96/03105 Optimization of thermal processes In a variable airvolume HVAC systemZheng, G. R. and Zaheer-Uddin, M. Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 407-420.The problem of optimizing the thermal processes in a variable air volume(VAV) of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system isexplored. Steady-state models of HVAC system components are devel­oped. These models are interconnected to simulate the responses of theVAV system. The constrained optimal control problem is formulated andsolved for two cases: one with aconstraints on zone-humidity ratio and one.without. Typical daily optimal operating trajectories for the system arepresented. Results show that to achieve thermal comfort, both zone temper­ature and humidity ratio should be controlled. The use of outdoor-air-for­free-cooling is also studied as an optimization problem and the resultingoptimal outdoor air-flow rates and energy savings are assessed.

96/03106 Overenglneerlng In building services - An Interna-tional comparison of design and Installation methodsParsloe, C. J. Technical Report TR1I95, BSRIA, Old Bracknell Lane West,Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 7AH, UK, £30.00 (members) £50.00 (Iloll-mem ­bers) Dec. 1995, 82 pp.The report compares different countries' approaches to the design andinstallation of building services systems. The UK approach is comparedwith those in the USA, France and Germany. The report was commis­sioned to identify the reasons for apparently high UK construction costscompared to those in other countries.

96/03107 Parametric prediction of the burled pipes coolingpotential for passive cooling applicationsMihalakakou, G. et al., Solar Energy, Sep. 1995, 55, (3), 163-173.A new parametrical model for the prediction of the thermal performance ofthe earth to air heat exchangers is presented. The system consists of anearth tube, buried in the ground, through which ambient or indoor air ispropelled and cooled by the bulk temperature of the natural ground.

9&/03108 Predicting single sided natural ventilation rates InbUildingsDascalaki, E. et al., Solar Energy, Nov. 1995. 55. (5), 327-341.Natural ventilation contributes significantly in reducing the cooling load ofbuildings and in increasing thermal comfort. Siegle sided natural venula­rion configurations are very frequent especially in urban environments. 52single sided natural ventilation configurations have been studied experi­mentally and are compared with the predictions of six different networkventilation models. The heat and mass transfer characteristics of the stud­ied cases are analysed and discussed.

96/03109 Radiant heatingBrown, R. and Crawford, Z. BSRlA Application Guide AG 3/96, BSRIA,Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 7AH, UK, £30.00(members) £50.00 (non-members) 1996.The Guide is written for heating system specifiers. architects, servicesconsultants, designers, installers, maintenance contractors, facilities man­agers, building managers and others who wish 10 gain a basic understand­ing of the principles and technology of radiant heating systems.

96/03110 Read all about ItBrister, A Bldg. ServoCIBSE J., Dec. 1995, 17, (12),16-19.Descrines a building near Oxford with 1000 m1 of office space on twofloors, and 5,600 m1 of warehousing for Marston Book Services. Thebuilding contains no mechanical cooling, with the fabric of the buildingbeing the main climate moderator.

96/03111 Room air circulation - The missing link to goodIndoor air qualityKelley, R. Heat. Pip. Air Condit., Sep, 1995, 67. (9), 67-69.The paper discusses the elements of room air circulation and illustratesexamples of good and poor room air circulation patterns.

96/03112 Therm al beh evlour of an eIghtee nth·century Al he-nlan dW41lllngTassiopou lou, T. et al., Applied Energy, Apr. 1996, 53, (4), 383-398.Two forms of traditional dwelling were identified during a study tour ofGreece. A representative Athenian dwelling from the PIaka district, next tothe Acropolis, was selected for study using the TASo thermal analysissoftware. The predictions from the computer simulations indicated that, ifthe building considered was used either as originally intended or whenadapted for modern living, comfortable internal conditions would ensueduring both the summer and winter seasons.

96/031'3 Thermal storage - storage calcu lationGini, M. and Di Leone, P. l nstallatore l tal., Del. 1995, 46, (10),1378-1384.The article discusses thermal storage and presents calculation methodsaimed 31 verifying thermal storage using computer-based techniques,

14 Heatpumps

96/03114 Thermonet system saves energy and lowers costsEnergy Digest, 1995, 24, (6), 3-6.

