epiLO&ue

With apologies to: "Ozymandias" by Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822

I met a traveller from a Northern land

who said: Four vast and cabless rims of chrome

stand in the desert... Near them, on the sand

half sunk, some rusted metal lies, whose frame,

and sparking tip, and gears of cast compound

tell that its owner well those fashions led

which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,

by glossy ad extolled and iso-octane fed.

And on the engine block these words appear:

"My name is Suv-Humongous, King of Kings:

Look on my power, ye mighty, and despair!"

Nothing beside remains.

Round the decay of that colossal wreck,

boundless and bare

the lone and level sands stretch

faraway...

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IND6X

A Absolute pressure and temperature 31-34 Accumulation

energy balance 160 example calculation

population 10,239 recycle material balance 134,136 unsteady-state

energy balance 240,244 material balance 239,243 M&E balance 241,245,247

water in reservoir 9 general balance equation 6,13 material balance 98 non-process elements 131 recycle loops 131 unsteady-state processes 236

Activity 42,55 Adiabatic

batch equilibrium reactor 214 flame temperature 184

example calculation 206 flash separation

example calculation 218 process

energy balance 176 pump, heat, decompose water 170 silver-zinc battery 165 simultaneous M&E balance 225

work (power) in compression/expansion 175 Adsorption isotherm 49 Albedo 248 Amagat'slaw 34

Ammonia production 225 Ammonium nitrate production 91 Antibiotic production 87,142 Antoine equation 44,48

Antoine constants (table) 45 example calculation

bubble point and dew point 49 Raoult'slaw 46 vapour pressure of water 36

Atmosphere example calculation

Earth, carbon balance 103,149 global warming 247

pressure equivalents (table) 31 Atom/element balance 9,16,99

combustion reaction 180 example calculation

biochemical process 142 combustion process 152 direct methanol fuel cell 18 environmental process 149 thermal power generation 204,205

general balance equation 9

B Batch process 14,100,236,239 Batch reactor

example calculation energy balance, electric battery 165 equilibrium vs. actual conversion 57 material balance 100 simultaneous M&E balance 214 unsteady-state M&E balance 241

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258 Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

Battery 165,175,176 example calculation, energy balance 165

Bernoulli equation 169 Biochemical process 1

example calculation material balance 142 M&E balance 198

Biological system 236 Biomass

example calculation material balance, ethanol 149 M&E balance, global warming 247

heat of combustion 180 Blower 89 Bubble-point (and dew-point) 47,48

example calculation 49

C Capital cost 92,93 Carbon dioxide

carbon cycle ethanol from biomass 149 global warming 247

material balance atmosphere of Earth 103,149,249 direct methanol fuel cell 17 internal combustion engine 11 space station 102

Chemical equation 51 Chemical process 1,2,170,171,207,208,236 Chemical reaction 51,90

conversion, extent, selectivity, yield 53,117 energy balance 174,183,195 equilibrium constant 55 equilibrium vs. actual conversion 56,57 homogeneous vs. heterogeneous 69 material balance 57,117 reaction rate (kinetics) 56,57,117 simultaneous M&E balance 214 stoichiometry, limiting reactant 51

Circular reference (spreadsheet) 138 Clausius-Clapeyron equation 44 Climate change 1,216

greenhouse effect 246 example calculation 247 water vapour from jet engine 19

Closed system 14,100,239 example calculation

energy balance 163,164,165,240 material balance 100,239 M&E balance 241 simultaneous M&E balance 213,214

Closure 118 energy balance 179,184 example calculation 131,134 iteration of recycle balance 131,138,184 mass balance 118,131

Combustion 180,181 dew point, product gas 48 energy balance 180 example calculation

dew point 49 limiting reactant, ethane 53 material balance, ethane 152 material balance, gasoline 11 M&E balance, fuel oil 204

Component 88,89 Composition 88,89 Compressibility factor 38 Compression/expansion of ideal gas 175 Compressor 174,175

example calculation 191,201 Computer 86

energy balance 178 material balance 138,140,141 M&E balance 216

Concentration common measures (table) 42

Conceptual flowsheet 86,87,93 Condensation 35,44,45,48

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Index 259

Conservation (elements, mass, energy) 8,9 Conserved and changing quantities 7, 9 Continuous process 103,166,215,243 Continuous reactor 112,117 Convergence (iteration) 138,183 Conversion 54,117

example calculation combustion process 152 continuous stirred tank reactor 117 equilibrium vs. actual 57 extent, selectivity and yield 54 material balances 127-141 M&E balance 224,225

