9_tjoek walujo subijanto_paper
TRANSCRIPT
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Integrated Water Resource Management and Water Governance to Improve Water
Security in the Brantas River Basin, Indonesia1
Tjoek Walujo Subijanto
President Director
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation
The Brantas and Bengawan Solo River Basin Management Agency
Jl Surabaya 2A Malang 65115 Indonesia
http://www.jasatirta1.co.id
email: [email protected], [email protected]
I. Introduction
A. Geographical Features of the Brantas River Basin
Brantas River Basin is located in the Island of Java, of the Republic of Indonesia. It runs through the western section
of the East Java Province. The basin is situated from Latitude 7o 1’ to 8
o 15’ South and Longitude 110
o 30’ to 112
o 55’
East. The river mainstream traverses 9 regencies and 5 municipalities. Starting at the upper regions of the river they
are Malang, Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Nganjuk, Jombang, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, and Surabaya City, including
portions of Pasuruan and Gresik. A general view of the Brantas River Basin is shown in Figure 1.
Volcanoes within the Brantas Basin are Mount Arjuna (3,339 m), Mount Anjasmara (2,282 m), Mount Butak (2,868
m), Mount Kawi (2,651 m), Mount Kelud (1,724 m), Mount Semeru (3,676 m), and others. Mount Semeru is
constantly active. In this century, Mount Kelud has erupted on a large scale an average of once every 15 years: 1901,
1919, 1951, 1966, and 1990. The total volume of ejecta is estimated at 100-200 million m³, having a decisive effect
on local society as well as the environment.
The Brantas River is characterized by clockwise watercourse centering on Mount Kelud. This is influenced by the
process of mountain uplift and the volcanic ranges. The Brantas originates from the southeastern side of Mount
Anjasmara located in the center of its basin. The uppermost stream starts its course eastward south around the
Semeru volcanic zone, and the runs to the west parallel to the Southern Mountains, which stretch east and west
blocking the river’s course. It changes its course again to the north to avoid older volcanoes and Mount Wilis, and
the runs past the foot of Mount Wilis and Mount Kelud to reach Surabaya City. Thus the Brantas travels past all the
major volcanic ranges in the basin.
B. Physical and Social Features of the Brantas River Basin
The population in the basin in 2006 (13,480,000) was more than twice that of 1960 (8,370,000), shortly
after the Brantas River Basin Development Project started. Surabaya City alone showed a remarkable
increase of 2.27 times compared to the 1.84 times of Java Island during the same period. This is good proof
of Surabaya’s rapid growth as a commercial and industrial city. With a population of 2.938.225 as of 2009,
Surabaya is the biggest commercial and industrial city next to Jakarta. Also, being a port city equipped with
modern facilities, it serves as a hub of domestic trade. With the availability of a plentiful labor force, the
Brantas River Basin around Surabaya City has become industrialized and urbanized, thereby creating a sharp
increase in economic activities.
The average specific runoff of the Brantas River (average runoff per 100 km²) is 3,4 m³/sec at the Sutami Dam on the
upper river, and 2,7 m³/sec at Jabon on the lower river. Evaporation of the Brantas River basin varies from 2.4
mm/day in January to 4.3 mm/day in August . From the comparison of specific runoff among the Brantas and major
1 Prepared for River Basin Study Visit in Spain, 24-28 May 2010
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rivers of the world, it follows that generally the runoff percentage of small and medium scale Indonesian rivers show
trends similar to that of rivers in Japan, whereas large river such as Solo and Brantas tend to have the same
characteristics as those in Asia, relating to high evaporation.
Rice yield in the Brantas Basin 1965 was 1,107 million tons. It went up to 2,299 million tons in 2004 even though
there was only a slight increase in paddy field area. A comparison between 1965 and 1993 yields shows that the rate
of increase in the Brantas Basin was 2.33 times in contrast to 2.29 times for the entire country. This can be said to be
a direct result of advanced intensive agricultural methods, based on the availability of irrigation water in the dry
seasons.
The rice yield per unit area was 4.54 tons/ha on the national average as of 2004, showing a considerable increase
from 3,48 tons/ha in 1965. The yield for the Brantas basin was 3.69 tons/ha in 1965 and 5.48 t/ha in 2004, well
beyond the national averages. This was due to improvement of rice varieties, introduction of chemical fertilizers, and
an increase in double cropping made possible by secured irrigation water in dry season.