Describes the development of Thermonet, a new community energy systemin Finland. which claims to reduce the cost of installing and operatingdistrict healing networks. Illustrates the system schematically and describesits operation. Gives a list of the advantages of the system, includingimproved thermal utilisation by, among other things, a low return watertemperature.

96/03115 The use of artificial Intelligence In building systemsASHRA£, USA, 1995, 216 pp.Contains 18 papers from the ASHRAE Transactions and ASHRAE Journalwhich discussed artificial intelligence in the design and operation of build­ing energy systems. Also includes a disc containing a program developedfor ASHRAE Research Project 642RP - 'Development of a demonstrationknowledge-based system for the selection of HVAC equipment for smalloffice buildings'.

14 HEAT PUMPS9&/0311& Applications of heat pumps in chemical processingEisa, M. A. Energy ConversoMgmt., Mar. 1996, 37, (3), 369-377.Hear pumps have enormous potential fot reducing the primary energyrequirements of various processes. For the heat pump to be an economicproposition, there are a number of basic conditions that must be satisfied.In the light of these conditions and on both experimental and theoreticaldata, a wide range of applications has been discussed.

96/03117 A diagnostic expert system for heat pumpsSami, S. M. et al., Energy, Mar. 1996, 21, (3), 179-187.A computer model has been developed and validated using extensive datafor air-air, water-water, and water-air heat pumps With enhanced surface­tubing heat exchangers. Good agreement between numerical and experi­mental results was observed. Based on numerical data obtained from thecomputer model, diagnostic rules were established using the NEXPERTsystem to identify system malfunctions. Simulations in different tests per­mit venfic auon of system accuracy.

96/03118 Field test 0: a s mail-size gas e11glne driven heatpump In an off ice application - First resultsD'Accadia, M. D. et al., Int. J. Amb. Energy, OCI. 1995, 16, (4), 183-191­Discusses how a gas engine driven heat pump is a logical alternative toconventional electric space conditioning machines, even tor residential andlight commercial applications.

96/03119 Performance evaluation of a new four-componentHFC blend In a vapour-compression heat pump systemSami, S. M. and Song, B. Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 361-369.Performance results are presented for a new four-component (quaternary)blend proposed as a substitute for CFC-502. Test results obtained in aconventional vapour-compression heat pump system were compared forthe new blend with those for CFC-502 and for other proposed alternativessuch as R-S07 and R-407B. The proposed quaternary HCF blend has supe­rior performance and a pressure ratio thai is comparable to that obtainedwith CFC-502.

96/03120 Performance of multl-bed sorption heat pumpsystemsZheng, W. et al., lilt. J. of Energy Research, Apr. 1996,20, (4), 339-350.Traditional designs of solid-sorbent sorption heat pumps consist of twobeds, where one bed is regenerating while the other is adsorbing. Theperformance of traditional solid sorption heat pumps can be improved bydesigning [he system with multiple beds. Employing the concept of multi­beds, the beds can be preheated using the energy from other beds in thesystem before they are fully regenerated by an external heat source. Theperformance of the three-bed and four-bed solid sorption heat pumps areevaluated and compared to a traditional two-bed system.

96/03'2' Standards and regulallons - An InternationaloverviewSteadman, M. IF..A Hea l Pump Centre Newsletter , Dec. 1995, 13, (4),13-30 .Contains four articles on standards and regulations applying to heat pumps.

96/03122 Thermal study on release of lattice oxygen fromcarbon -bearlnq NI(II) ferriteSano, T. et aI., Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 377-384.Oxygen release from carbon-bearing Ni(II) ferrite (CBNF) was studiedwith TG-MS and DSC. Release of lattice oxygen as 0 was found to takeplace at 200-300°C and was associated with an endothermic temperaturepeak. Evaluation of the thermal energy required for 0 2-removal is of pri­mary importance for materials design used in a chemical heat-pump sys­tem. The chemical heat pump described is designed 10 work around 300"Cand 10 convert waste heat to chemical energy of H1 The objective of thepresent work was to analyse thermally the O:-release reaction. Concludesthai CBNF provides a promising medium for a chemical heat-pump systemwhich can conven degraded thermal energy imo chemical energy.

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