Critical temperature and pressure 38 common gases (table) 38

D Dalton'slaw 34,47 Degrees of freedom 36,122,127,176,177

energy balance (table) 176,177 example calculation

energy balance 198,201,204 material balance 124,128 M&E balance 227,230 phase rule 37

material balance (table) 127 simultaneous M&E balance 212 thermodynamic, phase rule 36

Density 39,41 Design problem 123,212 Dew-point (and bubble-point) 47,48

example calculation 49,152 with non-condensable gas 48

Differential balance 13,104,160,166,168, 236,246 example calculation

atmosphere of Earth 247 batch heater 240 batch reactor 58,241 continuous mixer 243,244

continuous mixer/heater 245 population 239

Differential equation 13,239 Dimensions and units 24,26,28

example calculation 27,29 M&E balances (table) 25

Direct contact heat exchanger 222 Dispersion 69 Distribution coefficient 56

common L/L systems (table) 50 example calculation

antibiotic production 142 L/L equilibrium separator 115

Divider 88,89 example calculation

energy balance 184 material balance 108

generic material balance 105 subsidiary relations 113

E Earth 1,2

carbon dioxide in atmosphere 103,247 climate change 246 M&E balance 152,216,247 population 239

Ecological system 86,216 Economic viability 92,93 Electrical work (power) 162,175,176 Electrochemical process 1

example calculation energy balance, silver-zinc battery 165 material balance, chlorate 145 M&E balance, fuel cell 201

Element/atom balance 9,99,143,152,205 Energy 6,160

conservation 8, 9 energy balance 9,160 exotic 162 general balance equation 14,160

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260 Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

inter-conversion with mass 8 internal 63,73 kinetic, potential, surface 63,68

Energy balance 63,160,168,212 closure 178 combustion 180,204 example calculation 184

atmosphere of Earth 247 closed system 163,164,165 combustion 204 open system 168,184,193,195,198,202,

204,244 processing water 170 recycle process 196

first law of thermodynamics 162 generic process units 184 heat of formation method 171 heat of reaction method 173 sequential modular method 183 specification (table) 177,212 spreadsheet calculation 178

Enthalpy 9,15,63,171,238 energy balance (heat balance) 171 example calculation 65,170

Enthalpy-concentration diagram 75 energy balance 173 example calculation 76,193,194 graphical interpretation 76 sulphuric acid-water (Figure) 75

Entropy 9,15 Entropy balance 176 Environment 1,90,216,247 Equilibrium

constant 55,56,214 conversion 56,117,214 reactor 117,214 separator 114,121,218

Ethanol from biomass, material balance 149 from glucose, M&E balance 198

Euler's method global warming 249 unsteady-state M&E balance 242,246

Exotic energy terms 69,162 Expansion/compression of ideal gas 175

example calculation, energy balance 164 Extent of reaction 53

example calculation combustion process 152 conversion, yield and selectivity 54

F Faraday's law 146,165,203 Fermentation

example calculation antibiotic from lactose 142 ethanol from biomass 149 ethanol from glucose 198

First law of thermodynamics 160,162,207 Flash split (separator)

example calculation adiabatic 218 isothermal 122

How 32,91,127 Flowsheet 86

basic process units 88 process engineering 86,87,91 spreadsheet calculation

energy balance 178 material balance 138,140,141

with stream table 91,140,141 Fossil fuel 103,247 Fuel

combustion 60,180,247 example calculation 11,19,53,152,

204 heat of formation 180 heating value 60,180,182

Fuel cell electrical work (power) 176

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Index

example calculation direct methanol 17 hydrogen economy 230 M&E balance 201

G Gas 32,34,35 Gas compression/expansion 175 Gas law 38

example calculation 32,39 Gas-liquid system 44

example calculation 46,49 Gas-solid system 49 Gauge pressure 31 General balance equation 6,13,21

energy balance 160 example calculation

direct methanol fuel cell 17 internal combustion engine 11 jet engine 19 multi-stage process 16,18 population of a country 10 water reservoir 9

material balance 98 unsteady-state M&E balance 236

Global climate 236 Global warming 247 Glucose (fermentation) 198 Greenhouse (gas) effect 149,247 Gross economic potential 92

example calculation 93

H Heat 174,160,165,176,209 Heat balance 171 Heat capacity 61,64-66

constant pressure and constant volume 61 energy balance 172,173 enthalpy 64-66 mean heat capacity (table) 63

