9 history - movement of people - industrial revolution

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MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE YEAR 9 HISTORY MISS NEWMAN

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Page 1: 9 History - Movement of people - Industrial Revolution

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE

Y E A R 9 H I S T O RYM I SS N E W M A N

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Mind map: what do you know about this term?

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION"Let's Begin"

What is a Sketch to Stretch?Download/print a Sketch to Stretch worksheetWhat are Gallery Images?

SOURCE: History 9 , p41

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LIVING & WORKING CONDITIONSWorking conditions for British factory and mine workers in particular were harsh and demanding during the Industrial Revolution. Men, women and children worked in unsafe conditions and for many hours – six days a week and up to 16 hours a day. Through the 19th century, demand for reforms to regulate working conditions grew louder in Britain, particularly for child labour. This led to a series of government inquiries and legislation that regulated the minimum employment age, wages and the length of the working week. By the 1870s:• no child under 10 could be employed in factories• education for children under 10 was compulsory• the working day was limited to 10 hours• in coal mines, women, girls and boys under 12 could no longer

be employed underground.Many workers lived in slum areas close to the factories where they were employed. Families had no choice but to live in overcrowded conditions, often with no access to fresh water or proper sewerage. Consequences of these unhygienic living conditions included regular outbreaks of disease, a short life expectancy (just 29 years, in Liverpool in 1865) and a high infant mortality rate.

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WORKING CHILDRENWork is for grown-ups, play is for kids; at least, that’s how it’s supposed to be. While letting children work to teach them meaningful life lessons can be a good thing, it’s another thing to put kids in harm’s way by letting them do dangerous jobs. Sadly, our history is full of examples of children risking their necks just to make a living. Let’s examine some of the more dangerous jobs that children have done throughout the industrial revolution – jobs so dangerous that even a grown adult would have trouble with them.

Source

Source: Daily Mail “Britain’s Child Slaves

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MUDLARKSAs London became increasingly urbanized during the Industrial Revolution, then the Victorian Era, waste and garbage reached heights of unbelievable proportions. Yet it was in trash that poor children found a way to survive. These little scavengers made their living by collecting anything valuable that wound up in the River Thames. They usually waited for low tide before they waded through mud to sort through the trash, hence the name. Mudlarks were mostly young boys, although it was not an unusual sight to see young girls and old women knee-deep in mud also.It was a back-breaking job with little reward in it—on a good day a mudlark could hope to find coal, iron pieces, and surplus wood. Finding jewels or anything really valuable was a rarity—mudlarks often had to compete with toshers, the men who scavenged the sewers. As the trash came through the sewers first, the toshers had a greater chance of finding jewelry and other valuable trinkets than the mudlarks.Aside from being short-changed by the toshers, mudlarks also had to tread carefully, as any small wound while wading in the filth-riddled mud was a certain death sentence. Additionally, they always had to watch out for the tides—a small miscalculation meant that they could be washed away by the rising water in an instant.

Source

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MULE SCAVENGERSDuring the Industrial Revolution, mule scavengers became a regular feature of many textile mills in London. They were essentially small children who collected the cotton and cleaned the area underneath the spinning mules (machines used to spin cotton into thread). These machines were known as ‘Spinning Jennys’. Keep in mind that we said spinning—the mules didn’t stop for the children. To avoid being crushed to death, the children often had to lie low and move very carefully while underneath the mules. As careful as children were around the machines, accidents just could not be avoided. In one of the most gruesome recorded accidents, a 13-year-old boy died after his head was completely crushed by a spinning mule. Several children also had their fingers and other body parts torn off—these were kept under wraps, because minor accidents were apparently not worth recording.Children who worked in the mills suffered from an abnormally high rate of respiratory diseases, thanks to the cotton and dust.

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Spinning Mule otherwise known as a Spinning Jenny

Source

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HURRIER

• This illustration shows a girl employed as a ‘hurrier’ at a coal mine. Her job was to pull heavy coal carts along dark, narrow tunnels, using a harness and belt.

SOURCE: Oxford Insight History 9

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MATCHSTICK DIPPERS• Officially known as “phosphorus necrosis of the jaw”, the life-threatening,

disfiguring disease “phossy jaw” could rip off someone’s jaw, leading to a massive infection and a slow, painful death. Prolonged contact with poisonous white phosphorus was the root cause of phossy jaw—and that’s exactly what child workers experienced during the Industrial Revolution

• These workers—mostly young girls— worked by dipping the matchsticks into white phosphorus. The pay was poor and working conditions were even worse—beatings were a common occurrence. Not only that, white phosphorus clung to everything. The girls usually had to eat their lunches inside their work areas, which were covered in the substance.

Source

• Things got so bad that a group of girls working in a London factory staged a strike in 1888 and were successful in getting several concessions from their employers, including replacing white phosphorus with the safer red phosphorus. By 1912, the use of white phosphorus for matchsticks had been discontinued throughout the world.

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CHIMNEY SWEEPSThough chimney sweeps have been in existence since as early as the 12th century, the profession achieved notoriety in 17th- and 18th-century Britain, with most of the attention centred on the young boys and girls who did the sweeping. Owing to their small size, children were perfect for climbing inside the flues. Adult chimney sweeps acquired their little apprentices either by buying them from their parents or the orphanages, or just outright kidnapping them.To ensure that their wards performed well on the job, adult chimney sweeps often resorted to very questionable methods, such as starving the children to ensure that they remained thin. They also had the habit of starting a fire underneath while a child was still inside the flue—a scare tactic designed to make the little tyke climb up faster.As you might guess, children suffered tremendously. Many succumbed to respiratory illnesses, cancer, and other infections brought on by soot and dirt. In 1875, the practice of sending children up into chimneys was finally regulated. Source

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IMPROVEMENTSLater in the period, conditions improved as slums were torn down to be replaced by new urban settlements that provided heating, running water and sewerage systems. Other benefits of the Industrial Revolution also came to have positive impacts on the lives of urban workers:• agricultural innovations made food more plentiful and cheaper• mass-produced goods such as clothing and furniture became

more affordable• improved public transport allowed workers to live away from

factories in the new developing suburbs• street lighting transformed city life at night, encouraging

people to enjoy entertainment at theatres and music halls.

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INVENTION

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LINKS TO POPULATION

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INVENTION

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INVENTION

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IMPACTS• READ ‘Why it' s relevant today’

• BRAINSTORM ways the Industrial Revolution has impacted on your life

SOURCE: History 9 , p41