, m~h, c, ag - cZzwMR4. Pzjv, Kzjv, Pvv, wWw-BsiwR5. nvZ, Pvgvi, Kvgvi, gv_v `wk6. Avjwcb, Avjgvwi, cvDiywU, Pvwe-Zrmg7. PvKz, PvKi, `vivMv, Zvc-Ze

8. Avj-vn, Bmjvg, Zmwe, DwKj-ZzwK|

8| wbP evKiYi `ywU msv Ìqv njv| hwU wVK Zvi evg cvk wUK () wP `vI|1. h kv fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vb, Zvi MVbcKwZ I Zvi î~c wek-wlZ nq Ges myz cqvMwewa

AvjvwPZ nq, ZvK evKiY ej|

2. h kv cvV Kij fvlv i~c coZ, wjLZ I ejZ cviv hvq ZvK evKiY ej|


wZxq Aavqc_g cwiQàwbZ

evsjv fvlvi awb I eY cKiYKvbv fvlvi evK& cevnK m~fve weklY Kij Avgiv KZjv gwjK awb (Sound) cvB| evsjvfvlvZI KZjv gwjK awb AvQ|

evsjv fvlvi gwjK awbjvK cavb `yB fvM fvM Kiv nq : 1. îawb I 2. ebawb|1. îawb : h mKj awb DPviYi mgq dzmdzm ZvwoZ evZvm ewiq hZ gyLweeii Kv_vIKvbv cKvi evav cvq bv, ZvìK ejv nq îawb (Vowel sound) | hgb - A, Av, B, DBZvw`|

2. ebawb : h mKj awb DPviYi mgq dymdzm ZvwoZ evZvm ewiq hZ gyLweeii Kv_vI bvKv_vI Kvbv cKvi evav cvq wKsev NlY jvM, ZvìK ejv nq ebawb (Consonant sound)hgb- K, P, U, Z, c BZvw`|

eY : awb wb`kK wPK ejv nq eY (Letter) |îeY : îawb `vZK wjwLZ mvsKwZK wPK ejv nq îeY| hgb - A, Av, B, C, D, EBZvw`|

ebeY : ebawb `vZK wjwLZ mvsKwZK wPK ejv nq ebeY| hgb-K BZvw`|eYgvjv : h Kvbv fvlvq eeZ wjwLZ eYmgwK mB fvlvi eYgvjv (Alphabet) ejv nq| heYgvjvq evsjv fvlv wjwLZ nq, ZvK ejv nq ewjwc|

wekl vZe : DPviYi myweavi Rb evsjv ebeY `vwZZ awb A îawbwU hvM Ki DPviYKiv nq _vK| hgb - K& + A = K, BZvw`| îawb mshy bv nj A_vr DPvwiZ eb awbicZxK ev eYi wbP nm& ev nj wP ( & ) w`q wjwLZ nq| Gi~c eYK ejv nq nm ev nj eY|

evsjv eYgvjvevsjv eYgvjvq gvU cvk (50)wU eY iqQ| Zvi ga îeY GMvi (11)wU Ges ebeY EbPwj-kwU(39)wU|

1. îeY : A Av B C D E F G H I J 11wU2. ebeY : K L M N O 5wU

P Q R S T 5wU

U V X X Y 5wU

Z _ ` a b 5wU

c d e f g 5wU

h i j 3wU

k l m n 4wU

o p q r 4wU

s t u 3wU

gvU 50wU

wekl vZe : H, J - G `ywU wî ev hyM îawbi cZxK| hgb A + B = AB, A + D = ADev I + D = J

î I ebeYi msw i~cKvi I djvKvi : îeYi Ges KZjv ebeYi `ywU i~c iqQ| îeY hLb wbic ev ^vaxbfve eeZnq, A_vr Kvbv eYi m hy nq bv, ZLb Gi c~Yi~c jLv nq| GK ejv nq cv_wgK ev c~Yi~c|hgb A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J|

GB i~c ev form ki Avw`, ga, A - h Kvbv Aevb emZ cvi| îawb hLbebawbi mv_ hy nq DPvwiZ nq, ZLb m îawbwUi eY msw AvKvi ebeYi mhy nq eeZ nq| îeYi G msw i~cK ejv nq msw î ev Kvi| hgb Av-Gimsw i~c ( v)| g-Gi m Av-Gi msw i~c v hy nq nq gv| evbvb Kivi mgq ejvnq g G Av-Kvi ( gv )| îeYi bvgvbymvi Gì bvgKiY Kiv nq| hgb - Av-Kvi ( v ), B-Kvi( w ), C-Kvi ( x ), D-Kvi, ( y ), E-Kvi ( ~ ), F-Kvi ( ), G-Kvi ( ), H-Kvi ( ), I-Kvi (-v),J-Kvi (-)| A-Gi Kvbv msw i~c ev Kvi bB|

Av-Kvi ( v ) Ges C-Kvi ( x ) ebeYi ci hy nq| B-Kvi ( w ), G-Kvi ( ) Ges H-Kvi ( )ebeYi c~e hy nq| D-Kvi ( y ), E-Kvi ( ~ ) Ges F-Kvi ( ) ebeYi wbP hy nq| I-Kvi(-v) Ges J-Kvi (-) ebeYi c~e I ci `yB w`K hy nq|

D`vniY : gv, gx, wg, g, g, gy, g~, g, gv, g|djv : îeY hgb ebeYi m hy nj AvKwZi cwieZb nq, Zgwb Kvbv Kvbv ebeYIKvbv Kvbv î wKsev Ab ebeYi m hy& nj, AvKwZi cwieZb nq Ges KLbv KLbvmswI nq| hgb-g, g BZvw`| îeYi msw i~cK hgb Kvi ejv nq, ZgwbebeYi msw i~cK ejv nq djv| Gfve h ebwU hy nq, Zvi bvg Abymvi djvi bvgKiYKiv nq| hgb g-G h-djv = g, g- G i-djv = g, g-G j- djv = -, g-G e-djv = ^|i-djv ebeYi ci nj wjLZ nq wbP| g; Avevi i hw` g-Gi AvM DPvwiZ nq, hgb,


g-G id g Ze jLv nq Ici, ebwUi gv_vq id ( ) w`q| djv hy nj hgb, ZgwbKvi hy njI eYi AvKwZi cwieZb NU| hgb n-G D-Kvi=, M-G D-Kvi = , k-GD-Kvi = , m-G D-Kvi=my, i-G D-Kvi = iy, i-G E-Kvi = i~, n-G F-Kvi=n|

K _K g ch cuwPkwU kawb (Plosive)K DPviY vbi w`K _K cuvPwU Q ev eM fvM KivnqQ| cwZ Qi c_g awbwUi bvgvbymvi m Qi mejv awbK ejv nq H eMxq awb| eMfyej G awbi cZxKjvKI H eMxq bvg AwfwnZ Kiv nq| hgb-

K L M N O awb wnme Gjv K awb, eY wnme K eMxq eY

P Q R S T Zvje P

U V W X Y g~ab U

Z _ ` a b ` Z

c d e f g I c

DPviYi vbf` ebawbi wefvMawb Drcv`bi gyLweei DPviYi g~j DcKiY ev DPviK wRnev I I| Avi DPviYi vbnjv K ev wRnvg~j, AMZvjy, g~av ev cvr `g~j, ` ev AM `g~j, I BZvw`|

DPviYi vbi bvg Abymvi ebawbjvK cuvP fvM fvM Kiv nq : 1. K ev wRnvg~jxq2. Zvje ev AMZvjyRvZ, 3. g~ab ev cvr `g~jxq, 4. ` ev AM `g~jxq Ges 5. I|

1 - VuvU, I

2 - ùvZi cvwU

3 - `g~j, AM `g~j

4 - AMZvjy, k Zvjy

5 - cvvjy, big Zvjy, g~av

6 - AvjwRf

7 - wRnevM

8 - myL wRnev

9 - cv`wRnev, wRnevg~j

10 - bvmv-Mni

11 - î-cje, îZx

12 - dzmdzm

awbZ 15

wbg DPviY vb Abyhvqx evsjv cuwPkwU ebawbi wefvM `Lvbv njv :

DPviY vb ebawbi eYmg~n DPviYvb Abyhvqx bvg

wRnevg~j K L M N O K ev wRnevg~jxq eM

AMZvjy P Q R S k h h Zvje eY

cvr `g~j U V W X Y l i o p g~ab ev cvr `g~jxq eY

AM `g~j Z _ ` a b j m ` eY

I c d e f g I eY

è : L-Z (r)-K ^Z eY wnme aiv nq bv| GwU Z eYi nm&-wP hy (Z&)-Gi i~cf` gv|

s t u G wZbwU eY ^vaxbfve ^Z eY wnme fvlvq eeZ nq bv| G eY `vwZZ awb Abawbi m wgwjZ nq GK DPvwiZ nq| ZvB G eYjvK ejv nq civkqx eY|

O T Y b g-G cuvPwU eY Ges s t u h eYi m wjwLZ nq m eY `vwZZ awb DPviYi mgqdzmdzm wbtmZ evqy gyLweei QvovI bvmvi w`q ei nq; A_vr Gjvi DPviY bvwmKvi mvnvhcqvRb nq| ZvB GjvK ej AbybvwmK ev bvwmK awb| Avi Gjvi cZxK ev eYK ejv nqAbybvwmK ev bvwmK eY|

îawbi n^Zv I `xNZv : îawb DPviYKvj mgqi ^Zv I `N Abymvi n^ ev `xN nq|hgb- BsiwR full-c~Y Ges fool evKv| k `yUvi c_gwUi DPviY n^ I wZxqwUi DPviY `xN|n^ eYi DPviY h `xN nq Ges `xN eYi DPviY h n^ nq, KqKwU D`vniY Zv ne|hgb-Bwjk, wZwik, DwPZ, bZzb-wjwLZ nqQ n^ B-Kvi I n^ - D-Kvi w`q; wK DPviY nQ`xN| Avevi `xb, C`yj wdri, f~wg-wjwLZ nqQ `xN C-Kvi Ges `xN E-Kvi w`q; wK DPviY n^nq hvQ| GKwUgv awbwewk ki DPviY memgq `xN nq| hgb-w`b, wZj, cyi BZvw`|

hwMK î : cvkvcvwk `ywU îawb _vKj `Z DPviYi mgq Zv GKwU mshy îawb i~c DPvwiZnq| Gi~c GKm DPvwiZ `yUv wgwjZ îawbK hwMK î, mwî, mvi ev w-î ejvnq| hgb-A + B = AB (eB), A + D = AD (eD), A + G = Aq, (eq, gqbv), A + I = AI(nI, jI)|

evsjv fvlvq hwMK îawbi msLv cuwPk|

Av + B = AvB (hvB, fvB); Av + D = AvD (jvD); Av + G = Avq (hvq, Lvq); Av + I = AvI (hvI,LvI); B + B = BB (w`B); B + D = BD (wkDwj); B + G = Bq (weq); B + I = BI (wbI, wÌ);D + B = DB (DB, B), D + Av = Dqv (Kyqv); G + Av=Gqv (Kqv, `qv); G + B = GB (mB,bB), G + I = GI (LI); I + I = II (kvI)|

evsjv eYgvjvq hwMK îvcK `yUv eY iqQ: H Ges J| D`vniY : K, e| Ab hwMK îicZxK î~c Kvbv eY bB|


ebawbi wefvM I DPviYMZ bvg

AvM Avgiv `LwQ h, cuvPwU eM ev Q cZKwUZ cuvPwU eY cvIqv hvq| Gjv awbvcK|K _K g ch G cuwPkwU ebK k eb ev ebawb ej|DPviY ewk Abyhvqx k eb awbjvK c_gZ `yB fvM fvM Kiv hvq : 1. ANvl Ges 2. Nvl|1. h awb DPviYi mgq îZx AbyiwYZ nq bv, ZvK ejv nq ANvl awb| hgb- K, L, P,