261

polynomial function, coefficients (table) 62

variation, pressure, temperature, phase 62

Heat exchanger 88,89 chemical process, heat transfer 174 energy balance 179 example calculation

batch heater 240 continuous heater 245 energy balance 188,194,198,204 material balance 111 simultaneous M&E balance 220,222

generic energy balance 183 generic material balance 106

Heat of combustion 60 biomass 180 energy balance 180,182,209 grossvs.net 60,182

Heat of formation 59 energy balance 172 heat of combustion 180 specific enthalpy 64

Heat of formation method 171,173,183,208 Heat of fusion 60,66 Heat of mixing 70,75

energy balance calculations 172 enthalpy-concentration diagram 70,75 sulphuric acid-water (table) 70

Heat of phase change 60,64 Heat of reaction 59,172

example calculation 59 Heat of reaction method

combustion problems 180,181 energy balance 173,208

Heat of solution 70 solids in water (table) 70

Heat of vaporisation 60,64,66,73 Heat transfer 174,176 Heat transfer coefficient 28,29,174

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http://grossvs.net

262 Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

Heating value 60,182 Henry's constant (table) 46 Henry's law 46

example calculation 46 Hydrocarbon combustion 60

example calculation ethane 53,152 gasoline 11 kerosene 19 oil 204

Hydrogen economy 230 Hydrogen fuel cell 201 Hydrogen sulphide (gas sweetening) 147

I Ideal gas 34,38,39,40,43,175

example calculation 32,39 Ideal mixture 45,69,70 Industrial chemical process 1,15,91,104 Ingenuity gap 216,234 Integral balance 13,98,166 Internal energy 15,63,238 Isothermal

compression/expansion of gas 175 flash split, material balance 122 process, energy balance 177

Iterative sequential modular method closure, material balance 119 energy balance 183 example calculation 131,134,136 recycle material balance 131,138 simultaneous M&E balance 215,227

K Kinetic and potential energy 68

chemical process energy balance 171 differential M&E balance 238 example calculation 163 general balance equation 15

Kinetics (reaction) 56,117

L Latent heat 60,65,173 Limiting reactant 53

example calculation 53 Liquid 35 Liquid-gas system 44

example calculation adiabatic flash 218 bubble and dew points 49 isothermal flash 122 Raoult's and Henry's laws 46

Liquid-liquid system 50 example calculation 115,142

Liquid-solid system 59 example calculation 116

M Mass 24

conservation 8,9,52,118 conversion to moles 51 general balance equation 8,9,15 units (table) 24,25

Mass balance 9,18 closure 118,131 example calculation 10,16,147 general balance equation 9

Mass fraction and mole fraction 42,43 example calculation 43

Material and energy balance 1,6,8,24, 86 computer 86,138,178,184 example calculation

ammonia production 225 atmosphere of Earth 247 batch reactor 241 drained and heated tank 245 generic process units 217 generic recycle process 227 hydrogen/air fuel cell 201 hydrogen economy 230

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Index

process economics 93 thermal power generation 204

flowsheet and stream table 92,178 non-nuclear vs. nuclear process 8 process economics 92 simultaneous 212 specification 212 triple bottom line accounting 86

Material balance 6,14,93,98,237 atom/element, mass, mole 9,99 closed system 100,239 closure 118 energy balance, basis 160,178 example calculation

atmosphere of Earth 103,247 batch reactor 100 biochemical process 142 continuous stirred tank reactor 117 electrochemical process 145 environmental system 149 direct methanol fuel cell 18 generic process units 108 internal combustion engine 11 mixer 243 multi-unit process 128,131,134 partial combustion 99 population 11,239 reactor 117 recycle process 133 recycle process with purge 134 separator 115,116,120,121 sequential modular solution 128 simultaneous solution 129 space station 101 stage-wise vs. overall 16 thermochemical process 147 water 9,101,247

generic process units 105 multiple process units 126 open system 103,243

263

process economics 92 sequential vs. simultaneous solution 126 simultaneous M&E balance 212 specification (table) 127

Mechanical energy balance 169 Mechanical work (power) 162,175 Method of sequential modular solution 126,128 Method of simultaneous solution 126,129 Mixer 88,89,90

example calculation energy balance 186,193,244 material balance 109,124,243 simultaneous M&E balance 217

generic 105 Mixing 69

dispersion vs. solution 69 heat of mixing 70 ideal vs. non-ideal mixtures 45,70 types of mixtures 69

Modelling 24,86,246 Molar mass (molecular weight) 6,52 Molar volume 42 Mole 9,15,51 Mole balance 9,99 Mole fraction and mass fraction 42,43

example calculation 43 Momentum 9,15 Momentum balance 176 Multi-phase equilibria 44 Multiple process units 126

energy balance 177,183 example calculation

sequential modular solution 128,131,134 simultaneous solution 129,133

material balance 126,127 simultaneous M&E balance 215

N Natural gas sweetening 147 Natural system 90,236

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264 Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

