Learning Leads To Ruling Page 1 of 16
9th Science Lesson 14 Notes in Tamil
14] ,

. , , . , .
, ( ) .
. ; (H+) .
; (OH-) .
, . . .

.
. . ?
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 2 of 16
. .
‘’ ‘’ . . .
1884- . , H+ H3O+ . .
H+ , Cl- .
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
? ? . .
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-
. (H3O+) . H+ H3O+ .
H+ + H2O → H3O+


Learning Leads To Ruling Page 3 of 16
,
.




CH3COOH H+ CH3COO- 1 HCOOH H+ HCOO- 1 HNO3 H+ NO3- 1 H2SO4 H+ SO42- 2 H3PO4 H+ PO43- 3
. . .. (CH4) (NH3) . (H+) .

.
.
: () .
.: HCOOH, CH3COOH
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 4 of 16
: .
.: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
:
, . .
.: HCl, HNO3
: .
.: H2SO4 , H2CO3
: .
.: H3PO4
. . .. (CH3COOH) , . .
.
(H+) . .
: . .: HCl
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 5 of 16
: . .: CH3COOH.
.
.
: .
: .

) .
) . , .
) .
) .
Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2 ↑
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
. .: Ag, Cu
) .
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑
) , .
CaO + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 6 of 16
) .
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
.

. . .
, . ,
. , ,
.
, .
. .

. (H+) , . .
.: H+ , Cl – . .
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 7 of 16

HCl HNO3 . . .
, . 3 : 1. – . .
. . . , .
: 3HCl + HNO3
:
: -420C (-440 F, 231 K)
: 1080C (2260 , 381 K)

1. .
2. , .

, (OH-) . , . . (Alkali) . , .
+ → +
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 8 of 16
, (ZnO), HCl .
ZnO(S) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(1)
, . , . .
NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
.
.


/

CaO Ca2+ O2- 1

Na2O Na+ O2- 1
KOH K+ OH- 1
Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ OH- 2
Al (OH)3 Al3+ OH- 3
. . .: NaOH KOH . Al(OH)3 Zn (OH)3 .

Learning Leads To Ruling Page 9 of 16
.
: . .: NaOH, KOH
: , .
.: Ca(OH)2 , Mg(OH)2
: , .
.: Al(OH)3 , Fe(OH)3
.
: , .
: , .
.
: .
.: NaOH, KOH
: . .: NH4OH, Ca(OH)2
.

) .
) .
) .
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 10 of 16
) .
) , , .
Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2↑
) , , . , , .
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
) , , .
KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O
, .
) , , .
NaOH + NH4Cl → NaCl + H2O + NH3 ↑
. Cu, Ag, Cr.
() . , 100 . 6V , . , . ? ? , . ? ?
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 11 of 16
, . , . . . .
: .

i. . ii. . iii. . iv.
.

)
. .
)
. .
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 12 of 16
)
. .

– –


pH
, pH . pH – p “ ”
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 13 of 16
. “ ” . pH 0 14 . pH , , .
7 . 7 . 7- .

. . . . . , . .

:
.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
:
. .
NaOH + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + H2O
:
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 14 of 16
.
Pb(OH)2 + HCL → Pb(OH)Cl + H2O
:
. , .
KAl(SO4)2. 12H2O

. , .
. .: , , .
. , . .

. . . . . . : CuSO4.5H2O. . . .
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 15 of 16
. .

i. : , . .
ii. : . , .
iii. : . .
Ca2+
Na+
K+
Zn2+
iv. , , .

– (NaCl)
, .
– (Na2CO3)
i. . ii. , .
Learning Leads To Ruling Page 16 of 16
– (NaHCO3)
i. . , .
ii. – . iii. . iv.
.
– (CaOCl2)
i. . ii. .
– (CaSO4. ½ H2O)
i. . ii. .