Q BZvw`|

2. h awb DPviYi mgq îZx AbyiwYZ nq, ZvK ej Nvl awb| hgb-M, N, R, S BZvw`|GjvK Avevi `yB fvM fvM Kiv hvq : K. AcvY Ges L. gnvcvY|

K. h awb DPviYi mgq evZvmi Pvci ^Zv _vK, ZvK ejv nq AcvY awb| hgb-K, M,P, R BZvw`|

L. h awb DPviYi mgq evZvmi Pvci AvwaK _vK, ZvK ejv nq gnvcvY awb| hgb-L, N,Q, S BZvw`|

Dawb : k, l, m, n - G PviwU eY `vwZZ awb DPviYi mgq Avgiv kvm hZY Lywk ivLZcvwi| GjvK ejv nq Dawb ev wkkawb| G eYjvK ejv nq DeY|k l m G wZbwU eY `vwZZ awb ANvl AcvY, Avi n Nvl gnvcvY awb|

At awb : h& (Y) Ges e& (W) G `yUv eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY vb k I DawbigvSvgvwS| GRb Gì ejv nq At awb Ges eY `yUvK ejv nq At eY|

awbi DPviY wewaîawbi DPviY

B Ges C-awbi DPviY wRnev GwMq Avm Ges DP AMZvjyi KwVbvski KvQvKvwQ cuQ| Gawbi DPviY wRnevi Aevb B-awbi gZv myLB nq, wKy GKUz wbP Ges Av-awbi ejvqAviI wbP| B C G (A) awbi DPviY wRnev GwMq myLfvM ùvZi w`K Avm ej GjvK ejvnq myL awb| B Ges C-i DPviYi ejvq wRnev DP _vK| ZvB Gjv DPmyL îawb| GgavewZ myL îawb Ges A wbgvewZ myL îawb|

D Ges E-awb DPviY wRnv wcwQq Avm Ges cvr Zvjyi Kvgj Aski KvQvKvwQ IV| I-awbiDPviY wRnev Aviv GKUz wbP Avm| A-awbi ejvq Zvi PqI wbP Avm| D E I A-awbiDPviY wRnev wcwQq Avm ej GjvK cvr îawb ejv nq| D I E-awbi DPviYKvj wRnvDP _vK ej Gì ejv nq DP cvr îawb I gavewZ cvr îawb Ges A-wbgvewZcvr îawb|

awbZ 17

evsjv Av-awbi DPviY wRnev mvaviYZ kvwqZ Aevq _vK Ges Ki w`K AvK nq Ges gyLimyL I cvr Aski gvSvgvwS ev K`vbxq Ask AewZ ej Av-K K`xq wbgvewZ îawbGes weeZ awbI ejv nq|

evsjv îawbjvi DPviY wbPi QK `Lvbv njv

myL, Ivai cmZ K`xq, Ivai weeZ cvr, Ivai MvjvKZ

DP B C D E

DPga G I

wbgga Av A

wbg Av

k Aevbf` A `yBfve wjwLZ nq

1. ^vaxbfve eeZ A| hgbAgi, AbK|

2. ki ga Ab eYi m wejxbfve eeZ A| hgb Ki, ej| GLvb K Ges i Avi eGes j eYi m A wejxb nq AvQ| (K& + A + i& + A; e&+ A + j& + A)|

ki A-awbi `yB iKg DPviY cvIqv hvq

1. weeZ ev ^vfvweK DPviY| hgb Agj, AbK, KZ|

2. mseZ ev I-awbi gZv DPviY| h_v Aaxi, AZzj, gb| G DPviYjvZ A-Gi DPviYAbKUv I-Gi gZv (Iaxi, IZzj, gvb)|

1. A-awbi ^vfvweK ev weeZ DPviY

(K) ki Avw`Z

1. ki Avw`Z bv-evaK A hgb AUj, AbvPvi|

2. A wKsev Av-hy awbi c~eeZx Aawb weeZ nq| hgb Agvwbkv, AbvPvi, K_v|

(L) ki ga I A

1. c~e îi m wgj iL îmwZi KviY weeZ A| hgb Kjg, eaZv, hZ, kqt|

2. F-awb, G-awb, H-awb Ges J-awbi cieZx A cvqB weeZ nq| hgb ZY, è,ah, bvjK, gb BZvw`|

3. AbK mgq B-awbi cii A weeZ nq| hgb MwVZ, wgZ, RwbZ BZvw`|


2. A-awbi mseZ DPviYA-awbi weeZ DPviY Pvqvj ewk duvK nq| VuvU ZZ euvKv ev Mvj nq bv| wKz mseZ DPviYPvqvji duvK Kg I VuvU MvjvKZ nq I-Gi gZv DPvwiZ nq| mseZ DPviYK weKZ,AcKZ ev A^vfvweK DPviY ejv wVK bq| mseZ DPviYI ^vfvweK, AweKZ I cKZDPviY|

(K) ki Avw`Z

1. cieZx î mseZ nj ki Avw` A mseZ nq| hgb AwZ (IwZ), KiyY (KviyY), Ki(AmgvwcKv Kvi)| wKz mgvwcKv Ki ki A weeZ|

2. cieZx B, D BZvwì cfve c~eeZx i-djvhy A mseZ nq| hgb cwZfv (cvwZfv),cPyi (cvPyi) BZvw`| wKz A, Av BZvwì cfve c~e A weeZ nq| hgbcfvZ, cZq,cYvg BZvw`|

(L) ki ga I A

1. Zi, Zg, Zb cZqhy weklY cì A î A mseZ nq| hgb wcqZg (wcqZgv),iyZi (iyZiv) BZvw`|

2. B, D-Gi cieZx ga I A A mseZ| hgb wcq, (wcqv) hveZxq (hveZxqv) BZvw`|

Av : evsjvq Av-awb GKwU weeZ î| Gi DPviY n^ I `xN `y-B nZ cvi| Gi DPviY AbKUvBsiwR dv`vi (father) I Kvg (calm) ki Av (a) -Gi gZv| hgb- Avcb, evwo, gv, `vZvBZvw`|

evsjvq GKvi (Monosyllabic) k Av `xN nq| hgb KvR ki Av `xN Ges Kvj ki Avn^| Gi~c hv, cvb, avb, mvR, Pvj, Puv`, euvk|

B C : evsjvq mvaviYZ n^ B-awb Ges `xN C-awbi DPviY Kvbv cv_K `Lv hvq bv| GKviki B Ges C - `yUvB `xN nq| hgb wel, wek, `xb, w`b, kxZ|

D E : evsjvq D Ges E awbi DPviY Zgb Kvbv cv_K `Lv hvq bv| B C-awbi gZv GKvik Ges e Ai-wewk ki evi ev cvwK hyvi DPviY mvgvb `xN nq| hgbPyj (`xN), Pyjv (n^), fZ, gy, ZzjZzj, Zzdvb, e, ARy, KiyY|

F : ^vaxbfve eeZ nj F-Gi DPviY wi A_ev ix-Gi gZv nq| Avi eb awbi m hynq eeZ nj i-djv+ B-Kvi Gi gZv nq| hgb FY, FZz, (ixb, ixZz), gvZ (gvw),Kw (ww)|

è : evsjvq FawbK îawb ejv Pj bv| msZ GB awbwU îawbi~c DPvwiZ nq|

awbZ 19

ebawbi DPviYK-eMxq awb : K L M N O G cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY wRnvi Mvovi w`K big Zvjyicvr fvM ck Ki| Gjv wRnvg~jxq ev K ckawb|

P-eMxq awb : P Q R S TG cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY wRnvi AMfvM PvcUvfve ZvjyimyL fvMi m NlY Ki| Gì ejv nq Zvje ckawb|

U-eMxq awb : U V W X Y G cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY wRnvi AMfvM wKwr DwqIcii gvwoi Mvovi k AskK ck Ki| Gjvi DPviY wRnv Dv nq ej Gì bvg `g~jxqcwZewZ awb| Avevi Gjv Icii gvwoi Mvovi k Ask A_vr g~avq ck Ki DPvwiZ nq ejGì ejv nq g~ab awb|

Z-eMxq awb : Z _ ` a b G cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY wRnv myL cmvwiZ nq GesAMfvM Icii ùvZi cvwUi Mvovi w`K k Ki| Gì ejv nq ` awb|

c-eMxq awb : c d e f g G cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY Ii m Aaii k NU|Gì I awb ej|

vZe

(1) K _K g ch cuvPwU eM gvU cuwPkwU awb| Gme awbi DPviY wRnvi m Ab evMhiKvbv Kvbv Aski wKsev Ii m Aaii ck NU; A_vr Gì DPviY evK&cZiKv_vI bv Kv_vI dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm evav cq ewiq hvq| evav cq c nq ej GjvKej ck awb|

(2) O T Y b g G cuvPwU eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY bvK I gyL w`q wKsev Kej bvK w`qdzmdzm-ZvwoZ evZvm ei nq ej Gì ejv nq bvwmK awb Ges cZxKx eYjvK ejv nqbvwmK eY|

(3) u P`we`y wP ev cZxKwU cieZx îawbi AbybvwmKZvi `vZbv Ki| GRb GwUK AbybvwmKawb Ges cZxKwUK AbybvwmK cZxK ev eY ej| hgb AuvKv, Puv`, euva, euvKv, kuvm BZvw`|

(4) evsjvq O Ges s eYi `vwZZ awbq Kvbv cv_K jwZ nq bv| hgbiO / is, AnsKvi /Anvi BZvw`|

(5) T eYi `vwZZ awb AbKUv Bq-Gi DPviY cv awbi gZv| hgb fTv (fzuBqv)|

(6) P-eMxq awbi AvM _vKj T-Gi DPviY ewk eRvq _vK| hgb Rvj, L BZvw`|

(7) evsjvq Y Ges b-eYi `vwZZ awb `ywUi DPviY Kvbv cv_K bB| Kej U-eMxq awbiAvM hy nj Y-Gi g~ab DPviY cvIqv hvq| hgb Nv, jb BZvw`|

awbZ 21

(8) O s T Y G PviwU eY `vwZZ awb KLbv ki c_g Avm bv, ki ga wKsev klAvm| myZivs Gme awbi cZxK eYI ki Avw`Z eeZ nq bv, ki ga ev A eeZnq| hgb mN ev msN, evO ev evs, Abv, fTv, Y BZvw`|

(9) b-eY `vwZZ awb ki Avw`, ga I A wZb RvqMvqB eeZ nq| hgb bvg, evbvb,eb BZvw`|

AcvY I gnvcvY Ges Nvl I ANvl awb

ckawb ev eMxq awbjvK DPviYixwZi w`K _K AcvY I gnvcvY, ANvl I Nvl cfwZ fvMfvM Kiv nq|

AcvY awb : Kvbv Kvbv awb DPviYi mgq wbtkvm Rvi mshvwRZ nq bv| Gi~c awbK ejvnq AcvY awb (Unaspirated)| hgbK, M BZvw`|

gnvcvY awb : Kvbv Kvbv awb DPviYi mgq wbtkvm Rvi mshvwRZ nq| Gi~c awbK ejv nqgnvcvY awb (Aspirated)| hgb L, N BZvw`|

ANvl awb : Kvbv Kvbv awb DPviYi mgq ^iZx AbyiwYZ nq bv| ZLb awbwUi DPviYMvxhnxb I g`y nq| Gi~c awbK ejv nq ANvl awb (Unvoiced)| hgb K, L BZvw`|

Nvl awb : awb DPviYi mgq ^iZx AbyiwYZ nj Nvl awb (Voiced) nq| hgb M, NBZvw`|

AcvY I gnvcvY Ges ANvl I Nvl ck eb I bvwmK ebjvK wbPi QK `Lvbv njv

DPviY vb ANvl (Voiceless) Nvl (Voiced)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