Net economic potential 92 example calculation 93

Nitrogen (in combustion process) 20,152, 180

Non-condensable gas 46,48 example calculation 49

Non-ideal gas 38 Non-ideal mixture 45,47,69,70,75 Numerical methods

energy balance 184 material balance 119 solution of differential equation 239,242,

246 spreadsheet calculations 119,242

O Open system 14,103,166,215,243

energy balance 168 example calculation

energy balance 167,184,191,193,195,196, 244

material balance 16,19,103,108,128,131, 136,142,145,147,149,152,243

M&E balance 198,201,204 simultaneous M&E balance 217,225,227,

230,247 generic process units 104,183 industrial chemical processes 104 material balance 103 unsteady-state M&E balance 243

Overall balance 16,99,215 example calculation

material balance 16,17 simultaneous M&E balance 225

P Partial pressure and volume 34 Phase 35,88,89

energy balance 172 equilibria 44 heat capacity 6

M&E balance 176,178 specific enthalpy 64,65,66

Phase rule 36,177 example calculation 37

Phase split 37,76,212,213,218 Photochemical process 1 Photosynthesis 149 Photovoltaic cell 176,230 Physical quantities 24,25 Physico-chemical process 1 Population (material balance) 1,10,239 Potential and kinetic energy 15,68,161, 171

example calculation 163,167,170 Power (and work) 162

battery, fuel cell, electro-reactor 176 compression/expansion of ideal gas

175 energy balance 174,175 example calculation 170,189,191,196,

201,227,230 mixing 177 pumping liquid 175

Pressure 25,31,176,177,178 absolute vs. gauge 31 difference 31,32 example calculation 27,32 standard atmosphere (table) 31

Pressure drop 33,178 Process

control 236,246 design 86,93,178,246 economics 92

example calculation 93 engineering 86,90,92 modelling 86,88,236 stream 91 unit 86,88,90,104,183,215 variables 31,91,176

concentration 42 density 39 example calculation 32

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Index 265

flow 91 phase 35 pressure 31 specific gravity 41 temperature 32

Psychrometric chart 77 example calculation 79 thermodynamic properties 71 water vapour-air (diagram) 78

Pump 88,89,90 example calculation

energy balance 189,191 material balance 112 simultaneous M&E balance 223

generic material balance 107 power 175

Purge 131 example calculation 136

Q Quality 73

example calculation 74 Quantity and system 6,7,16,98,160

R Raoult'slaw 45

example calculation 46,198 Reaction

conversion, extent, selectivity, yield 53 equilibrium 55,57 example calculation 52-54,57,117,241 heat, thermochemistry 58,59 kinetics, rates 53,56 stoichiometry 51

Reactor 88,90,117,212 chemical vs. nuclear 90 example calculation

conversion 57,117,214,241 energy balance 190,195 material balance 112 simultaneous M&E balance 214,224

generic material balance 107 residence time 56,117 subsidiary relations 117

Recycle 131 accumulation 131 chemical process 131 energy balance 183 example calculation

energy balance 196,198,201,204 material balance 131,142,145,147,149 simultaneous M&E balance 227,230

iterative sequential modular method 131

material balance 131 simultaneous M&E balance 215

Reduced pressure and temperature 38 Reference state 63-66,173

element vs. compound 171,173,208 energy balance 64,171,183,195 unsteady-state M&E balance 238

Return on investment 92 example calculation 93

Runaway greenhouse effect 247 Rule of thumb 178,209

S Saturation 73,77-79

example calculation 74 Selectivity 53,54

example calculation 55,152 Sensible heat 65,172 Separator 89,90

example calculation energy balance 187,192 material balance 110,115,116 simultaneous M&E balance 218

generic material balance 106 Sequential modular method 126

energy balance 183 example calculation

material balance 128,131

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266 Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

Shaft work (power) 175 Significant figures 29

example calculation 30 Simultaneous algebraic equations 119

example calculation 120,129 Simultaneous M&E balance 212

climate change 216 example calculation

adiabatic separator 218 ammonia synthesis 225 atmosphere of Earth 247 batch reactor 214 continuous reactor 224 direct contact heat exchanger 223 hydrogen economy indirect contact heat exchanger

