9 - 1ch110: chpt 9 acids and bases acids & bases ionization of water ph acid-base reactions
TRANSCRIPT
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9 - 1CH110: Chpt 9
Acids and BasesAcids and Bases
Acids & Bases Acids & Bases
Ionization of WaterIonization of Water
pHpH
Acid-Base ReactionsAcid-Base Reactions
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9 - 2CH110: Chpt 9
Remember ElectrolytesRemember Electrolytes
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
IonicIonic CovalentCovalent
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9 - 3CH110: Chpt 9
AcidsAcids
H+
HC2H3O2
H+C2H3O2
1-
C2H3O21- H+
H-Cl
H+Cl-
Cl-
WeakWeak StrongStrong
Lots of IonsOnly a few Ions
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9 - 4CH110: Chpt 9
AcidsAcids
AcidAcid = gives hydrogen ions in water
H+
H-Cl
H+Cl-
Cl-
HCl
H+ + Cl-
hydrogen ionhydrogen ion
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9 - 5CH110: Chpt 9
AcidsAcids
H-Cl + H-O-H
+ Cl-
hydronium ionhydronium ion
HO
H
H+
HO
H
H+
Cl-
H-ClH-Cl
AcidAcid = gives hydrogen ions in water
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9 - 6CH110: Chpt 9
CommonCommon AcidsAcidsBattery Acid Stomach Acid
Coca Cola Carbonated Water
Vinegar Citrus fruitsVitamin CGrapesAspirin
H2SO4
HCl
H3PO4
H2CO3
HC2H3O2
H3C6O7H8
HC6O6H7 H2C4O6H4 H2C9O4H8
SulfurSulfuricic AcidAcidHydroHydrochlorchloricic AcidAcid
PhosphorPhosphoricic AcidAcid
CarbonCarbonicic AcidAcidAcetAceticic AcidAcidCitrCitricic AcidAcid AscorbAscorbicic AcidAcid TartarTartaricic AcidAcidAcetyl SalicylAcetyl Salicylicic AcidAcid
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9 - 7CH110: Chpt 9
Naming AcidsNaming Acids
Binary AcidsBinary Acids: : Hydrogen & Hydrogen & non metalnon metal..
ex. ex. HCl HBr HHCl HBr H22SS
hydrohydro- ______________-- ______________-icic Acid Acid
HCl HCl HydroHydrochlorchloricic acid acidHH22S S HydroHydrosulfursulfuricic acid acid
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9 - 8CH110: Chpt 9
Naming Oxygen containing acidsNaming Oxygen containing acids
OxoacidsOxoacids: : HydrogenHydrogen, , oxygenoxygen, and a , and a nonmetalnonmetal
ex. ex. HNOHNO33 HNO HNO22 H H22SOSO4 4
The higher number of O’sThe higher number of O’s____________________________--icic AcidAcidHNOHNO33 = Nitr = Nitricic Acid Acid
The lower number of O’sThe lower number of O’s______________ ______________ --ousous ending.ending.HNOHNO22 = Nitr = Nitrousous AcidAcid
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9 - 9CH110: Chpt 9
THE COMMON THE COMMON -IC-IC ACIDS ACIDS
H2SO4 SULFURIC ACID
HNO3 NITRIC ACID
H2CO3 CARBONIC ACID
H3PO4 PHOSPHORIC ACID
HClO3 CHLORIC ACID
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9 - 13CH110: Chpt 9
H2SO4
HCl
H3PO4
H2CO3
HC2H3O2
H3C6O7H8
HC6O6H7 H2C4O6H4 H2C9O4H8
CommonCommon AcidsAcidsBattery Acid Stomach Acid
Coca Cola Carbonated Water
Vinegar Citrus fruitsVitamin CGrapesAspirin
StrongStrong•100% ionization100% ionization•Strong electrolyteStrong electrolyte
WeakWeak•Partial ionizationPartial ionization•Weak electrolyteWeak electrolyte
•Taste sourTaste sour
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9 - 14CH110: Chpt 9
AcidsAcidsH-Cl + H-O-H + Cl-
HO
H
H+
HO
H
H+
Cl-
H-ClH-Cl
H+
HC2H3O2
C2H3O21-
HC2H3O2
H-C2H3O2 + H-O-HH
OH
H+ + C2H3O2
-
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9 - 15CH110: Chpt 9
AcidsAcids
H+
H-Cl
H+Cl-
Cl-
WeakWeak StrongStrong
Lots of IonsOnly a few Ions