AcvY gnvcvY AcvY gnvcvY bvwmK

(Unaspirated) (Aspirated) (Unaspirated) (Aspirated)K K L M N O

Zvjy P Q R S T

g~av U V W X Y

` Z _ ` a b

I c d e f g


At awb : ck ev D awbi Ai A_vr gvS AvQ ej h i j e-G awbjvK At awbejv nq Avi eYjvK ejv nq At eY|

h : h-eY `vwZZ awb mvaviYZ myL Zvjy ck Ki DPvwiZ nq| GRb G awbwUK ejv nqZvje awb| ki Avw`Z eeZ nj evsjvq Gi DPviY R-Gi gZv| hgb hLb, hveb,hy, hg BZvw`| ki ga ev A (msZ wbqgvbyhvqx) eeZ nj q DPvwiZ nq| hgb we+ hvM = weqvM|

i : i-eY `vwZZ awb wRnvi AMfvMK KwcZ Ki Ges Zviv `g~jK GKvwaKevi `yZ AvNvZKi DPvwiZ nq| wRnvMK KwcZ Kiv nq ej G awbK KcbRvZ awb ejv nq| D`vniY ivnvZ, Avivg, evRvi BZvw`|

j : j-eY `vwZZ awb DPviY wRnvi AMfvMK gyLi gvSvgvwS `gj VwKq iL wRnvi `yBcvk w`q gyLweei _K evqy ei Ki `qv nq| `yB cvk w`q evqy wbtmZ nq ej GK cvwkK awbejv nq| hgb jvj, jZv, Kjie, dj, dmj|

e : evsjv eYgvjvq eMxq-e Ges At-e-Gi AvKwZZ Kvbv cv_K bB| AvM eMxq I At-G `yB iKgi e-Gi jLvi AvKwZI c_K wQj, DPviYI Avjv`v wQj| GLb AvKwZ I DPviY Awfbej At-e K eYgvjv _K ev` `qv nqQ| cKZ cve A h I At e- G `yUvAa^i (Semivowel)| c_gwU Aq ev Bq (y) Ges wZxqwU Ae ev AI (w)-i gZv| hgb bIqv, nIqv BZvw`|

Dawb : h ebi DPviY evZvm gyLweei Kv_vI evav bv cq Kej NlYcv nq Geswkkawbi mw Ki, mwU Dawb| hgb Avkxl, wkwk, wk BZvw`| wkk `qvi m Gi mv`kiqQ ej GK wkk awbI ejv nq|

k, l, m - wZbwU D eY| k-eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY vb cvr `gj| l-eY `vwZZ awbiDPviY vb g~av Ges m-eY `vwZZ awbi DPviY vb `|

jYxq : m-Gi m L i Z _ wKsev b hy nj m-Gi ` DPviY nq| hgb jb, mv,Av, vcb, mn BZvw`| Avevi evbvb (jLvq) k _vKjI DPviY `-m nq| hgb kwgK(mwgK), kLj (mLj), ck (cm)|

ANvl AcvY I ANvl gnvcvY g~abawb (U I V)-Gi AvM Gj m-Gi DPviY g~ab l nq| hgb K, Kv BZvw`|

n : n-eY `vwZZ awbwU KbvjxZ Drcb g~j D Nvlawb| G DawbwU DPviYi mgq DbyKi ga w`q evZvm Rvi wbMZ nq| hgb nvZ, gnv, cnjv BZvw`|

s (Aby^vi) : s Gi DPviY O - Gi DPviYi gZv| hgb is (iO), evsjv (evOjv) BZvw`| DPviYAwfb nq hvIqvq s-Gi e`j O Ges OGi e`j s-Gi eenvi LyeB mvaviY|

awbZ 23

t (wemM) : wemM njv ANvl n-Gi DPviY cv awb| n-Gi DPviY Nvl, wKy t Gi DPviYANvl| evsjvq GKgv weqvw` cKvkK AeqB wemMi awb kvbv hvq| h_v Avt, Dt, It, evtBZvw`| mvaviYZ evsjvq ki A wemM cvqB AbyPvwiZ _vK| hgb weklZt (weklZ),djZt (djZ)| cì ga wemM _vKj cieZx eb wZ nq| hgb `ytL (`yL&L), cvZtKvj(cvZK&Kvj)|

o I p : o I p-eY `vwZZ awb wRnvi AMfvMi Zj`k viv A_vr Dv wcVi viv Icii`g~j `yZ AvNvZ ev Zvobv Ki DPvwiZ nq| Gì ejv nq ZvobRvZ awb| o-Gi DPviY W Gesi-Gi `vwZZ awbqi gvSvgvwS Ges p-Gi DPviY o Ges n-Gi viv `vwZZ awbqi `yZwgwjZ awb| hgb eo, Mvp, ivp, BZvw`|

mshy ebawb I hy ebeY`ywU ev Zvi Pq ewk ebawbi ga Kvbv îawb bv _vKj m ebawb `ywU ev awb KqwUGK DPvwiZ nq| Gi~c hyebawbi `vZbvi Rb `ywU ev AwaK ebeY GKwZ nq mshyeY (ligature) MwVZ nq| mvaviYZ Gi~c MwVZ mshy ebeYi g~j ev AvKwZ cwiewZZ nq| hgb Zv (Z& + A + K& + Z& + Av = Zv)| GLvb wZxq eY K I Z-Gi g~j i~c cwiewZZ nq nqQ| evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ wZbfve mshy eb MwVZ nZ cvi| h_v :

K. Kvi mnhvM

L. djv mnhvM

M. ebeYi m ebeY (djv eZxZ) mnhvM|

K. Kvi mnhvMt îeY msw AvKvi ebeYi m hy nj ZvK ej Kvi| A- wfb Ab`kwU îawbi msw i~c nq| myZivs evsjvq Kvi `kwU| Gjv h_vgt

Av-Kvi (v) - evev, gv, PvKv; F-Kvi (

= U& +U| hgb- AvwjKv, Pvcvavq, PMvg|= W& +W| hgb- MvwjKv, Dxb, Dqb|= Y&+U| hgb- Nv, eb|= Z& +Z| hgb- Dg, we, wP|= Z&+_| hgb-Dvb, DwZ, Afzvb|= `& +`| hgb-Dvg, DxcK, Dk|= `& +a| hgb- DZ, DZ, cwZ|= `& +f| hgb- De, DU, Dw`|= b+Z| hgb- A, `, Kv|`= b+`| hgb- Avb`, m`k, e`x|= b+a| hgb- eb, ib, mvb|b= b& +b| hgb- Ab, wQb, wfb|b= b& +g| hgb- Rb, AvRb|= c& +Z| hgb- i, ev, wj|= c& +c| hgb- cvv, cvy, avv|= c& +m| hgb- wjv, Afxv|= e& +`| hgb-A, R, k|= j& +K| hgb- Dv, ej|= j& +M| hgb- dvyb|= j& +U| hgb- Dv|= l& +K| hgb- , cwivi, ewnvi|= m& +K| hgb- zj, |= m& +L| hgb- jb|= m+U| hgb- AvM, kb|= m& +Z| hgb- A, mv, |= m& +c| hgb-, `b, av|= m& +d| hgb- wUK, czwUZ|= n& +g| hgb- e, evY|GQvov evsjv fvlvq `yBqi AwaK eY mshvM I wKQz mshy eY MwVZ nq| m~ k eY= K&+l+g- djv ; ^vZ ki =b+Z+i-djv ( ) +h-djv () BZvw`|


wZxq cwiQ`

awbi cwieZb

fvlvi cwieZb awbi cwieZbi mv_ m| awb cwieZb bvbv cwqvq mb nq| wbg Zv Dj-LKiv njv|

1. Avw` îvMg (Prothesis) : DPviYi myweavi Rb ev Ab Kvbv KviY ki Avw`Z îawbGj ZvK ej Avw` îvMg (Prothesis)| hgb zj > Bzj, kb > Bwkb| Gi~c Av vej, Avcav|

2. ga îvMg, wecKl ev îfw (Anaptyxis) : mgq mgq DPviYi myweavi Rb mshy eb-awbi gvSLvb îawb Avm| GK ejv nq ga îvMg ev wecKl ev îfw| hgb-

A - iZ > iZb, ag > aig, ^c > ^cb, nl > nil BZvw`|

B - cxwZ > wcixwZ, wKc > wKwjc, wdj > wdwjg BZvw`|

D - gyv > gyKzZv, ZzK > ZziyK, > fziy BZvw`|

G - Mvg > Mivg, cK > ciK, md > mid BZvw`|

I - k-vK > kvjvK, gyiM > gyivM > gviM BZvw`|

3. AîvMg (Apothesis) : Kvbv Kvbv mgq ki kl AwZwi îawb Avm|Gi~cîvMgK ejv nq AîvMg| hgb w`k& > w`kv, cvLZ& > cv, e > ew, mZ > mwZBZvw`|

4. AwcwbwnwZ (Apenthesis) : cii B-Kvi AvM DPvwiZ nj wKsev hy ebawbi AvM B-Kviev D-Kvi DPvwiZ nj ZvK AwcwbwnwZ ej| hgb AvwR > AvBR, mvay > mvDa, ivwLqv > ivBLv,evK > evBK, mZ > mBZ, Pvwi > PvBi, gvwi > gvBi BZvw`|

5. AmgxKiY (Dissimilation) : GKB îi cybivew `~i Kivi Rb gvSLvb hLb îawb hynq ZLb ZvK ej AmgxKiY| hgb ac + ac > acvac, Uc + Uc > UcvUc BZvw`|

6. îmwZ (Vowel harmony) : GKwU îawbi cfve k Aci îi cwieZb NUj ZvKîmwZ ej| hgb - `wk > w`wk, wejvwZ > wewjwZ, gyjv > gyjv BZvw`|

K. cMZ (Progressive) : Avw`î Abyhvqx Aî cwiewZZ nj cMZ îmwZ nq| hgb gyjv > gyjv, wkKv > wkK, Zzjv > Zzjv|

L. civMZ (Regressive) : Aîi KviY Av`î cwiewZZ nj civMZ îmwZ nq|hgb- AvLv > AvLyqv > GLv, `wk > w`wk|

M. gaMZ (Mutual) : Av`î I Aî Abyhvqx gaî cwiewZZ nj gaMZ îmwZnq| hgb wejvwZ > wewjwZ|

N. Abvb (Reciprocal) : Av` I A `yB îB cii cfvweZ nj Abvb îmwZnq| hgb gvRv > gyRv|

O. PwjZ evsjvq îmwZ : wMjv > Mjv, wgjvwgkv > gjvgkv, wgVv > wgV, BQv > BQBZvw`| c~eî D-Kvi nj cieZx î I-Kvi nq| hgb gyov > gyov, Pyjv > PyjvBZvw`| wekl wbqg Doywb > Dowb, GLwb > GLywb nq|

7. mcKl ev îjvc : `yZ DPviYi Rb ki Avw`, A ev gaeZx Kvbv îawbi jvcKejv nq mcKl| hgb emwZ > em&wZ, Rvbvjv > Rvb&jv BZvw`|

K. Avw`îjvc (Aphesis) : hgb Ajvey > jvey > jvD, Dvi > Davi > avi|

L. gaî jvc (Syncope) : Aiy > AMy, myeY > ^Y|M. Aî jvc (Apocope) : Avkv > Avk, AvwR > AvR, Pvwi > Pvi (evsjv), mv > mTSv >

muvS| (îjvc ezZ îvMgi wecixZ cwqv|)

8. awb wechq : ki ga `ywU ebi cii cwieZb NUj ZvK awb wechq ej| hgb BsiwR evK&m > evsjv evm&K, Rvcvwb wiK&mv > evsjv wim&Kv BZvw`| Abyi~c wckvP > wcPvk, jvd > dvj|