The installed capacity for power generation was 13,600 MW as of 1993. of these, hydroelectric power generation
makes up, 2,179 MW, 16.0% of the total installed capacity for power generation. The total installed capacity in East
Java is 3,682 MW; of which 275 MW are hydroelectric. The installed capacity for hydroelectric power generation in
the Brantas Basin is 263 MW, which are 12.3% of the total in Indonesia and 97.8% of that in East Java for
hydroelectric power plant.
The electrification ratio in villages reached 54.7% in 1993 at the end of the fifth 5-year development plan. In the
sixth plan, the policy «further efforts for power development» was presented with a target value of 79%. The
electrification ratio on Java Island was 76.1% as of 1993, exceeding the national average of 54.7% by over 11%. The
Brantas Basin was among the areas on the island with the highest electrification ratio, being 15% in 1970 and more
than 85 % in 1993 and 90% in 2005.
Table 1 Physical Features of the Brantas River Basin
Main river course: Brantas Length 320 km
Administrative location: Province of East Java
Passing through 14 regencies
110°30’ and 112°55’ Eastern Longitude,
7°31’ and 8°15’ Southern Latitude
A. Main Tributaries and Basins
Lesti
Konto
Widas
Brantas
Ngrowo
Surabaya
625 km2
687 km2
1,539 km2
6,718 km2
1,600 km2
631 km2
Sum 11,800 km2
B. Water Availability
Average precipitation
Run-off coefficient
Potential flow
2,000 mm/year
0.50
11.8 billion m3
C. Surface Water Utilization
Irrigation water
Domestic-residential supply
Industry bulk water
Maintenance flow
Fisheries
2,400 million m3
158 million m3
131 million m3
204 million m3
41 million m3
Sum 2,934 million m3
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Figure 1 Map of the Brantas River Basin
C. Water Resources Development in the Brantas River Basin
Water resources in the Brantas River Basin have been developed since almost 1,200 years ago. However modern
development in water resources took place just as early as the end of the 19th
century introduced by the Dutch for
agricultural purposes. Comprehensive water resources development in the Brantas River Basin was introduced after
the Indonesian Government requested the preparation of a water resources development scheme as part of war
reparation assistance undertaken by Japanese Government after the Second World War.
The plan was carried out based on One River, One Plan, One Integrated Management principle, and initially prepared
for the Brantas River Basin in a so called Brantas Plan (1958) that was fortified into the ever first master plan of the
Brantas River Basin in 1961. This initial master plan was then periodically reviewed in order to update the plans in
accordance to the national development requirements. In sequence the following plans were undertaken in the
basin:
1. Master Plan I prepared in 1961, emphasized on flood control by developing dams at the upper reaches and
river improvements in the middle and lower reaches to increase flood relief capacity.
2. Master Plan II was prepared in 1973 emphasizing on irrigation development to support the government
policy on food sustainability by developing dams, barrages and technical irrigation schemes.
3. Master Plan III was prepared in 1985 emphasizing on water supply for domestic and industrial uses to
support the government policy on industrialization by developing new dams.
4. Master Plan IV was prepared in 1998, emphasizing on conservation and effective water resources
management to face the environment problems and challenge on the implementation of effective water
governance.
Total development in the basin resulted into 8 (eight) reservoirs (Sengguruh, Sutami, Lahor, Wlingi, Lodoyo, Selorejo,
Bening and Wonorejo), four river-improvement-schemes, four barrages, and three rubber dams etc. All of these
structures and their purposes can be seen in the following Table 3. The development of the Brantas River Basin is a
comprehensive multipurpose project, which uses dams, and reservoir for development of water resources, resulting
benefits in flood control, irrigation, and power generation, domestic and industrial water supply.
