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9 789386 310644
Other Outstanding CBS Books Other Outstanding CBS Books
Guide toResearchMethodology andBiostatistics
CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd
New Delhi • Bengaluru • Chennai • Kochi • Kolkata • Mumbai
Hyderabad • Nagpur • Patna • Pune • Vijayawada
Edited by
KMK Masthan MDS
Professor and Head
Department of Oral Pathology
Director, Centre for Oral Cancer Prevention
Awareness and Research (COCPAR)
Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
B Krishna Prasanth BDS, MSc (Epid), DPH
Assistant Professor
Department of Epidemiology and Research Faculty
Centre for Oral Cancer Prevention
Awareness and Research (COCPAR)
Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
S Valarmathi MSc (Statistics), MPhil, PhD
Research Officer (Statistics)
Department of Epidemiology
Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
N Aravindha Babu MDS
Professor
Department of Oral Pathology, and Joint Director
Centre for Oral Cancer Prevention
Awareness and Research (COCPAR)
Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
MS Deva Malika BDS, MSc (Epid)
Research Coordinator
INCLEN TRUST
Dr Mehta’s Children’s Hospital
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Guide to
ResearchMethodology and
Biostatistics
Disclaimer
Science and technology are constantly changing fields. New
research and experience broaden the scope of information
and knowledge. The authors/editor have tried their best in giving
information available to them while preparing the material for
this book. Although all efforts have been made to ensure
optimum accuracy of the material, yet it is quite possible some
errors might have been left uncorrected. The publisher, the
printer and the authors/editor will not be held responsible for
any inadvertent errors, omissions or inaccuracies.
ISBN: 978-93-86310-64-4
Copyright © Editor/Authors and Publisher
First Edition: 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
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publisher.
Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by Varun Jain for
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Research methodology is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing data in order to increase our understanding of
the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.Research methodology is taught as a supporting subject in severalways in many academic disciplines such as medical sciences,dentistry, psychology, social work, nursing and paramedical sciencesand other arts and science faculties. The core philosophical base forthis book comes from the conviction that, although these disciplinesvary in content, their broad approach to a research enquiry is similar.This book, therefore, is addressed to all these academic disciplines.
It is true that some disciplines place greater emphasis onquantitative research and some on qualitative research; the bestapproach to understand research is to have a combination of both.First, it is the objective that should decide whether a study be carriedout adopting a qualitative or a quantitative approach. Second, inreal life most research is a combination of both methods. Therefore,a good researcher needs to have both types of skill.
This book has been written to provide theoretical information inan operational manner about methods, procedures and techniquesthat are used in both approaches. Research as a subject is taught atdifferent levels. The book is designed specifically for students whoare newcomers to research and who may have a psychologicalbarrier with regard to the subject. This book has been designed tosimplify research concepts and has omitted detailed discussion ofaspects that may be inappropriate for beginners.
We take this opportunity to thank a number of people whohelped us in writing this book. We request all our readers tokindly bring to our notice about any deficiencies. Your sugges-tions, appreciation and criticism are most welcome.
KMK MasthanB Krishna Prasanth
S ValarmathiN Aravindha Babu
MS Deva Malika
Preface
Contents
Preface v
1. Research Methodology 1
2. Measures of Disease Frequency 9
3. Protocol Development Guide to Writinga Research Protocol 21
4. Study Design 39
5. Clinical Trials 62
6. Bias in Research 80
7. Critical Appraisal of Journal Articles Evidence Stepsin the Practice of Evidence-based Medicine 94
8. Qualitative Research 102
9. Questionnaire/Instrument Development 115
10. Writing a Dissertation 129
11. Introduction to Biostatistics 142
12. Probability and Probability Distributions 161
13. Sampling Techniques 170
14. Sample Size Calculation 186
15. Testing of Hypothesis 202
16. Correlation and Regression 218
17. Basic Knowledge of SPSS 233
Index 257