9. mgxfeb (Assimilation) : kga `ywU wfb awb GK Acii cfve A-wei mgZvjvf Ki| G evcviK ejv nq mgxfeb| hgb Rb > R, Kuv`bv > Kvbv BZvw`|

K. cMZ (Progressive) mgxfeb : c~e awbi cfve cieZx awbi cwieZb NU| A_vr cieZxawb c~eeZx awbi gZv nq, GK ej cMZ mgxfeb| hgb P > PK&K, cK > cK&K, c >c, jM > jM&M BZvw`|

L. civMZ (Regressive) mgxfeb : cieZx awbi cfve c~eeZx awbi cwieZb nq, GK ejcivMZ mgxfeb| hgb Zr + Rb > Zb, Zr + wnZ > ZwZ, Dr + gyL > DbyL BZvw`|

M. Abvb (Mutual) mgxfeb : hLb ciii cfve `yUv awbB cwiewZZ nq ZLb ZvK ejAbvb mgxfeb| hgb msZ mZ > cvKZ mP| msZ we`v > cvKZ wev BZvw`|

10. welgxfeb (Dissimilation) : `yUv mgeYi GKwUi cwieZbK welgxfeb ej| hgb kixi > kixj, jvj > bvj BZvw`|

11. wZ eb (Long Consonant) ev ebwZv : KLbv KLbv Rvi `qvi Rb ki AMZebi wZ DPviY nq, GK ej wZ eb ev ebwZv| hgb cvKv > cvv, mKvj > mvjBZvw`|


12. eb weKwZ : k-ga Kvbv Kvbv mgq Kvbv eb cwiewZZ nq bZzb ebawb eeZnq| GK ej eb weKwZ| hgb KevU > KcvU, avev > avcv, avBgv > `vBgv BZvw`|

13. ebPywZ : cvkvcvwk mgDPviYi `ywU ebawb _vKj Zvi GKwU jvc cvq| Gic jvcK ejvnq awbPywZ ev ebPywZ| hgb eDw`w` > eDw`, eo `v`v > eo`v BZvw`|

14. AnwZ : cì ga Kvbv ebawb jvc cj ZvK ej AnwZ| hgb dvyb > dvb,djvnvi > djvi, Avjvwn`v > Avjv`v BZvw`|

15. Awfk~wZ (Umlaut) : wech îawb c~eeZx îawbi mv_ wgj Mj Ges Z`bymvi cieZxîawbi cwieZb NUj ZvK ej AwfkywZ| hgb Kwiqv _K AwcwbwnwZi dj KBwiqv wKsevwechqi dj KBiv _K AwfkywZRvZ Ki| Gi~c wbqv > b, ewjqv > ej, nvUzqv > nvDUv> nUv, gvQyqv > gQv BZvw`|

16. i-Kvi jvc : AvaywbK PwjZ evsjvq AbK i-Kvi jvc cvq Ges cieZx eb wZ nq|hgb ZK > Z, KiZ > K, gvij > gvj-, Kijvg > Kj-vg|

17. n-Kvi jvc : AvaywbK PwjZ fvlvq AbK mgq `yB îi gvSvgvwS n-Kvii jvc nq| hgbcyivwnZ > cyiyZ, Mvwnj > MvBj, Pvn > Pvq, mvay > mv > mvD, Aviwe Avj-vn& > evsjv Avj-v, dviwm kvn&> evsjv kv BZvw`|

A-kywZ I e-kywZ (Euphonic glides) : ki ga cvkvcvwk `yUv îawb _vKj hw` G `yUvî wgj GKwU w-î (hwMK î) bv nq, Ze G î `yUvi ga DPviYi myweavi Rb GKwUebawbi gZv At q (Y) ev At e (W) DPvwiZ nq| GB Acavb ebawbwUK ejvnq q-kywZ I e-kywZ| hgb gv + Avgvi = gv (q) Avgvi > gvqvgvi| hv + Av = hv (I) qv =hvIqv| Gi~c - bvIqv, LvIqv, Ìqv BZvw`|

Abykxjbx

1| awb I eYi msv jL Ges D`vniYmnhvM Gì cv_K eywSq `vI|

2| DPviY vb Abyhvqx evsjv k ebawbjvK Kx Kx fvM fvM Kiv hvq?

3| wî ev hwMK î KvK ej? D`vniYmn evsjv hwMK îjvi MVbcYvjx eYbv Ki|

4| D`vniYmn wbPi eYjvi awb ewk Dj-L Ki|

O, T, Y, b, k, l, m, s, r, p|

awbZ 29

ZZxq cwiQ`

YZ I lZ weavb

1. YZ weavb

evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ g~abY awbi eenvi bB| mRb evsjv (`wk), Ze I we`wk ki evbvbg~ab eY (Y) jLvi cqvRb nq bv| wKz evsjv fvlvq e Zrmg ev msZ k g~abY Ges `-b-Gi eenvi AvQ| Zv evsjvq AweKZfve iwZ nq| Zrmg ki evbvb Y-Gi mwVK eenviiwbqgB YZ weavb|

Y eenvii wbqg

1. U-eMxq awbi AvM Zrmg k me mgq g~ab Y hy nq| hgb Nv, jb, Kv BZvw`|

2. F, i, l - Gi ci g~ab Y nq| hgb FY, ZY, eY, eYbv, KviY, giY, evKiY, fxlY,fvlY, D BZvw`|

3. F, i, l-Gi ci ^iawb, l q e n s Ges K-eMxq I c-eMxq awb _vKj Zvi cieZx bg~ab Y nq| hgb KcY (F-Kvii ci c&, Zvi ci Y), nwiY (i-Gi ci B, Zvi ci Y,AcY (i& + c & + A+Y&), jY (K& + l& + A + Y&)| Gi~c iywYx, evY BZvw`|

4. KZKjv k ^fveZB Y nq

PvYK gvwYK MY evwYR jeY gY

eYy exYv KY KwYKv|

KjvY kvwYZ gwY vYy Y cyY eYx

dYx AYy wecwY MwYKv|

AvcY jveY evYx wbcyY fwYZv cvwY

MY KvY fvY cY kvY|

wPY wbY ZY KdwY (KbyB) ewYK Y

MYbv wcYvK cY evY|

mgvme k mvaviYZ Y-Z weavb LvU bv| Gi~c b nq| hgb wbqb, mebvg, `ybxwZ,`ybvg, `ywbevi, ciwb`v, AMbvqK| Z-eMxq eYi m hy b KLbv Y nq bv, b nq| hgb A,M, `b|

Abykxjbx

1| YZ weavb I lZ weavb ejZ Kx evS? D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|

2| mgvme c` YZ weavbi wbqg LvU bv, Ggb cuvPwU D`vniY `vI|

3| kbvb ciY Ki :

(K) U, V, W Ges X eYi ce b hy nj me`vB Y nq|

hgb................(5wU)

(L) A, Av wfb ^iawb Ges K I i-Gi ci cZqi ` m gab l nq|

hgb.................(5wU)

(M) we`wk I `wk ki evbvb l nq bv|

hgb.................(5wU)

4| wbPi kjv Ki jL :

jeb, bk&U, cyivi, mymg, AvbymwK, kb, cvlvK, RvgvY, KziAvY, `yYvg|

5| h evbvbwU wVK Zvi wbP `vM `vI :

(K) KcY, Zb, NUv, eY, nwib, jveY, KwbKv, ewYK, KkK, DrK, Kv, kgv, Abym,wel, mwilv, cv

(L) Avlvi / Avlvp / Avkvo KwYKv / KwbKv

cvkv / cvl, cvm jeY / jeb

ZvlY / Zvkb / ZvmY `cb / `cY

cwZvb / cwZvY / cwZvb KjvY / Kjvb

wgjb / wgjY Yx / bx

awbZ 33

2| eb mwî Avi eb, eb Avi eb Ges eb Avi î wgwjZ nq h mw nq ZvK eb mwej| cKZ evsjv eb mw mgxfeb ( Assimilation)-Gi wbqgB nq _vK| Avi Zv-I gjZK_ixwZZ mxgve|

1. c_g awb ANvl Ges cieZx awb Nvl nj, `ywU wgj Nvl awb wZ nq| A_vr mwZ Nvlawbi c~eeZx ANvl awbI Nvl nq| hgb QvU + `v =Qvo`v|

2. nj i& (e Ai wewk) awbi ci Ab eb awb _vKj i& jy nq cieZx awb wZ nq|hgb Avi & + bv = Avbv, Pvi + wU = Pvw, ai & + bv =abv, `yi & + QvB = `yQvB BZvw`|

3. P-eMxq awbi AvM hw` Z-eMxq awb Avm Zvnj, Z-eMxq awb jvc nq Ges P-eMxq awbiwZ nq| A_vr Z-eMxq awb I P-eMxq awb cvkvcvwk Gj c_gwU jy nq cieZx awbwU wZnq| hgb bvZ + RvgvB =bvR&RvgvB (Z& + R & = ), e`& + RvZ =evZ, nvZ + Qvwb =nvQvwb BZvw`|

4. c-Gi ci P Ges m-Gi ci Z Gj P I Z Gi j k nq| hgb cuvP + k =cuvk&k| mvZ + k = mvk&k, cuvP + wmKv = cuvk&wkKv|

5. nj awbi mv_ îawb hy nj îi jvc nq bv| hgb evb + AvB =evbvB, Pyb +Avwi =Pybvwi, wZj + GK = wZjK, evi + GK =eviK, wZb + GK =wZbK|

6. îawbi ci ebawb Gj îawbwU jy nq| hgb KuvPv + Kjv = KuvPKjv, bvwZ + e=bvZe, Nvov + ò = Nvoò, Nvov + Mvwo = NvoMvwo BZvw`|

Zrmg ki mw

evsjv fvlvq e msZ k AweKZ Aevq iqQ| Gme kB Zrmg (Zr = Zvi + mg = mgvb)|Zvi mgvb A_vr msZi mgvb| G kwYi ki mw msZ fvlvi wbqgB mvw`Z nq GmQ|

evsjv fvlvq eeZ Zrmg mw wZb cKvi : (1) îmw (2) eb mw (3) wemM mw|

1. îmw

îawbi m îawbi wgjbi bvg îmw|

1. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj Av-Kvi nq, Av-Kvic~eeZx ebi m hy nq| hgb-

A + A = Av bi+ Aag = bivag| Gi~c-wngvPj, cvYvwaK, nvi, wnZvwnZ BZvw`|

A + Av = Av wng + Avjq = wngvjq| Gi~c - èvjq, iZvKi, wmsnvmb BZvw`|

Av + A = Av h_v + A_ = h_v_| Gi~c AvkvZxZ, K_vgZ, gnvN BZvw`|

Av + Av = Av we`v+ Avjq = we`vjq| Gi~c- KvivMvi, gnvkq, m`vb` BZvw`|

mw 35

2. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci B-Kvi wKsev C-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj G-Kvi nq; G-Kvi ceeZxebi m hy nq| hgbA + B = G f + BQv = fQv|Av + B = G h_v + B = h_|A + C = G cig + Ck =cigk|Av + C = G gnv + Ck =gnk|

Gi~c cY`y, keYw`q, ^Qv, bik, igk, bi` BZvw`|3. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci D-Kvi wKsev E-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj I-Kvi nq; I-Kvi ceeZx

eb hy nq| hgbA + D = I m~h + D`q = m~hv`q|Av + D = I h_v + DwPZ = h_vwPZ|A + E = I Mn + Ea = Mnva|Av + E = I Mv + Ewg = Mvwg|