Sutami Dam
Selorejo Dam
Bening Dam
Wonorejo Dam
SengguruhDam
Wlingi Dam
Lodoyo Barrage
Lahor Dam
Mt Wilis
Mt Semeru
MtArjuno
Mt Kelud
Mt Kawi
SURABAYA
MALANG
KEDIRI
TULUNGAGUNG
N
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Figure 2 IWRM Spiral Model of Brantas River Basin
Source : IWRM Guidelines at River Basin Level (UNESCO-NARBO)
Multipurpose dams were constructed in the upper reaches, flood control of which could be used to decrease the
flood run off in the lower reaches. Around 1958, when the Brantas River Basin Development was commenced, debris
produced by the eruption of Mt. Kelud caused the agradation of riverbed of the Brantas River and its main
tributaries. This sediment deposition decreased the river discharge capacity for carrying flood. This incurred flooding
almost every year, resulting in personal injury, crop damage and loss of asset. Accordingly, flood prevention was
given a top priority in the initial stages of the development (Master Plan I, 1961), reviewed in 1973 (Master Plan II)
and renewed in 1985 (Master Plan III).
Table 2 Master Plans and Project Implemented
Master Plans (M/Ps) M/P Objectivities Planned Project Construction Period
Master Plan I (1961)
Comprehensive Report
on the Kali Brantas
Overall Project
To control flood by
constructing large reservoir in
the upstream area and
improving the discharge
capacity of the river in the
downstream area.
To utilize completed reservoir
for supplying irrigation water
and electricity generation
South Tulungagung Drainage
System
1959-1962
Karangkates Multipurpose
Reservoir
1962-1973
Selorejo Multipurpose
Reservoir
1961-1975
Kali Porong River
Improvement
1963-1972
Lengkong Barrage 1971-1977
Brantas Delta Irrigation 1971-1973
Karangkates Hydropower
Expansion (Lahor Dam)
1973-1977
Master Plan II (1973)
Report on the Brantas
River Basin Development
Plan
The emphasize provision of
irrigation water in support of
the national drive for self-
sufficiency in food production,
we well as flood control and
utilization of water potential
for electricity and recreation
activities
Wlingi Multipurpose
Reservoir
1975-1978
Lodoyo Barrage and Power
Station
1977-1984
Kali Surabaya River
Improvement
1974-1981
Lodoyo-Tulungagung Irrigation Development
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Table 2 Master Plans and Project Implemented (Continued)
Master Plans (M/Ps) M/P Objectivities Planned Project Construction Period
Brantas Middle Reach River
Improvement
1975-1983
Widas Dam Irrigation PJ
(including Bening Reservoir)
1977-1984
Sengguruh Reservoir and
Power Station
1982-1988
Tulungagung Divertion
Improvement
1989-1991
Waruturi Irrigation
(including Mrican Barrage)
1988-1992
Lodoyo Irrigation 1977-1985
Kelud Debris Control PJ
(Debris Check dam)
1972-1978
Master Plan III (1985/86)
Final Report for the
Study of Widas Flood
Control and Drainage
Project Part I and Part II
Study
To emphasize fulfillment of
the predicted (until the year
2000) demand of domestic and
industrial water, particularly in
Surabaya and its surrounding
areas.
Brantas Middle Reach River
Improvement (II)
1984-1993
Tulungagung Power
Generation
1989-1991
Kediri Nganjuk Groundwater
Irrigation
1982-1986
Wonorejo Reservoir and
Power Generation
1994-2000
Master Plan IV
Final Report of
Operation, Maintenace
And Rehabilitation of
Brantas River Basin
Development
Management and
conservation of water
resources including
improvement of operation,
maintenance and
rehabilitation of water
resources infrastructures.