H+
HC2H3O2
C2H3O21-
HC2H3O2
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9 - 16CH110: Chpt 9
BaseBase = gives hydroxide ions in water.(Arrhenius definition)
= takes hydrogen ions in water.(Bronsted-Lowry definition)
BasesBases
NaOH
Na+ + OH-OH-
OH-
Na+
Na+
NaOH
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9 - 17CH110: Chpt 9
Common BasesCommon BasesLye, Drano Potash
Cleaners
Milk of MagnesiaBaking soda Tums /Rolaids Limestone, shellsSoaps Detergents
NaOH KOH
NH3 or NH4OH
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
CaCO3
NaC16O2H31 NaC12O4H25S
Sodium HydroxidePotassium Hydroxide
Ammonia
Magnesium HydroxideSodium BicarbonateCalcium Carbonate
Sodium Palmitate Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
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9 - 18CH110: Chpt 9
Common BasesCommon BasesLye, Drano Potash
Cleaners
Milk of MagnesiaBaking soda Tums /Rolaids Limestone, shellsSoaps Detergents
NaOH KOH
NH3 or NH4OH
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
CaCO3
NaC16O2H31 NaC12O4H25S
StrongStrong•100% ionization100% ionization•Strong electrolyteStrong electrolyte
WeakWeak•Partial ionizationPartial ionization•Weak electrolyteWeak electrolyte
•Taste bitterTaste bitter•Feel SlipperyFeel Slippery
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9 - 19CH110: Chpt 9
HClO4
H2SO4
HIHBrHCl
HNO3
Perchloric AcidSulfuric AcidHydroIodic AcidHydrobromic AcidHydrochloric AcidNitric Acid
Strong AcidsStrong Acids
LiOHOHNaOH KOH Ca(OHOH)2
Lithium HydroxideSodium HydroxidePotassium HydroxideCalcium Hydroxide
Strong BasesStrong Bases
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9 - 20CH110: Chpt 9
HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3
-
Water is AmphotericWater is Amphoteric
AcidAciddonates a proton
BaseBasetakes
a proton
NHNH33 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
NHNH33
AcidAciddonates a proton
BaseBasetakes
a proton
HHNONO33
AcidAciddonates a proton
BaseBasetakes
a proton
AcidAcid BaseBase
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9 - 21CH110: Chpt 9
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
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9 - 22CH110: Chpt 9
HH22COCO33 + H + H22O HO H33OO++ + + HCOHCO33--
Conjugate Acid - Base PairsConjugate Acid - Base Pairs
conjugate pairconjugate pair
ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acid conj baseconj baseconjugate pairconjugate pair
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9 - 23CH110: Chpt 9
HH22OO
Conjugate Acid - Base PairsConjugate Acid - Base Pairs
Acid - Acid - BaseBaseHH22COCO33 HHCOCO33
1-1- COCO332-2-
HH33OO++ HOHO1-1-
HH33POPO44HH22POPO44
1-1- POPO443-3-HHPOPO44
2-2-
Acid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBase
Acid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBase
Acid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBase Acid - Acid - BaseBase Acid - Acid - BaseBase
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9 - 24CH110: Chpt 9
HH22O O + H + H22O O HOHO-- + + HH33OO++
Ionization of WaterIonization of Water
conjugate pairconjugate pair
ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acidconj baseconj base
conjugate pairconjugate pair
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9 - 25CH110: Chpt 9
HH22O O + H + H22O O HOHO-- + + HH33OO++
Ion product constant of WaterIon product constant of Water
ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acidconj baseconj base
