9.5 age of reform movement

7/30/2019 9.5 Age of Reform Movement

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After the long Age of Revoltsspanning three centuries, therecame about a turning point inPhilippine history that ushered

into a new age The Age of ReformMovement


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In this new age, the Filipinos changedtheir method of carrying out changein society from regionalistic violentmeans that was characteristic of thepreceding Age of Revolts tocentralized peaceful means using thepower of the pen.


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This is a new age principallybecause the actors and their mode

of thinking were so different fromthose of the preceding age.

This is the age of Jose Rizal,Marcelo H. del Pilar, GracianoLopez Jaena, and other reformist.


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The historic turning point thatushered into the Age of ReformMovement in the late 19th century

was the so-called GOMBURZA

incident - the execution andmartyrdom of the three nationalistFilipino priests in 1872.


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Let us go where the leaves nevermove without the will of God.These were the last words of amartyr Filipino priest Fr. Mariano

Gomez, the eldest and aged 84during the execution.


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The Spaniard unjustly executed thethree priest due to allegation thatthey were agitators in the 1872Cavite revolt. The youngest and

most brilliant of the three had somuch influence on Jose Rizal Fr.

Jose Burgos


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Two groups had contributed largelyto the development of the 19thcentury reform movement led by

Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and

others. One was the nationalistFilipino clergy. The other one was agroup of liberals known as Creoles.


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The 19th century reform movementwas led by the patriotic and educated

members of the Filipino upper class.Their political strategy to fulfill thecenturies-old Filipino aspiration for

freedom, prosperity, justice, and peacewas to make the Philippines aprovince of Spain.


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The 19th century reform movement didnot advocate independence. The

reformists worked for the assimilationof the Philippines into Spain as aSpanish province. Knowing the dangerof working for change within thePhilippines, they did it in Spain


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Highly educated Filipinos based inSpain led the 19th century reform

movement. They had absorbed thespirit of age in Europe at that time the European Enlightenment markedby liberal ideas and practices. Theywere called ilustrados.


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The 19

th

century reformists werecalled ilustrados or enlightenedones. They worked for freedom and

taught their countrymen that theybelonged to a one body of people ornation. To disseminate the ideas,

they had the newspaper named LaSolidaridad.


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The mass media outfit forpropagating the ideology of the 19thcentury reform movement was the

newspaper La Solidaridad. It wasfounded in Spain in 1889. The firsteditor was Graciano Lopez Jaena.


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There is an inspiration for betterlife in the PhilippinesWe areasking for assimilation; we demand

that those Islands be Hispanized.This was an excerpt from aneditorial of La Solidaridad by the

second and last editor, who wasMarcelo H. del Pilar


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Because the Spaniards were verycruel to the Filipinos who workedfor social change, the 19th century

reformist hid their identities whilewriting in the La Solidaridad byusing pen names. Marcelo H. del

Pilar used the pen name Plaridel.


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Jose Rizal was the leading 19

th

century reformist. Like hiscolleagues, he used pen names for

security reason while writing in theLa Solidaridad. The other penname he used aside from Laong

Laan was Dimas Alang.


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Mariano Ponce was one of the 19

th

century reformists. As a writer inthe La Solidaridad, he used pen

names to hide and protect himselffrom the harassment of the Spanishauthorities. The pen names he used

were the following: Kalipulako,Tikbalang and Naning


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Antonio Luna was one of theleading 19th century reformists.

While writing in the La

Solidaridad he made use of the penname Taga-Ilog.


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Another reformist who wrote in theLa Solidaridad was Jose Ma.Panganiban. Like his fellow

reformists, he used a pen name tohide and protect himself from thebrutality of the Spanish authorities.

His pen name was Jomapa.


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The 19th century reformists wereeducated members of the Filipinoupper class. They were called

ilustrados. Marcelo H. del Pilar wasa lawyer and journalist.


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Jose Rizal was a leading writer inthe Reform Movements newspaperLa Solidaridad. His first published

article in this newspaper dealt witha certain group of people who musthave been close to his heart. The

article was entitled The FilipinoFarmers.