Gi~c bxjvrcj, Pjvwg, gnvrme, bevpv, djv`q, h_vchy, wnZvc`k, civcKvi, ckvi BZvw`|4. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci F-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj Ai nq Ges Zv id ( ) i~c cieZx

eYi mv_ jLv nq| hgbA + F = Ai& è + Fwl = èwl|Av + F = Ai& gnv + Fwl = gnwl|Gi~c AagY, DgY, mwl, ivRwl BZvw`|

5. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci FZ-k _vKj (A, Av+F) Dfq wgj Avi nq Ges evbvb c~eeZxeY Av I cieZx eY id jLv nq| hgbA + F = Avi kxZ + FZ = kxZvZ|Av + F = Avi Zv + FZ = ZvZ|Gi~c fqvZ, zavZ BZvw`|

6. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvii ci G-Kvi wKsev H-Kvi _vKj Dfq wgj H-Kvi nq; H-Kvi c~eeZxebi mv_ hy nq| hgbA + G = H Rb + GK = RbK|Av + G = H m`v + Ge = mè|

A + H = H gZ + HK = gZK|

Av + H = H gnv + Hkh = gnkh|

Gi~c- wnZlx, mee, AZzjkh BZvw`|


11. D-Kvi wKsev E-Kvii ci D-Kvi I E-Kvi wfb Ab î _vKj D ev E vb e-djv nq GesjLvi mgq e-djv c~eeZx eYi mv_ jLv nq| hgb-

D + A = e + A my + A= ^|

D + Av = e + Av my + AvMZ = ^vMZ|

D + B = e + B Aby + BZ = AwbZ|

D + C = e + C Zby + C = Zbx|

D + G = e + G Aby + GlY = GblY|

Gi~c- ckag, ckvPvi, Abq, gbi BZvw`|

12. F-Kvii ci F wfb Ab î _vKj F vb i nq Ges Zv i-djv i~c c~eeZx ebi mhy nq| hgb - wcZ + Avjq = wcvjq, wcZ + Av`k = wcv`k|

13. G, H, I, J-Kvii ci G, H vb h_vg Aq, Avq Ges I, J vb h_vg Ae& I Ave&nq| hgb-

G + A = Aq& + A b + Ab = bqb| k + Ab = kqb|

H + A = Avq& + A b + AK = bvqK| M + AK = MvqK|

I + A = Ae& + A cv + Ab = ceb| jv + Ab = jeY|

J + A = Ave& + A c + AK = cveK|

I + Av = Ae& + Av Mv + Avw` = Mevw`|

I + G = Ae& + G Mv + GlYv = MelYv|

I + B = Ae& + B cv + B = cwe|

J + B = Ave& + B b + BK = bvweK|

J + D = Ave& + D f + DK = fveyK|

14. KZjv mw Kvbv wbqg Abymvi nq bv, GjvK wbcvZb wm ej| h_v - Kzj + AUv =KzjUv (KzjvUv bq), Mv + A = Mev (Me bq), c + Ep = cp (cvp bq), Ab + Ab =Abvb, gvZ + A = gvZ, + I`b = v`b|

2. ebmwî-eb, eb-î I eb-eb h mw nq ZvK eb mw ej| Gw`K _K ebmwK wZb fvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_v : 1. ebawb + îawb 2. îawb + ebawb 3.ebawb + ebawb|


3. Z& I `&-Gici k& _vKj Z& I `&-Gi j P& Ges k&-Gi j Q DPvwiZ nq| hgb-

Z& + k = P& + Q = Q Dr + kvm = DQvm

Gi~c - PjQw, DQLj BZvw`|

4. Z& I `&-Gi ci W& _vKj Z& I `& Gi vb W& nq| hgb-

Z& + W = Dr + Wxb = DW&Wxb|

Gi~c enW&Xv|

5. Z& I `& Gi ci n _vKj Z& I `& Gi j ` Ges n Gi j a& nq| hgb-

Z& + n = `& + a = Dr + nvi = Dvi|

`& + n = `& + a = c`& + nwZ = cwZ|

Gic DZ, DZ, ZwZ BZvw`|

6. Z& I ` & Gi ci j& _vKj Z& I `&-Gi j j DPvwiZ nq| hgb-

Z& + j = j- Dr + jvm = Dj-vm|

Gi~c Dj-L, Dwj-wLZ, Dj-L, Dj-Nb BZvw`|

(L) 1. eb awbmgni h Kvbv eMi ANvl AcvY awbi ci h Kvbv eMi Nvl AcvY INvl gnvcvY awb wKsev Nvl AcvY Zvje awb, (h > R), Nvl AcvY I awb (e), NvlKbRvZ `gjxq awb (i) wKsev Nvl AcvY I ebawb (e) _vKj c_g ANvl AcvYawb Nvl AcvYi~c DPvwiZ nq| h_v :

K& + ` = M & + ` evK& + `vb = evM`vb|

U& + h = W& + h lU& + h = loh|

Z& + N = `& + N Dr + NvUb = D`&NvUb|

Z& + h = `& + h Dr + hvM = D`vM|

Z& + e = `& + e Dr +eb = Db|

Z& + i = `& + i Zr + i~c = Z`c|

Gi~c -w`wMRq, D`g, D`&Mvi, D`&wMiY, De, evM&Rvj, m`&iy, evM&`ex BZvw`|

2. O, T, Y, b, g ci _vKj ceeZx ANvl AcvY ckawb mB eMxq Nvl kawb wKsevbvwmKawb nq| h_v :

K& + b = MO + b w`K& + wbYq = w`M&wbYq ev w`O&wbYq|

Z& + g = `/b+ g Zr + ga = Z`&ga ev Zba|


jYxq : Gi~c mvaviYZ bvwmK ebB ewk cPwjZ| hgb evK& + gq = evO&gq, Zr + gq= Zbq, gr + gq = gbq, RMr + bv_ = RMbv_ BZvw`| Gi~cDbqb, DbxZ, wPbq BZvw`|

3. g& Gi ci h Kvbv eMxq awb _vKj g& awbwU mB eMi bvwmK awb nq| hgb

g& + K& = O + K& kg& + Kv =kv|

g& + P& = T + P& mg& + Pq = mq|

g& + Z& = b& + Z& mg& + Zvc = mvc|

Gi~c wK~Z, m`kb, wKbi, mvb, mvb, mbvm BZvw`|

`e : AvaywbK evsjvq g&-Gi ci K-eMxq awb _vKj g& vb cvqB O bv nq Aby^vi (s) nq|hgb mg& + MZ = msMZ, Ang& + Kvi = AnsKvi, mg& + Lv = msLv|

Gi~c msKxY, msMxZ, msMVb, msNvZ BZvw`|

4. g&-Gi ci At awb h, i, j, e, wKsev k, l, m, n _vKj, g& j Aby^vi (s) nq| hgb

mg& + hg = mshg, mg& + ev` = msev`, mg&+ iY = msiY,

mg& + jvc = msjvc mg& + kq = mskq mg& + mvi = msmvi,

mg& + nvi = msnvi|

Gi~c evisevi, wKsev, mseiY, mshvM, mshvRb, mskvab, mesmnv, ^qseiv| ewZg : mgvU (mg&+ ivU)|

5. P& I R&-Gi ci bvwmK awb Zvje nq| hgb

P& + b = P& + T, hvP& + bv = hvP&Tv, ivR& + bx =ivx|

R& + b = R& + T, hR& + b = h,

6. `& I a& Gi ci K, P, U, Z, c, L, Q, V, _, d, _vKj `& I a& j ANvl AcvY awb nq|hgb

`& > Z& Z`& + Kvj = ZrKvj

a& > Z& za& + wccvmv =zrwccvmv|

Gi~c rKc, Zrci, Z BZvw`|

7. `& wKsev a&-Gi ci m& _vKj, `& I a& j ANvl AcvY awb nq| hgb-

wec`& + msKzj = wecrmsKzj| Gi~c - Zrmg|

8. l&-Gi ci Z& ev _& _vKj, h_vg Z& I _& vb U I V nq| hgb-

Kl& + wZ = Kw, ll& + _& = l|

mw 41

9. wekl wbqg mvwaZ KZjv mw

Dr + vb = Dvb mg& + Kvi = msvi, Dr + vcb = Dvcb,

mg& + KZ = msZ, cwi + Kvi = cwivi|

Gi~c &- mswZ, cwiZ BZvw`|

10. KZjv mw wbcvZb wm nq

Av+ Ph = Avh, Mv + c` = Mv`, eb& + cwZ = ebwZ

enr + cwZ = enwZ, Zr + Ki = Zi, ci& + ci = cii,

gbm& + Clv = gbxlv, lU& + `k = lvok GK& + `k =GKv`k,

cZr + Awj = cZwj BZvw`|

3. wemM mw

msZ mwi wbqg cì AwZ i& I m& AbK ANvl D awb A_vr n awbi~c DPvwiZnq Ges Zv wemM(t) i~c jLv nq| i& I m& wemM ebawbgvjvi AMZ| m KviY wemM mw ebmwi AMZ| ezZ wemM i& Ges m&-Gi msw i~c| wemMK `yB fvM fvM Kiv nqQ :1. i& -RvZ wemM I 2. m& - RvZ wemM|

1. i& - RvZ wemM : i vb h wemM nq ZvK ej i - RvZ wemM| hgb : Ai- At, cvZi-cvZt, cybi - cybt BZvw`|

2. m&-RvZ wemM : m& vb h wemM nq ZvK ej m&-RvZ wemM| hgb : bgm& - bgt, cyim& -cyit, wkim& wkit BZvw`|

wemMi mv_ A_vr i& I m&-Gi mv_ îawbi wKsev ebawbi h mw nq ZvK wemM mw ej|wemM mw `yBfve mvwaZ nq : 1. wemM + î Ges 2. wemM + eb|

1. wemM I îi mwA-awbi ciwZ (ANvl Dawb) wemMi ci A awb _vKj A + t + A - G wZb wgj I-Kvinq| hgb ZZt + AwaK = ZZvwaK|

2. wemM I ebi mw1. A-Kvii ciwZ m&-RvZ wemMi ci Nvl AcvY I Nvl gnvcvY ebawb, bvwmK awb wKsevA h, A e, i, j, n _vKj A-Kvi I m&-RvZ wemM Dfq j I-Kvi nq| hgb wZit +avb = wZivavb, gbt + ig = gbvig, gbt + ni = gbvni, Zct + eb = Zcveb BZvw`|

2. A-Kvii ciwZ i&-RvZ wemMi ci Dchy awbmg~ni KvbvwU _vKj wemM vb i nq|hgb At + MZ = AMZ, At + avb = Aavb, cybt+ Avq = cybivq, cybt + D = cybiy,Ant + An = Anin|Gi~c cybRb, cybevi, cvZiyvb, Afz, cybiwc, AeZx BZvw`|


3. A I Av wfb Ab îi ci wemM _vKj Ges Zvi m A, Av, eMxq Nvl AcvY I Nvl gnvcvYbvwmK awb wKsev h, i, j, e, n-Gi mw nj wemM vb i nq| hgb-

wbt + AvKvi = wbivKvi, Avkxt + ev` = Avkxev`, `yt + hvM = `yhvM BZvw`|

Gi~c wbivKiY, RvwZgq, cv`yfve, wbRb, ewnMZ, `yjvf, `yi BZvw`|

ewZg : B wKsev D awbi cii wemMi m i Gi mw nj wemMi jvc nq I wemMi c~eeZxn^ î `xN nq| hgb wbt + ie = bxie, wbt + im = bxim BZvw`|