222 mixer 217 phase split 213 recycle process 227

generic process units 215 multiple process units 215 specification 212

Simultaneous solution method 126,183 example calculation 129

Sodium chlorate production example calculation 145

Solar radiation example calculation

atmosphere of Earth 247 ethanolfrombiomass 149 hydrogen economy 230

Solid 35 Solid-gas system 49 Solid-liquid systems 50 Solids and liquids (equation of state) 39 Solubility 50

common substances in water (table) 51 Space station 1

example calculation 101 Species 88,89

Specific enthalpy 65 energy balance 172,173,176,179 example calculation 64-67 from tables and charts 71,73 graphical interpretation 66

Specific gravity 41 Specific heat see Heat capacity Specific volume 41 Specification 122,176,183

energy balance (table) 177 example calculation (mixer) 124 material balance (table) 122 simultaneous M&E balance 212

Split fraction 114,173 example calculation 115

Splitter 89,114 see Divider Spreadsheet 138

energy balance 178,180,184 material balance 138,140,141 M&E balance 184,216,242,246,249

Standard state 56 Steady-state 14,92,104,183

example calculation energybalance 184,191,193,195,

196 material balance 108,115,117,120,124,

128,131,134,142,145,147,149,152 M&E balance 198,201,204,217,225,

227,230 generic process units 104,183

Steam table 71,73 condensed version (table) 72 energybalance 173,183 example calculation

energybalance 170,194,195 phase, volume and enthalpy 74 simultaneous M&E balance 213 water phase split 213

Stoichiometry 51 combustion reaction 11,19,180 conversion, extent, selectivity, yield 54

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Index 267

example calculation limiting reactant 53 reaction masses 11,17,19,52

Stream table chemical process 91,92,176,178 energy balance 176,178 material balance 108,138,141,142 spreadsheet 138,140

Subsidiary relations 113,127 Sulphuric acid

enthalpy-concentration diagram 75 example calculation

energy balance 193,194 enthalpy-concentration diagram 76

heat of mixing (table) 70 Sun see Solar radiation Surface energy 68,162 Sustainable (development) 216,230,247 System and quantity 6,7,16,98,160

T Temperature 32,176

absolute vs. relative 32 example calculation

adiabatic compression 191 flame 204 flash 218

atmosphere of Earth 247 battery 165 energy balance 163,184,191,193,196,

198,201,204 falling mass 163 heated gas 32

M&E balance 213,214,218,222,223, 227,241,245,247

gas compression 175 heat exchanger 89,179 specification in energy balance 176,177,178

Temperature difference 32,174 Thermal load, thermal duty 174

Thermochemical process 1 example calculation

energy balance 195,204,214 material balance 11,18,19,147,

152 M&E balance 241 simultaneous M&E balance 217,225,

227 Thermochemical values (table) 58 Thermochemistry 58 Thermodynamic chart/diagram 71,75,77

energy balance, reference state 173, 208

example calculation 76,79,193,194 non-reactive energy balance 183

Thermodynamic properties 71 calculation 59-66 enthalpy-concentration diagram 75 example calculation 65,74,79 tables, diagrams and reference states 71 water (steam table) 72,73 water vapour-air (pyschrometric chart)

77,78 Thermodynamic table 71,179

steam table (condensed version) 72 Threshold effects 216 Transient conditions 236 Triple bottom line 86 Triple point 35,72,73 Turbine 175

U Units (chemical process) 86-89

generic energy balances 183-190 generic material balances 104-114 simultaneous M&E balances 215-224

Units (physical quantities) 24 basic and derived (table) 25 example calculation 27,28,29 rules for manipulating 26 SI to Imperial/American (table) 28

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268 Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

Unsteady-state 14,236,237 example calculation

energy balance 240,244 material balance 239,243 simultaneous M&E balance 245,241,247

Utilities 174 Utility load 171,174

V Vacuum 31 Vapour 35 Vapour pressure 44,46

Antoine equation 44 Clausius-Clapeyron equation 44 common substances (table) 44 example calculation 36,46

Vapour-liquid equilibrium 44 example calculation

adiabatic flash 218 biochemical process 198 combustion 152 direct contact heat exchanger 222 electrochemical process 201 isothermal flash 122

Raoult's law and Henry's law 45 water phase split 213

Variable (process) 31,91,122-127,176-177 Volume 9,15,25,34,38,39,41

example calculation 32,39,74

W Water 73,101,213,247 Work(andpower) 162,174,175,177,209

example calculation electrolysis 230 fuel cell 201 gas compression 191,230 photovoltaic cell 230 processing water 170 pumping liquid 196,227

Y Yield 54

example calculation competitive reactions 54 continuous process 128 recycle process 131 recycle process plus purge 136

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