Figure 3 Water Resources Infrastructures in the Brantas River Basin
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Table 3 Purpose of Water Resources Infrastructures in the Brantas River Basin
No Structure River Purpose
A Large Dams
Selorejo Dam (1970) Konto Water supply for irrigation, and additional supply for
hydropower plants at the D/S, hydro power generation,
flood control, recreation
Sutami Dam (1972) Brantas Water supply for domestic, irrigation, industry, hydro
power generation, flood control, recreation
Lahor Dam (1975) Lahor Water supply for domestic, irrigation, industry, flood
control
Wlingi Dam (1978) Brantas Afterbay of Sutami Hydro power, water diversion for
irrigation, hydro power generation, flood control,
recreation
Bening Dam (1984) Widas Water supply for irrigation, hydro power generation,
flood control, recreation
Sengguruh Dam (1988) Lesti Sediment control to Sutami reservoir, hydro power
generation
Wonorejo Dam (2000) Bodeng
Song
Water supply for domestic, hydro power generation,
flood control
B Barrages
New Lengkong (1974) Porong Water diversion for irrigation, domestic, and industry
Gunungsari (1981) Surabaya Water diversion for irrigation
Jagir (rehabilitation) (1981) Wonokromo Water diversion for domestic
Lodoyo (1983) Brantas Afterbay of Wlingi hydro power, hydro power
generation
Tulungagung Gate (1986) Parit Agung Water regulation for domestic, hydropower, and flood
control
Wonokromo (1990) Mas Flood control
Mrican (1992) Brantas Water diversion for irrigation
C Rubber Dams
Gubeng (1990) Mas Water diversion and control for domestic purpose
Jatimlerek (1993) Brantas Water diversion for irrigation purpose
Menturus (1993) Brantas Water diversion for irrigation purpose
D. Main Issues and Expected Challenges for the Future in Managing Water in the Brantas River Basin
Some issues are identified as the most likely to have significant impacts on future water management in the Brantas
Basin. The issues and challenges will give impact to water security in the basin, since water resources in the basin is
very important input of agriculture production, water quality degradation has occurred in the basin and threaten the
health and welfare of the poor and the water related hazards such as extreme floods and landslides etc happen
frequently.
The first main issue and challenge is related to water scarcity in the Brantas River basin in the near future that will
cause the difficulties to allocate water due to increasing water demand and limited supply capacity. This situation
will lead to conflict of interest among users. The limited supply capacity is caused by the decrease of effective
storage capacity of the reservoirs in the basin due to severe land erosion and sedimentation. Watershed degradation
has become an important constrain, since erosion (related to land use and spatial management) and natural forces
(volcanic debris) enhances sedimentation that shortens economic life of major dams in the basin and natural base
flow degradation during dry spells.
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The Brantas River basin has eight reservoirs with a total initial gross storage capacity of 647.0 million m3 and
effective storage capacity of 479.6 million m3. Because of sedimentation, the gross and effective storage are now
decreasing to 390 million m3 (60%) and 341 million m
3 (71%) respectively. This situation will be in risk considering
the impact of global climate change on water resources i.e. the increase of frequency and magnitude of drought.
The second main issue and challenge is related to water quality deterioration in the Brantas River basin. Increase of
population at the Brantas River Basin and various economic activities, has direct impact on water quality in the
basin, and could be foreseen in the following facts:
1. Domestic bulk water supply for Surabaya City is provided mainly from Brantas surface water. As a matter of
pollution accumulation, the river’s water has a low dissolved oxygen (DO) level, thus creating water
purification difficulties and rises the cost of water treatment.
2. Increased water pollution are frequently worsen by shock loadings, especially in the dry season when natural
flows in the rivers are at the minimum.
3. The occurrence of increased turbidity during the rainy season inflicts the increase of sediment contents
caused by degradation of the upstream catchments area.
4. Eutrofication symptoms at the Sutami Reservoir caused by the accumulation of nitrates (N) and phosphates
(P) elements. This symptoms creates significant problems, like: algae blooming, deterioration of freshwater
fauna and organic depravement.
The third main issue and challenge is related to water related hazards in the Brantas River basin. The water related
hazards such as extreme floods and landslides etc happen frequently in the Brantas River basin due to climate
change impact. Extreme flood usually happen in some small tributaries e.g. Amrong, Bogel, Sadar, Batan, Gunting
Rivers etc. The flood occurrence in the tributaries couldn’t be avoided due to lack of flood control structures.
Big flood happened in some small tributaries in the Brantas River basin in December 2007 due to extreme rainfall
that took place simultaneously and intensively in whole basin started on December 24, 2007 at 09.00 AM until
December 26, 2007 having duration of about 64 hours. In upper reach of Brantas River basin and Sutami Lahor sub
basin, cumulative rainfalls of about 192 mm for 23 hours was recorded at Poncokusumo Station, about 196 mm in 38
hours at Pujon Station, about 578 mm in 32 hours at Dampit Station, and 372 mm in 24 hours at Sengguruh Station,
and the highest discharge of about 1,582 m3/s and 750 m
3/s were recorded at Gadang Station and Tawangrejeni
Station, respectively. Maximum inflow discharge to Sengguruh reservoir was recorded of about 1,422 m3/s at that
time. Recorded maximum inflow discharge in Sutami Reservoir, the largest reservoir in Brantas River basin, located
in the downstream of Sengguruh Reservoir, was about 1,434.5 m3/s that could be controlled by the reservoir.