4. wemMi ci ANvl AcvY wKsev gnvcvY Zvje eb _vKj wemMi j Zvje wkk awb nq,ANvl AcvY wKsev ANvl gnvcvY g~ab eb _vKj wemM j g~ab wkk awb nq, ANvl AcvYwKsev ANvl gnvcvY ` ebi j ` wkk awb nq| hgb-

t + P / Q = k + P / Q wbt + Pq = wbq, wkit + Q` = wki`|

t + U / V = l + U / V abyt + Uvi = abyvi, wbt + Vzi = wbzi|

t + Z / _ = m + Z / _ `yt + Zi = `yi, `yt + _ = `y|

5. ANvl AcvY I ANvl gnvcvY K wKsev I eb (K, L, c, d) ci _vKj A ev Av awbiciwZ wemM j ANvl ` wkk awb (m&) nq Ges A ev Av eZxZ Ab îawbi ciwZ wemMj ANvl g~ab wkk& awb (l) nq| hgb-

A Gi ci wemM t + K = m& + K bgt + Kvi = bgvi|

A Gi ci wemM t + L = m& + L c`t + Ljb = c`jb|

B Gi ci wemM t + K = l + K wbt + Ki = wbi|

D Gi ci wemM t + K = l + K `yt + Ki = `yi|

Gi~c cyivi, gbvgbv, wZivi, PZz`, wbj, wbvc, `ycvc, ewnZ, `ywZ,Avwevi, PZzvY, evPwZ, fvi BZvw`|

6. Kvbv Kvbv mwi wemM jvc nq bv| hgb-

cvZt + Kvj = cvZtKvj, gbt + K = gbtK, wkit + cxov = wkitcxov|

7. hy eb awb , wKsev ci _vKj c~eeZx wemM AweKZ _vK A_ev jvc cvq| hgb

wbt + = wbt wKsev wb| `yt + = `yt wKsev `y| wbt + ` = wbt` wKsevwb`|

KqKwU wekl wemM mwi D`vniYevPt + cwZ = evPwZ, fvt + Ki = fvi, Ant + wbk = Anwbk, Ant + An = Anin BZvw`|

mw 43

ZZxq Aavqc_g cwiQ`

k cKiYcyiyl I xevPK k

me fvlvq wjf` kf` AvQ, evsjv fvlvqI AvQ|

evsjv fvlvq e wekl c` iqQ hvì KvbvwUZ cyiyl I KvbvwUZ x evSvq| h k cyiylevSvq ZvK cyiylevPK k Avi h k x evSvq ZvK xevPK k ej| hgb : evc-gv, fvB-evb, Qj-gq- KDB gZzi mgq Zvi KvQ wQj bv| G evK evc, fvB I Qj cyiylevPK k;Avi gv, evb I gq xevPK k| Zrmg cyiylevPK wekl ki m cyiylevPK weklY eeZGes xevPK wekl ki m xevPK weklY eeZ nq| hgb wevb jvK Ges we`ylxbvix| GLvb jvK cyiylevPK wekl Ges bvix xevPK wekl| wevb cyiylevPK weklY Geswe`ylx xevPK weklY| wKz evsjv fvlvi msZ evKiYi G wbqg gvbv nq bv| hgbmsZ myì evjK I myìx evwjKv evsjvq myì evjK I myì evwjKv|

evsjvq cyiyl I xevPK k1| evsjvq cyiyl I xevPK k g~jZ `yB fvM wef

1. cwZ I cZxevPK A_ Ges 2. cyiyl I gq ev xRvZxq A_|

1. ^vgx I cZxevPK A_ : Avev-Avv, PvPv-PvPx, KvKv-KvKx, RVv-RVx, `v`v-`v`x, bvbv-bvbx, b`vB-bb`, Ìi-Rv, fvB-fvex/ew`, evev-gv, gvgv-gvgx BZvw`|

2. mvaviY cyiyl I xRvZxq A_ : LvKv-LyKx, cvMj-cvMjx, evgb-evgbx, fov-fox, gviM-gyiMx, evjK-evwjKv, Ìi-bb`|

2| evsjv x cZqcyiylevPK ki m KZjv cZq hvM Ki xevPK k MVb Kiv nq| Gjv njv : C, wb, bx,Avbx, Bbx, b|

1. C-cZq : egv-egx, fvMbv/fvMb-fvMbx|

2. bx-cZq : Kvgvi-Kvgvibx, Rj-Rjbx, Kzgvi-Kzgvibx, avcv-avcvbx, gRyi-gRyibxBZvw`|

3. cyiylevPK ki kl C _vKj xevPK k bx nq Ges AvMi C B nq| hgb : wfLvwi-wfLvwibx, Awfmvix-AwfmvwiYx|

4. Avbx-cZq : VvKzi-VvKzivbx, bvwcZ-bvwcZvbx, g_i-g_ivbx, PvKi-PvKivbx BZvw`|

5. Bbx-cZq : KvOvj-KvOvwjbx, Mvqvjv-Mvqvwjbx, evN-evwNbx BZvw`|

Db-cZq : VvKzi-VvKiyb / VvKzivbx|

AvBb-cZq : bZzb bZzb cZqi cqvM `Lv hvq| hgb : VvKzi-VvKzivBb|

`e : evsjvq KZjv Zrmg xevPK ki ci Avevi xevPK cZq eeZ nq| hgbAfvMv-AfvMx/AfvwMbx, bb`vB-bbw`bx/bb`x BZvw`|

3| wbZ xevPK kKZjv k wbZ xevPK| Gjvi cyiylevPK k bB| hgb mZxb, mrgv, Gqv, `vB, maevBZvw`|

4| KZjv ki AvM bi, gv BZvw` cyiylevPK k Ges x, gv`x, gv`v BZvw` xevPK khvM Ki cyiylevPK I xevPK k MVb Kiv nq| hgb bi / gv / jv weovj-gwb weovj; gvnuvm-gv`x nuvm; gv Nvov-gv`x Nvov; cyiyl jvK-gqjvK / xjvK; eUvQj-gqQj; cyiylKq`x x / gq Kq`x; Guo evQyi-eKbv evQyi; ej` Miy-MvB Miy BZvw`|

5| KZjv cyiylevPK ki AvM xevPK k cqvM Ki xevPK k MwVZ nq| hgb- Kwe-gwnjv Kwe, Wvvi-gwnjv Wvvi, mf-gwnjv mf, Kgx-gwnjv Kgx, wkx-gwnjv ev bvix wkx,mb-bvix / gwnjv mb, cywjk-gwnjv cywjk BZvw`|

6| KZjv ki kl cyiyl I xevPK k hvM Ki cyiyl I xevPK k MVb Kiv nq| hgb :evb-cv, evb-wS, VvKzi-cv, VvKzi-wS, VvKzi `v`v / VvKzi`v-VvKzigv, Mqjv, Mqjv-eD, Rj,Rj eD BZvw`|

7| AbK mgq Avjv`v Avjv`v k cyiylevPK I xevPK evSvq| hgb : evev-gv, fvB-evb, KZv-wMbx, Qj-gq, mvne-wewe, RvgvB-gq, ei-Kb, `yjnv-`yjvBb/`yjwnb, eqvB-eqvBb,ZvH-gvH, ev`kv-eMg, K-mvix BZvw`|

msZ x cZqZrmg cyiylevPK ki ci Av, C, Avbx, bx, BKv cfwZ cZqhvM xevPK k MwVZ nq| hgb-

1. Av-hvM

(K) mvaviY A_ : gZ-gZv, weevwnZ-weevwnZv, gvbbxq-gvbbxqv, e-ev, wcq-wcqv, c_g-c_gv, PZzi-PZziv, Pcj-Pcjv, bexb-bexbv, Kwb-Kwbv, gwjb-gwjbv BZvw`|

(L) RvwZ ev kwYevPK : AR-ARv, KvwKj-KvwKjv, wkl-wklv, wq-wqv, k~`-k~`v BZvw`|


2. C-cZq hvM(K) mvaviY A_ : wbkvPi-wbkvPix, fqsKi-fqsKix, iRK-iRKx, wKkvi-wKkvix, myì-myìx,PZz`k-PZz`kx, lvok-lvokx BZvw`|

(L) RvwZ ev kwYevPK : wmsn-wmsnx, evY-evYx, gvbe-gvbex, ee-eex, Kzgvi-Kzgvix,gq~i-gq~ix BZvw`|

3. BKv-cZq hvM(K) hme ki kl AK& iqQ mme k AK& j BKv nq| hgb : evjK-evwjKv, bvqK-bvwqKv, MvqK-MvwqKv, meK-mweKv, AavcK-AavwcKv BZvw`| wKz MYK-MYKx, bZK-bZKx,PvZK-PvZKx, iRK-iRKx (evsjvq) iRwKbx|

(L) z`v_ BKv hvM nq| hgb : bvUK-bvwUKv, gvjv-gvwjKv, MxZ-MxwZKv, cyK-cywKvBZvw`| (Gjv x cZq bq, z`v_K cZq|)

4| Avbx-hvM Ki : B`-B`vbx, gvZzj-gvZzjvbx, AvPvh-AvPvhvbx (wKz AvPvhi Kg wbqvwRZ A_AvPvh)| Gi~c : k~`-k~`v (k~` RvZxq xjvK), k~`vbx (k~ì x), wq-wqv/wqvbx BZvw`|

Avbx-cZq hvM Kvbv Kvbv mgq A_i cv_K NU| hgbAiY-AiYvbx (enr AiY), wng-wngvbx (Rgvbv eid)|

5. Cbx, bx, hvM : gvqvex-gvqvwebx, KznK-KznwKbx, hvMx-hvwMbx, gavex-gavwebx, `ytLx-`ytwLbx BZvw`|

6. wekl wbqg mvwaZ xevPK k(K) hme cyiylevPK ki kl Zv iqQ, xevPK evSvZ mme k x nq| hgb bZv-bx, KZv-Kx, kvZv-kvx, avZv-avx|

(L) cyiylevPK ki kl AZ&, evb&, gvb&, Cqvb _vKj h_vg AZx, eZx, gwZ, Cqmx nq| h_v :mr-mZx, gnr-gnZx, Yevb-YeZx, i~cevb-i~ceZx, kxgvb-kxgwZ, eywgvb-eywgZx, Mixqvb-Mwiqmx|

(M) Kvbv Kvbv cyiylevPK k _K wekl wbqg xevPK k MwVZ nq| hgb mgvU-mgvx,ivRv-ivwb, hyeK-hyeZx, ki-kvwo, bi-bvix, ez-evex, èi-Rv, wkK-wkwqx, ^vgx-x, cwZ-cZx, mfvcwZ-mfvbx BZvw`|

we`wk xevPK k : Lvb-Lvbg, gi`-Rbvbv, gvjK-gvjKv, gynZvwig-gynZvwigv, myjZvb-myjZvbv|

wbZ xevPK Zrmg k : mZxb, Aavwbx, KzjUv, weaev, Am~hkv, AiYxqv, mcZx BZvw`|

k cKiY 47

è(K) KZjv evsjv k cyiyl I x `y-B evSvq| hgb Rb, cvwL, wk, mvb, wkwZ, iy BZvw`|

(L) KZjv k Kej cyiyl evSvq| hgbKweivR, XvKx, KZ`vi, AKZ`vi BZvw`|

(M) KZjv k ay xevPK nq| hgb mZxb, mrgv, maev BZvw`|

(N) wKQy cyiylevPK ki `ywU Ki xevPK k iqQ| h_v èi-bb` (èii evb)/Rv (èiix), fvB-evb Ges fvex (fvBqi x), wkK-wkwqx| (wkwKv) (ckv A_) Ges wkKcZx(wkKi x), ez-evex (gq ez) Ges ezcZx (ezi x), `v`v-w`w` (eo evb) Ges ew`(`v`vi x)|

(O) evsjv xevPK ki weklY xevPK nq bv| hgb : myì ej`-myì MvB, myì Qj-myìgq, gR Lyov-gR Lywo BZvw`|

(P) weaq weklY A_vr wekli cieZx weklYI xevPK nq bv| hgb gqwU cvMj nq MQ(cvMwj nq MQ ne bv)| Avmgv fq Awi (Awiv ne bv)|

(Q) Kzj-DcvwaiI xevPKZv iqQ| hgb : Nvl (cyiyl) NvlRv (Kbv A_), NvlRvqv (cZx A_)|

Abykxjbx

1| cyiylevPK I xevPK k ejZ Kx evS? D`vniYmn eywSq `vI|

2| evsjv ki ci Kx Kx cZq hvM Ki xevPK k MVb Kiv hvq?