0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM
0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM
Neutral: if [HNeutral: if [H33OO++] = [OH] = [OH--] ]
Acidic: if [HAcidic: if [H33OO++] > [OH] > [OH--] ]
Basic: if [HBasic: if [H33OO++] < [OH] < [OH--] ]
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9 - 26CH110: Chpt 9
HH22O O + H + H22O O HOHO-- + + HH33OO++
Ion product constant of WaterIon product constant of Water
ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acidconj baseconj base
0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM
0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM
KKww = [H = [H33OO++] [OH] [OH--] = ] = 1 x 101 x 10-14-14KKww = [H = [H33OO++] [OH] [OH--] = ] = 1 x 101 x 10-14-14
[H[H33OO++] [OH] [OH--] = (1 x 10] = (1 x 10-7-7)(1 x 10)(1 x 10-7-7) =) =1 x 101 x 10-14-14
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9 - 27CH110: Chpt 9
pH pH pH pH
= 1 x 10 -pH pH = pH = - log [H+]
HCl
HC2H3O2
H2O
NaOH
0.000,000,1 M = 1 x 10 -7 M
[H+]
0.000,1 M = 1 x 10 -4 M
0.000,000,000,001 M = 1 x 10 -12 M
100 M = 1 x 10 2 M
77
44
1212
-2-2
990.000,000,001 M 0.000,000,001 M
= 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -9-9 M MNHNH33
NeutralNeutral
AcidicAcidic
BasicBasic
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9 - 28CH110: Chpt 9
pHpH pHpH = 1 x 10 -pH pH = pH = - log [H+]
HCl
HC2H3O2
H2O
NaOH
0.000,000,1 M = 1 x 10 -7 M
[H+]
0.000,1 M = 1 x 10 -4 M
0.000,000,000,001 M = 1 x 10 -12 M
100 M = 1 x 10 2 M
77
44
1212
-2-2
990.000,000,001 M 0.000,000,001 M
= 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -9-9 M MNHNH33
NeutralNeutral
AcidicAcidic
BasicBasic
Citric AcidCitric Acid 0.000,76 M 0.000,76 M = 7.6 x 10 = 7.6 x 10 -4-4 M M
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9 - 29CH110: Chpt 9
pH pH pH pH
= 1 x 10 -pH pH = pH = - log [H+]pH = pH = - log [H+]
HC2H3O2
[H+]
0.000,1 M = 1 x 10 -4 M 44
3 - 43 - 43 - 43 - 4
Citric AcidCitric Acid
0.001 M = 1 x 10 -3 M
0.000,76 M 0.000,76 M = 7.6 x 10 = 7.6 x 10 -4-4 M M
33
pH = pH = - log (7.6 x 10 -4)pH = pH = - log (7.6 x 10 -4)
= 3.1= 3.1= 3.1= 3.1
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9 - 30CH110: Chpt 9
pH pH pH pH
[H[H++]] = 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -pH-pH[H[H++]] = 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -pH-pH pH = pH = - log [H+]pH = pH = - log [H+]
0.000,000,04 M = 4.0 x 10 4.0 x 10 -8-8 M M
9.39.3
8.58.58.58.5Baking Baking SodaSoda
= 1 x 10 -8.5 M= 3.2 x 10 3.2 x 10 -9-9 M M
pH = pH = - log (4.0 x 10 -8)pH = pH = - log (4.0 x 10 -8)
= 7.4= 7.4= 7.4= 7.4
CleanerCleaner = 1 x 10 -9.4 M= 5.0 x 10 5.0 x 10 -10-10 M M
BloodBlood
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9 - 31CH110: Chpt 9
pH of somepH of somecommon materialscommon materials
Substance pH
1 M HCl1 M HCl 0.0
Lemon juiceLemon juice 2.3
CoffeeCoffee 5.0
Pure WaterPure Water 7.0
BloodBlood 7.35-7.45
MilkMilk of Magnesia 10.5
1M NaOH1M NaOH 14.0
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9 - 35CH110: Chpt 9
pH paperpH paper::
LitmusLitmus paperpaper::
Anthocyanins:Anthocyanins:red cabbagered cabbage, , cranberriescranberries, , rosesroses……
Phenolphthalein:Phenolphthalein:Turmeric:Turmeric:
pH meter:pH meter:
Pigments:Pigments:
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9 - 36CH110: Chpt 9
Indicator examplesIndicator examplesAcid-base indicators undergo a color change
at a known pH.