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The 19th century reformists basedin Spain used all possible means to

work out for reform for the

fatherland. They formed a liberaland anti-clerical organization thekind of which was then prevalent

in Spain. The organization wascalled Masonry or Freemasonry


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One of the 19th century reformistswas known for his extraordinaryeloquence that even the Spaniards

themselves greatly admired the wayhe spoke their own language. He

was the patriotic orator of the

reform movement GracianoLopez Jaena.


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The famous article Ang LupangTinubuan that appeared in one ofthe issues of La Solidaridad was

written by a great 19th centuryreformist from Camarines Norte

who died so young at age 27 in

Spain because of tuberculosis. Hewas Jose Ma. Panganiban


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The tale Fray Botod describes afriar named Botod, who isportrayed as immoral, abusive, and

ignorant. The Spanish friars wereso furious at this tale and its authorbecause they were the ones alluded

to by Botod. The author wasGraciano Lopez Jaena.


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The great 19th century reformistMarcelo H. del Pilar founded anationalistic newspaper. It was the

first bilingual newspaper to comeout in the Philippines. The name ofthe newspaper was Diariong

Tagalog.


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Thou shalt worship and love thefriars above all.This is the 1stcommandments in the Ten

Commandments of the Friars, asatire aimed at ridiculing theabusive Spanish friars during the

Spanish period. Marcelo H. delPilar wrote this satire.


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Jose Rizal proposed the uniqueproject of establishing a Filipinosettlement (colony) in Sabah. He

submitted the proposal to SpanishGovernor General Eulogio Despujolbut was not acted upon.


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Rizal dreamed of establishing acollege outside the Philippines. Heenvisioned to establish it in Japan.


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Noli Me Tangere is the first famousbook by Jose Rizal. Written whenhe was 26 years old, it was

published in Berlin, Germany in1887. It is about Filipino life duringRizals time. Noli is considered as

more of a socio-historical novel.


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Noli Me Tangere was written inthree places: one-half of the book

was written in Spain; one-fourth in

France; and the remaining one-fourth in Germany. The words NoliMe Tangere are Latin words.


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Noli Me Tangere, intensivelymirrors the age-old problems of theFilipino people during Rizals time.

The Spaniards considered the booksubversive. In English, the Latin

words Noli Me Tangere mean Do

Not Touch Me.


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A Spanish priest, in his pamplet,Caingat Cayo (Beware) branded

Jose Rizals Noli as an evil book,

and accused Rizal as an enemy ofSpain and the Catholic religion.The Spanish priest was Fr. Jose

Rodriguez.


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Marcelo H. del Pilar circulatedanother pamplet, Caiigat Cayo (Beslippery as an eel), to defend Rizal

and the Noli.


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Del Pilar used the pen nameDolores Manapat when he wroteCaiingat Cayo.


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Aside from Marcelo H. del Pilarwho used a pseudonym, Fr. VicenteGarcia, a Filipino priest from

Batangas who used the pseudonymV. Caraig had also defended Rizaland the Noli against the false

accusation of the Spaniards.


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Little things can be said to becomegreat if they help in the attainmentof something great. Maximo Viola,

in his own good way, helped JoseRizal financially for the printing ofhis great novel Noli Me Tangere.


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El Filibusterismo is the secondfamous book of Jose Rizal. It waspublished in Ghent, Belgium in

1891, about four years after thepublication of the Noli Me Tangere.El Filibusterismo is considered as

more of a political novel.


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Jose Rizal started writing hissecond novel, El Filibusterismo, inEngland and continued writing it

in Belgium. His Austrian friend,Ferdinand Blumentritt, once askedhim what the word filbusterismo

means A dangerous patriot whowill be executed.


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Valentin Ventura extendedfinancial assistance to Jose Rizal forthe printing of El Filbusterismo.


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The year before Jose Rizal wasarrested and subsequently thrownin exile to Dapitan, he was so

fortunate to have his second novelpublished. He dedicated this novelto GOMBURZA.