3| evsjvq AvMZ Zrmg ki ci Kx Kx cZq hvM Ki xevPK k MVb Kiv hvq?

4| wbZ xevPK ki cuvPwU D`vniY `vI|

5| Ki : weaev x, eMgv

6| cv_K wbaviY Ki

w`w`-ew`, wkwKv-wkwqx, AvPvh-AvPvhvbx, k`v-k`vbx

7| wVK Di wVK () `vI|(K) wbZ xevPK k gv, Kbv, Qvx, evwjKv, evb/wegvZv, weaev, ev, WvBbx;

(L) wbZ cyiylevPK kevev, `v`v, nwiY, cwZ, wk/XvKx, KweivR, KZ`vi;

(M) msZ bx cZq gvZzjvbx/Bwb cZqgvqvwebx|


wZxq cwiQ`

wiy k

wiy A_ `yevi D nqQ Ggb| evsjv fvlvq Kvbv Kvbv k, c` ev AbyKvi k, GKevi eenviKij h A_ cKvk Ki, mjv `yBevi eenvi Kij Ab Kvbv mcmvwiZ A_ cKvk Ki| Gaibi ki cici `yBevi cqvMB wiy k MwVZ nq| hgb Avgvi Ri Ri jvMQ| A_vr wVKRi bq, Rii fve A_ GB cqvM|

wiy k bvbv iKg nZ cvi :

(K) ki wiyw1. GKB k `yBevi eenvi Kiv nq Ges k `ywU AweeZ _vK| h_v fvjv fvjv dj, duvUv

duvUv cvwb, eo eo eB BZvw`|2. GKB ki m mgv_K Avi GKwU k hvM Ki eeZ nq| h_v ab-`jZ, Ljv-

ayjv, jvjb-cvjb, ejv-KIqv, LuvR-Lei BZvw`|3. wiy kRvovi wZxq kwUi AvswkK cwieZb nq| hgb wgU-gvU, wdU-dvU, eKv-

SKv, Zvo-Rvo, M-m, iKg-mKg BZvw`|4. mgv_K ev wecixZv_K k hvM| hgb jb-`b, `bv-cvIbv, UvKv-cqmv, abx-Mixe,

Avmv-hvIqv BZvw`|

(L) cì wiyw1. `ywU c` GKB wefw cqvM Kiv nq, k `ywU I wefw AcwiewZZ _vK| hgb Ni Ni

jLvcov nQ| `k `k ab ab KiZ jvMj| gb gb AvwgI G K_vB fewQ|2. wZxq cì AvswkK awbMZ cwieZb NU, wKz c`-wefw AweKZ _vK| hgb Pvi

nvZ bvZ aiv coQ| Avgvi mvb hb _vK `ya fvZ|

cì wiywi cqvM(K) wekl khyMji weklYi~c eenvi1. AvwaK evSvZ : ivwk ivwk ab, avgv avgv avb;

2. mvgvb evSvZ : Avwg AvR Ri Ri eva KiwQ| `LQ Zvi Kwe Kwe fve|

3. ciiZv ev avivevwnKZv evSvZ : Zzwg w`b w`b ivMv nq hvQ| Zzwg evwo evwo nuU Puv`v ZzjQ|

4. wqv weklY : axi axi hvq, wdi wdi Pvq|

5. Abyi~c wKQy evSvZ : Zvi mx mv_x KD bB|

6. AvMn evSvZ : I `v`v `v`v ej Kuv`Q|

(L) weklY khyMji weklY i~c eenvi

1. AvwaK evSvZ : fvjv fvjv Avg wbq Gmv| QvU QvU Wvj KU dj|

2. ZxeZv ev mwVKZv evSvZ : Mig Mig wRjvwc, big big nvZ;

3. mvgvbZv evSvZ : Do Do fve; Kvjv Kvjv Pnviv;

(M) mebvg k

eePb ev AvwaK evSvZ : m m jvK Mj Kv_vq? K K Gjv? KD KD ej|

(N) wqvevPK k

1. weklY i~c : Gw`K ivwMi Zv hvq hvq Aev| Zvgvi bB bB fve Mj bv|

2. ^Kvj vqx evSvZ : `LZ `LZ AvKvk Kvjv nq Gjv|

3. wqv weklY : `L `L hI| Nywgq Nywgq bj Kxfve?

4. cbtcywbKZv evSvZ : WK WK nqivb nqwQ|

(O) Aeqi wiyw

1. fvei MfxiZv evSvZ : Zvi `ytL `L mevB nvq nvq KiZ jvMj| wQ wQ, Zzwg Kx KiQ?

2. cbtcywbKZv evSvZ : evi evi m Kvgvb MR DVj|

3. AbyfwZ ev fve evSvZ : fq Mv Qg Qg KiQ| duvovUv Ub Ub KiQ|

4. weklY evSvZ : wcjmyR evwZ Rj wgwUi wgwUi|

5. awbebv : wSi wSi Ki evZvm eBQ| ew co Uvcyi Uzcyi|

hyMixwZZ wiy ki MVb

GKB k Clr cwieZb Ki wiy k MVbi ixwZK ej hyMixwZ| hyMixwZZ wiy MVbiKqKwU wbqg iqQ| hgb-

1. ki Avw` ^ii cwieZb Ki : PycPvc, wgUgvU, RvwiRywi|

2. ki A^ii cwieZb Ki : gvivgvwi, nvZvnvwZ, mivmwi, R`vRw`|

3. wZxqevi eenvii mgq ebawbi cwieZb : QUdU, wbkwck, fvZUvZ|

4. mgv_K ev GKv_K mnPi k hvM : PvjPjb, ixwZbxwZ, ebRj, fqWi|

5. wfbv_K k hvM : WvjfvZ, ZvjvPvwe, c_NvU, AwjMwj|

6. wecixZv_K k hvM : QvU-eo, Avmv-hvIqv, Rb-gZz, Av`vb-c`vb|


c`vZK wiywwefwhy cì `yBevi eenviK c`vZK wiyw ejv nq| Gjv `yB iKg MwVZ nq| hgb-1. GKB cì AweKZ Aevq `yBevi eenvi| h_v fq fq GwMq Mjvg| nvU nvU wewKq

Zvi fiv AvcY|

2. hyMixwZZ MwVZ wi cì eenvi| h_v nvZ bvZ, AvKvk-evZvm, Kvco-Pvco, `j-ej BZvw`|

wewkv_K evMavivq wiy ki cqvMQjwUK PvL PvL iLv| (mZKZv)

dzjjv ZzB Avbi evQv evQv| (fvei cMvpZv)_K _K wkwU Kuv`Q| (Kvji we vi)

jvKUv nvo nvo kqZvb| (AvwaK)LuvPvi duvK duvK, cik gyL gyL, bxie PvL PvL hvq|

abvZK wiywKvbv wKQyi ^vfvweK ev KvwbK AbyKwZwewk ki i~cK abvZK k ej| G RvZxqabvZK ki `yBevi cqvMi bvg abvZK wiyw| abvZK wiyw viv eZ, AvwaK BZvwèvSvq| abvZK wi k KqKwU Dcvq MwVZ nq| hgb-

1. gvbyli awbi AbyKvi : fD fD gvbyli DPî Kvbvi awb| Gi~c Uv Uv, wnwn BZvw`|

2. RxeRzi awbi AbyKvi : ND ND (KzKzii awb)| Gi~c-wgD wgD (weovji WvK), KzKz (KvwKji WvK), Kv Kv (KvKi WvK) BZvw`|

3. ei awbi AbyKvi : NPvNP (avb KvUvi k)| Gi~c-gogo (MvQ fO covi k)

SgSg (ew covi k), (evZvm cevni k) BZvw`|

4. AbyfwZRvZ KvwbK : wSwKwgwK (Jj)| Gi~c Vv Vv (ivì ZxeZv), KzU KzUawbi AbyKvi (kixi Kvgo jvMvi gZv AbyfwZ)| Abyi~cfve- wgb wgb, wcU

wcU, wS wS BZvw`|

abvZK wiyw MVb1. GKB (abvZK) ki AweKZ cqvM : ae ae, Sb Sb, cU cU|

2. c_g kwUi kl Av hvM Ki : McvMc, UcvUc, cUvcU|

3. wZxq kwUi kl B hvM Ki : aivawi, SgSwg, SbSwb|

wiyw k 51

4. hyMixwZZ MwVZ abvZK k : wKwPi wgwPi (cvwL ev evbii k), Uvcyi Uzcyi(ew cZbi k), nvcym cym (MvMvm wKQy LvIqvi k)|

5. Avwb-cZq hvMI wekl wiy MwVZ nq : cvwLUvi QUdUvwb `Lj K nq| Zvgvi eKeKvwbAvi fvjv jvM bv|

wewfb c`i~c abvZK wiy ki eenvi1. wekl : ewi SgSgvwb Avgv`i Awi Ki Zvj|

2. weklY : bvwgj bf ev`j QjQj e`bvq|

3. wqv : KjKwjq DVj m_vq bvixi cwZev`|

4. wqv weklY : wPKwPK Ki evwj Kv_v bvwn Kv`v|

Abykxjbx1| wiyw ejZ Kx evSvq? evsjv fvlvq wiywi cqvRbxqZv Kx?

2| evsjv fvlvq Kx Kx Dcvq wiyw mvwaZ nq?

3| wiyw mvabi wZbwU Dcvq D`vniYmn jL|

4| cuvPwU Ki D`vniY `vI

(K) wecixZv_K hyMixwZ

(L) mnPi hyMixwZ

(M) abvZK hyMixwZ

5| A_ jL I evK cqvM `LvI

Kvb Kvb, ab Rb, AvKvi cKvi, `k we`k, ivZ w`b, Zj eb, Ni msmvi, avbaviYv, Pjb ejb|

6| mwVK DiwU wjL `vI

K. AbyfwZRvZ abvZK wiyw : SgSg/wSgwSg

L. AbyKvi Aeqi wiyw : nq bv/nq

M. wekl wiyw : fvjvq fvjvq/DuPvq wbPvq

N. wqvq wiyw : hvq hvq/nuvwU nuvwU

O. wqv weklYi wiyw : axi axi/Doy Doy


ZZxq cwiQ`

msLvevPK kmsLvevPK k

msLv gvb MYbv ev MYbv viv j aviYv| msLv MYbvi gj GKK GK| KvRB msLvevPK kGK, GKvwaK, c_g, cv_wgK BZvw`i aviYv KiZ cvwi| hgb : GK UvKv, `k UvKv| GK UvKvKGK GK Ki `k evi wbj nq `k UvKv|

msLvevPK k Pvi cKvi

1. AevPK, 2. cwigvY ev MYbvevPK, 3. g ev ciYevPK I 4. ZvwiLevPK|

1. AevPK msLv

wZb UvKv ejZ GK UvKvi wZbwU GKK ev GKKi mgw evSvq| Avgv`i GKK njv GK|myZivs GK + GK + GK = wZb|

Gfve Avgiv GK _K GKk ch MYbv KiZ cvwi| GK _K GKk ch Gfve MYbvi cwZKejv nq `k Yvi cwZ|