bromthymol blue
phenolphthalein methyl red
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9 - 37CH110: Chpt 9
Acid ReactionsAcid Reactions
HCl + Zn HCl + Zn
ClCl--
ZnZn
HH++
ZnZnClCl22 + + HH22
AcidAcid MetalMetal SaltSalt
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9 - 38CH110: Chpt 9
Activity series of metalsActivity series of metals
potassiumsodium
potassiumsodium
calciumcalcium
magnesiumaluminum
zincchromium
magnesiumaluminum
zincchromium
ironnickel
tinlead
ironnickel
tinlead
coppersilver
platinumgold
coppersilver
platinumgold
incr
easi
ng
rea
ctiv
ity
Reacts violently with cold water
Reacts slowly with cold water
Reacts very slowly with steambut quite reactive in acid
Reacts moderately with highlevels of acid
Unreactive in acid
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9 - 39CH110: Chpt 9
AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions
HClHCl + + NaOHNaOH
OHOH--
ClCl--
NaNa++
HH++
NaNaClCl + + HHOHOH
AcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt WaterWater
Neutralization:Neutralization:Strong AcidStrong Acid
++Strong BaseStrong Base
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9 - 40CH110: Chpt 9
AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions
HH22SOSO44 + + KOHKOH
OHOH--
SOSO44-2-2
KK++
HH++
KK22SOSO44 + + HHOHOHAcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt WaterWater
2222
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9 - 41CH110: Chpt 9
AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions
HCHC22HH33OO22 + + NaHCONaHCO33
HCOHCO331-1-
CC22HH33OO221-1-
NaNa++
HH++
NaNaCC22HH33OO22 + + HH22COCO33
AcidAcid BaseBase
SaltSalt
HH22OO + + COCO2(g)2(g)
Vinegar & Baking SodaVinegar & Baking SodaVinegar & Baking SodaVinegar & Baking Soda
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9 - 42CH110: Chpt 9
AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions
Acid Rain on MarbleAcid Rain on MarbleAcid Rain on MarbleAcid Rain on Marble
Cream of Tartar & Baking SodaCream of Tartar & Baking SodaCream of Tartar & Baking SodaCream of Tartar & Baking Soda
HCHC22HH33OO22 + + NaHCONaHCO33 NaNaCC22HH33OO22 + + HH22COCO33
HH22OO + + COCO2(g)2(g)
AcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt
HH22SOSO44 + + CaCOCaCO33 CaCaSOSO44 + + HH22COCO33
HH22OO + + COCO2(g)2(g)
AcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt
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9 - 43CH110: Chpt 9
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9 - 44CH110: Chpt 9
AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions
Lemon on FishLemon on FishLemon on FishLemon on Fish
HH33CC66HH88OO77 + R- + R-NHNH22 CC66HH88OO771-1- + R-N + R-NHH33
1+1+
AcidAcid BaseBaseSaltSalt
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9 - 45CH110: Chpt 9
BuffersBuffers• Weak acid + Weak baseWeak acid + Weak base• Resists change in pHResists change in pH
NaCNaC22HH33OO22HCHC22HH33OO22
NaNaCC22HH33OO2 2 + H+ H22OO
HClHClNaOHNaOH
NaNaClCl + + HHCC22HH33OO22
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9 - 53CH110: Chpt 9
pOH examplespOH examples
Determine the following: pOH = -log[OH-]
or 14 - pH1. pOH of 1.7x10-4 M NaOH pOH = 3.8 pH = 10.2
2. pOH of 5.2x10-12 M H+
pH = 11.2 pOH = 2.8
3. [OH-] , if the pH is 4.5 pOH = 9.5 [OH-] = 3.2x10-10 M
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9 - 54CH110: Chpt 9
pH scalepH scale
A log based scale used to keep track of the large change important to acids and bases.
14 7 0
10-14 M 10-7 M 1 MVery Neutral VeryBasic Acidic
When you add an acid, the pH gets smaller.
When you add a base, the pH gets larger.