Accordingly, water level of Sutami Reservoir increased 10.10 m in 36 hours, from elevation + 262.12 m on December
25, 2007 at 12:00 to elevation +272.22 m on December 27, 2007 at 00:00.
Figure 4 Q Inflow and water level in Sutami Reservoir 20-31 December 2007
Q Inflow Elevation
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E. Progress in Improving Water Security in in the Brantas River Basin
1. Institutional Aspect of Water Resources Management in the Brantas River Basin
The water resources sector administration system in Indonesia is governed under two systems: (a) a de-concentrated
public administration system, and (b) a decentralized public administration system. Under the de-concentrated
system the Governors and Regents act as regional representatives of the President and implement central
government policies and programs under the supervision of the Central Government. While the regions are
consulted on the programs, it is left to the center to decide on the size, scope, and implementation modalities.
The dinas agencies operate under the regional governments and conform more or less exactly to the central
implementing ministry and function as a line agency for deconcentrated activities. For example, the «centralized»
Ministry of Public Works (MPW), which has a Director General for Roads, Human Settlement and Water Resources,
has a counterpart in a region (Province/Regency) known in Indonesian as Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (abbreviated as
Dinas PU) in the areas of Road Transportation (Dinas Bina Marga), Human Settlement (Dinas Cipta Karya), and
Water Resources (Dinas Pengairan). While the Dinas PU organization is part of regional government structure, the
centralized Ministry of Public Works technically guides them. For all de-concentrated activity, the regional Dinas
agencies work under the supervision and guidance of the respective central ministries. The Dinas PU agencies
manage their functions through branch offices known as Cabangs or UPTDs (Unit Pelaksanaan Teknis Daerah or Unit
for Technical Management). In the case of the water sector, the provincial Dinas PU Pengairan (Provincial Water
Resource Agency) has – beginning in 1998, gradually replaced the field offices (Cabangs) with Balai PSDAs (Basin
Water Resource Management Units) which are a form of Unit for Technical Management (UPTD).
In the pre-year 2000 public administration system, most decentralized functions in the water sector public services
were limited to operation and maintenance-type activities and its management, while almost all development
activities were handled as centralized, deconcentrated activities. A limitation in decentralized decision-making has
been the lack of regional autonomy and authority and regional resource constraint. With the enactment of the
autonomy and fiscal decentralization laws in 1999 and its revision in 2004, more and more sectoral activities and
programs are expected to be handled under the decentralized approach. Also, the unitary system of government
with central control has so far inhibited decision-making at the appropriate level. This is expected to improve as
autonomy laws begin to be implemented.
Until 1998 all aspects of water resource management in the Brantas River Basin were managed by a dual system of
management. The center through DGWR and its projects was responsible for most developmental activities while a
river basin corporation (PJT-I), a corporate-type RBO, managed the infrastructure on behalf of the central ministry
under the Government Regulation No. 93 of 1999. The provincial government through its Provincial Water Resource
Agency (Dinas PU Pengairan) and field offices exercised the regulatory role of water abstraction licensing, sand
mining licensing, land use licensing, water quality regulation, and O&M of all irrigation systems in the river basin.
The PJT-I act as a bulk water operator and a monitor of all water withdrawals. The regency level agencies had no
direct authority in basin water management including irrigation or its development except in land use area.
The local level inputs were solicited either through normal administrative channels or through coordinating
committees such as the Regency Irrigation Committee (Panitia Irigasi Kabupaten) and Provincial Irrigation
Committee (Panitia Irigasi Provinsi).
There are a number of agencies, both structural and non-structural (project status), that are involved either fully or
partially and directly or indirectly in water resource related functions in the basin. In 1998 a study lists 35
organizations that have a role in water resource development and management. It also lists the tasks and duties of
these organizations in water resources management.
Table 4 Roles of primary institutions in water resources management
Macro and Program Planning : National, Provincial and Regency Planning Boards (Bappenas/Prov.