GK _K `k ch Avgiv Gfve wjL _vwK : GK (1), `yB (2), wZb (3), Pvi (4), cuvP (5), Qq (6),mvZ (7), AvU (8), bq (9), `k (10)| GLvb hme mvsKwZK wP eeZ nqQ, mjvK ejA| GK _K bq ch A wjwLZ| `k wjLZ GK wjL Zvi Wvb GKwU kb (10) w`Z nq|GB kbi A_ evg w`K wjwLZ cY msLvwUi `kY| GwUB `k Yvi cYvjxi wbqg| G aibicwZwU `k K GKK ai Avgiv wek ev Kzwo (20), wk (30), Pwj-k (40), cvk (50), lvU (60),mi (70), Avwk (80), beB (90) ch MYbv Kwi| Zvicii `kKi GKKK ejv nq GKk (100)|

Gfve Avgiv `ki Yb I GKKi msKjb Ki wewfb msLv wjL _vwK| hgb : GK `k + GK =GMvi (10+1=11), GK `k Pvi = P (10+4=14) BZvw`| Gfve `kKi Ni `yB (2) nj ewj`yB `k = wek (10+10=20) Ges `yB `k GK = GKzk (10+10+1=21)| Gi~c - wZb `k + GK =GKwk, Pvi `k + GK = GKPwj-k BZvw`|

2. cwigvY ev MYbv evPK msLv

GKvwaKevi GKB GKK MYbv Kij h mgw cvIqv hvq, Zv-B cwigvY ev MYbvevPK msLv| hgbmvn ejZ Avgiv mvZ w`bi mgw eywSq _vwK| m (mvZ) An (w`bY) = mvn| GLvb w`bGKwU GKK| Gi~cmvZwU w`b ev mvZwU GKK wgj nqQ mvn|

c~YmsLvi YevPK msLv : GKY = GK| hgb GK GK (A_vr 11=1), GiKg-`yq `yB,mvZ mvZ BZvw`| `yB Y= wY ev `yY| hgb `yB `y Y Pvi (22=4)|

4. ZvwiLevPK k : evsjv gvmi ZvwiL evSvZ h msLvevPK k eeZ nq, ZvK ZvwiLevPK kej|hgb-cqjv ekvL, evBk kveY BZvw`| ZvwiLevPK ki c_g PviwU A_vr 1 _K 4 ch wnw`wbqg mvwaZ nq| evwK k evsjvi wbR^ fwZ MwVZ|wbP evsjv AevPK, MYbvevPK, c~iYevPK I ZvwiLevPK msLvjv `Iqv njv

A ev msLv MYbvevPK c~iYevPK ZvwiLevPK1 GK c_g cnjv2 `yB wZxq `vmiv3 wZb ZZxq Zmiv4 Pvi PZz_ PVv5 cuvP cg cuvPB6 Qq l QDB7 mvZ mg mvZB8 AvU Ag AvUB9 bq beg bDB10 `k `kg `kB11 GMvi GKv`k GMviB12 evi v`k eviB13 Zi qv`k ZiB14 P PZz`k PB15 cbi c`k cbiB19 Dwbk Ebwesk Dwbk20 wek/Kzwo wesk wek

21 GKzk GKwesk GKzk

Abykxjbx1. AevPK I gevPK ki ga cv_K Kx? D`vniYmn eywSq `vI|

2. 1 _K 20 ch msLvi AevPK, MYbvevPK, c~iYevPK I ZvwiLevPK i~c `LvI|

3. wbPi kjvK msLv k `LvI

P_v, beg, qv`k, lvok, AvovB, cb Pvi, mIqv wZb, GKwesk, Ebwesk

msLvevPK k 55

PZz_ cwiQ`

ePbePb evKiYi GKwU cvwifvwlK k| Gi A_ msLvi aviYv| evKiY wekl ev mebvgi msLvMZaviYv cKvki DcvqK ej ePb| evsjv fvlvq ePb `yB cKvi : GKePb I e ePb|

GKePb : h k viv Kvbv cvYx, e ev ewi GKwUgv msLvi aviYv nq, ZvK GKePb ej|hgb m Gjv| gqwU zj hvq wb|

e ePb : h k viv Kvbv cvYx, e ev ewi GKi AwaK A_vr e msLvi aviYv nq, ZvK eePb ej| hgb : Zviv Mj| gqiv GLbI Avmwb|

Kejgv wekl I mebvg ki ePbf` nq| Kvbv Kvbv mgq Uv, wU, Lvbv, Lvwb BZvw` hvMKi wekli GKePb wb`k Kiv nq| hgb - MiyUv, evQziUv, KjgUv, LvZvLvbv, eBLvwb BZvw`|

evsjvq e ePb cKvki Rb iv, Giv, jv, wj, jv, w`M, `i cfwZ wefw hy nq Ges me,mKj, mgy`q, Kj, e`, eM, wbPq, ivwR, ivwk, cvj, `vg, wbKi, gvjv, Avewj cfwZ mgwevaKk eeZ nq| mgwevaK kjvi ewkifvMB Zrmg ev msZ fvlv _K AvMZ|

cvwYevPK I AcvwYevPK Ges BZi cvwYevPK I DbZ cvwYevPK kf` wewfb aibi e ePbevaKcZq I mgwevaK k hy nq| hgb-

(K) iv-Kej DbZ cvwYevPK ki m iv wefwi eenvi cvIqv hvq| hgb- Qviv Ljv `LZMQ| Zviv mKjB jLvcov Ki| wkKiv vb `vb Kib|

h aibi k iv hy, m aibi ki kl Kvbv Kvbv mgq Giv eeZ nq| hgb -gqiv wSqiv GK nqQ| mgq mgq KweZv ev Abvb cqvRb AcvYx I BZi cvwYevPK kIiv, Giv hy nq| hgb cvwLiv AvKvk Do `wLqv wnsmvq wccxwjKviv weavZvi KvQ cvLv Pvq|KvKiv GK weivU mfv Kij|

(L) jv, wj, jv cvwYevPK I AcvwYevPK ki e ePb hy nq| hgb AZjv Kzgov w`q Kxne? Avgjv UK| UvKvjv w`q `vI| gq~ijv cyQ bvwoq bvPQ|

(K) DbZ cvwYevPK gbyl ki e ePb eeZ kMY - `eMY, biMY, RbMY BZvw`|

e` - myaxe`, fe`, wkKe` BZvw`|

gjx - wkKgjx, mv`Kgjx BZvw`|

eM - cwZeM, gweM BZvw`|

(L) cvwYevPK I AcvwYevPK k e ePb eeZ kKyj - KweKzj, cwKzj, gvZKzj, eKzj BZvw`|

mKj - ceZmKj, gbylmKj BZvw`|

me - fvBme, cvwLme BZvw`|

mg~n - emg~n, gbylmg~n BZvw`|

(M) AcvwYevPK k eeZ e ePbevaK kAvewj, Q, `vg, wbKi, cy, gvjv, ivwR, ivwk| hgb-MvMvi iwZ cyKvewj, KweZvQ,Kzmyg`vg, KgjwbKi, gNKz, ceZgvjv, ZviKvivwR, evwjivwk, KzmygwbPq BZvw`|

è : cvj I h~_ k `ywU Kej Ryi e ePb eeZ nq| hgb - ivLvj Miyi cvj jq hvq gvV|nwh~_ gvVi dmj b KiQ|

e ePbi cqvM ewk(K) wekl ki GK ePbi eenviI AbK mgq e ePb evSvbv nq| hgb - wmsn eb _vK

(GK ePb I e ePb `y-B evSvq)| cvKvi AvgY dmj b nq (e ePb)| evRvi jvKRgQ (e ePb)| evMvb dzj dzUQ (e ePb)|

(L) GKePbvZK wekli AvM ARm, AbK, wei, e, bvbv, Xi BZvw` eZevaK kweklY wnme cqvM KiI e ePb evSvbv nq| hgb- ARm jvK, AbK Qv, weiUvKv, e gngvb, bvbv K_v, Xi LiP, AXj UvKv cqmv BZvw`|

(M) AbK mgq wekl I weklY cì wZ cqvMI e ePb mvwaZ nq| hgb nuvwo nuvwom`k| Kuvwo Kuvwo UvKv| eo eo gvV| jvj jvj dzj|

(N) wekl wbqg mvwaZ e ePb|

e evPK mebvg I wekl gqiv KvbvKvwb KiQ| GUvB Kwigì evwo| iex`bv_ivcwZw`b Rbvq bv| mKj me Rvb bv|

(O) KwZcq we`wk k, m fvlvi AbymiY e ePb nq| hgb - Avb hvM : eRyM-eRyMvb,mvne-mvnevb|

wekl è : Ici ewYZ e ePbevaK cZq I mgwevaK ki AwaKvskB Zrmg A_vr msZ Gesm KviY AwaKvskB mvay ixwZ I msZ k chvR| LuvwU evsjv ki e ePb Ges PwjZ ixwZZ iv,Giv, jv, jv, ì - Gme cZq Ges AbK, e, me - Gme ki eenviB ej cPwjZ|

GKBm `yBevi e ePbevPK cZq ev k eeZ nq bv| hgb - me gvbylB A_ev gvbyl A_evgvbyliv giYkxj ()| mKj gvbylivB giYkxj (fzj)|

ePb 57

l cwiQ`

mgvm

mgvm gvb msc, wgjb, GKvwaK cì GKc`xKiY| A_m^ AvQ Ggb GKvwaK ki GKm hy nq GKwU eo k MVbi cwqvK mgvm ej| hgb : `ki mev = `kmev, eB IcyK = eBcyK, bB civqv hvi = ecivqv| evK ki eenvi msc Kivi Dk mgvmimw| mgvm viv `yB ev ZZvwaK ki mg^q bZzb A_evaK c` mw nq| GwU k Zwi IcqvMi GKwU wekl ixwZ| mgvmi ixwZ msZ _K evsjvq GmQ| Ze LuvwU evsjv mgvmi`vI cPzi cvIqv hvq| mjvZ msZi wbqg LvU bv|

mgvmi cwqvq mgvme ev mgvmwbb c`wUi bvg mg c`|mg c` ev mgvme c`wUi AMZ c`jvK mgmgvb c` ej|mgvmhy cì c_g Ask (k)-K ejv nq c~ec` Ges cieZx Ask (k)-K ejv nq Dic` evcic`|

mg c`K fO h evKvsk Kiv nq, Zvi bvg mgvmevK, evmevK ev weMnevK| D`vniY-wejvZ-diZ ivRKzgvi wmsnvmb emjb| GLvb wejvZ-diZ, ivRKzgvi I wmsnvmb - G wZbwUBmgvme c`| Gjvi MVb cwqv I iKg - wejvZ nZ diZ, ivRvi Kzgvi wmsn wPwZ Avmb -Gjv nQ evmevK| Gme evmevK wejvZ, diZi, ivRv, Kzgvi, wmsn, Avmb nQ GKGKwU mgmgvb c`| Avi wejvZ-diZ, ivRKzgvi Ges wmsnvmb mg c`| wejvZ, ivRv I wmsnnQ c~ec` Ges diZ, Kzgvi I Avmb nQ cic`|

mgvm cavbZ Qq cKvi : , Kgaviq, Zrcyiyl, eexwn, w I Aeqxfve mgvm|

[ w mvgmK AbK evKiYwe` Kgaviq mgvmi Afy KiQb| Avevi KD KD KgaviqKIZrcyiyl mgvmi Afy ej gb KiQb| Gw`K _K mgvm g~jZ PviwU : , Zrcyiyl, eexwn,Aeqxfve| wKy mvaviYfve QqwU mgvmiB AvjvPbv Kiv Mj| GQvov, cvw`, wbZ, AjyK BZvw`KqKwU Acavb mgvm iqQ| msc mjviI AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|]

1. mgvm

h mgvm cZKwU mgmgvb cì A_i cvavb _vK, ZvK mgvm ej| hgb - Zvj I Zgvj= Zvj-Zgvj, `vqvZ I Kjg = `vqvZ-Kjg| GLvb Zvj I Zgvj Ges `vqvZ I Kjg cwZwUcìB A_i cvavb mg

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