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In an essay, Jose Rizal wrote aboutthe concept of indolence, which theFilipinos were accused of. To Rizal,Filipino indolence existed but notby human nature as the Spaniardsclaimed but as a result ofoppressive forces. The essay isentitled The Indolence of theFilipinos.


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Rizal mentioned the following asamong the causes of Filipinoindolence: general atmosphere oflack of freedom; oppressivegovernment policies; lack ofpromotion of industry andagriculture; the influence ofreligious hermits; and also severityof climate.


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Rizal did not limit his intellect onmatters within his native land. Hismind went beyond the national

frontier to embrace internationalrelations. Thus, he was able tomake prediction on the future of

the Philippines in an essay entitledThe Philippines A CenturyHence


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Rizal made a forecast on thePhilippines in an essay published inLa Solidaridad. He cited the

possibility of a certain countrycoming over to control thePhilippines after, if ever, she

obtains independence. Rizal wasreferring to the United States.


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To unite the whole archipelago intoone compact, vigorous andhomogenous body. This is one

objective of the society founded byJose Rizal on July 3, 1892, shortlybefore he was arrested and exiled to

Dapitan. The name of the society isLa Liga Filipina.


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The Noli Me Tangere made theSpaniards angry at Jose Rizal. ThenRizal published El Filibusterismo.

Later, he founded the La LigaFilipina. At this point, theSpaniards exploded their fury. Rizal

was arrested and exiled to Dapitanto four years.


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In Dapitan, Rizal was forced to livein exile for several years. Here hedid not love an idle life. With his

medical skill, he helped the poorfolks. He also taught the youngboys. He even beautified the plaza.

And so on. Dapitan is in Mindanao.


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The 19th century reformists hadexhausted all peaceful means toattain their goal. But the Spanish

authorities played a deaf ear tothem. La Solidaridad closed shopin 1895 after serving as the main

propaganda channel for about 7years.


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When the 19th century reformmovement was nearing its end, oneof its leaders shifted his political

strategy from assimilation torevolution. In a letter to AndresBonifacio, Marcelo H. del Pilar

endorsed the revolutionaryKatipunan.


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During his prolonged exile atDapitan, Jose Rizal was informed ofthe Katipunans plan to rescue him,but he opposed the plan. Rizal hada different strategy on how to getout of Dapitan. This was to requestthe authorities that he be allowedto be a volunteer doctor in aSpanish colony


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Rizal opposed the Katipunans planfor his escape from exile ofDapitan. He had another plan,

which was to request the Spanishgovernor general that he beenlisted as a military doctor in the

Spanish colony of Cuba


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Time came when Rizals request tobe a volunteer military physician inCuba was granted. Rizal left

Dapitan. But while in Manila, hemissed the ship bound for Spain byone day. Rizal had to wait to get the

next trip for 1 month.


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It so happened that while Rizal wasin Manila waiting for the next tripbound for Spain for his eventual

trip to Cuba to work as a volunteermilitary doctor, the Katipunanrevolution broke out! What did

Rizal do next? He went ahead onhis trip according to plan.


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When the Katipunan revolutionflared up in August 1896, Rizal

went ahead on his assignment as a

volunteer military doctor in Cuba.But before reaching Spain he wasarrested, sent back home, and then

detained at Fort Santiago,Intramuros, Manila.


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Rizal was tried by a biased military

court, which eventually convictedhim of the crime of treason withcomplicity in the revolution. He

was given a death sentence. Fewdays before his trial, Rizal wrote acontroversial manifestocondemning the revolution asabsurd.


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Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio werethe most towering figures in thestruggle for change during the

Spanish period. While therevolutionist Andres Bonifacio wasborn in 1863, the reformist was

born in 1861.


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Rizal lived a dramatic life, not onlyin the affairs of society but also ofthe heart. He and Josephine

Bracken, an Irish girl, met, fell inlove, and lived like married couple(because no priest wanted to marry

them) while Rizal was in Dapitanliving as an exile.


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Rizal was a great intellectualpatriot. He gave the best of hismind for the love of the fatherland.

He penned his last poem, MiUltimo Adios (My Last Farewell),and breathed his last in the early

morning of December 30, 1896.


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9.5 age of reform movement

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