Bappeda/Dist. Bappeda)
Supervision & Guidance : Ministry of Public Works (MPW,DGWR, Directorates)
Development : National or Provincial Projects
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Table 4 Roles of primary institutions in water resources management (Continued)
Regulatory : Provincial Water Resources Agency and Basin Water Resources Agency
(Dinas PUP, Balai PSDAs)
Water Management including
Operation and Maintenance
: The Brantas River Basin Corporation (PJT-I) (a national public sector
corporation) and the Brantas River Basin Public Utility Organization
Irrigation Management : Regency Water Resource Agency (Kab. Dinas PU) for irrigation systems
inside a regency.
Provincial Basin Water Resource Agency (Balai PSDA) for irrigation
systems that are inter-regency.
Coordination : National Water Council with stakeholder representation
Coordination Team of Water Resources Management in Brantas River
basin
The concept of ad hoc bodies, comprised of representatives from related agencies from all levels (for example, a task
force for water quality management, flood management, watershed management), was used to provide
recommendations to the provincial or central authorities to act upon. Stakeholder input was mostly through a
consultative process, and formal representation in committees and task forces was limited to government agencies
such as forestry, agriculture, industry, environment agencies. Much of the water resource functions were
undertaken directly by the center or by the province through the deconcentration principle. Only irrigation
management functioned on the decentralization principle at the provincial level with the farmer’s organization
(WUA) treated as objects rather than subjects.
The country’s democratization process that began in 1998, resulting in the laws on decentralization and autonomy to
regencies in 1999, has now created the necessary environment for basin water management activities to be
decentralized to the appropriate levels of administration. This process has started and with the completion of the
water sector reform in the near future will decide on how decentralization will function.
Existence of PJT-I in the Brantas River Basin as a government owned company with responsibilities of conducting
operation and management activities as well as rendering water services is secured. Typically in the Brantas River
Basin there are two type RBOs, first one is PJT-I with responsibility of: (1) operation of the water resources
infrastructures; (2) conducting preventive maintenance, including to a certain extent periodical rehabilitation; and
(3) rendering water services to the users under the cost-recovery scheme. On the other hand, there is also a public-
type utility RBO, or Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai, which is a transformation of the former «project-type unit» under
the MPW, namely the Brantas River Basin Development Project. Establishment of this public-type utility RBO was
initiated by the Regulation of the Ministry of Public Works No. 12/PRT/M/2006.
Thus, in the Brantas River Basin could be found two types of RBOs with different responsibilities. In order to avoid
overlap in undertaking its responsibilities, a specific clear cut was drawn where it is commonly agreed that PJT-I as a
corporate-type RBO undertakes separate responsibilities than the public-type utility RBO. Both RBOs will focus on
water resources management within the confined terms of a river basin as drawn in the Water Law of 2004, but with
different performing areas of responsibilities.
The main organizations that have a role in water resource development and management are The East Java Water
Resources Service Office, Jasa Tirta I Puboic Corporation, the Brantas River Basin Public Utility Organization and the
Water Resources Management Coordination Team.
The East Java Water Resources Service Office manages water through agencies that were set up in 1998 (on the
transfer of the provincial field offices) as part of decentralizing basin water resources management from the center
to the provinces and basin. These agencies operate, maintain, and manage the infrastructure and the water
resources in the rivers that are not under the jurisdiction of PJT-I. They manage mostly the second, third, and fourth
order rivers (around 1,510 rivers) in the Brantas River basin that do not have major infrastructure or do not have
major water benefits except irrigation. These agencies manage the inter-district irrigation system and acts more as
field regulatory arm of the East Java Water Resources Office. These agencies are the lowest level agency where
input for regulatory decisions (abstraction licensing, effluent discharge licensing, flood plain use, etc.) is made.
Agencies act as the field offices of the East Java Water Resources Office and provide the operational support.
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PJT-I was established in 1990, based on Government Regulation No. 5 of 1990 (ad later replaced by Government
Regulation No. 93/1999 to strengthen the organization and permit its jurisdiction to extend to other basins), is
charged with managing the water resources in 40 of the more important benefit producing rivers (including the
Brantas River) of the basin and to operating, maintaining, and managing the major infrastructure in these rivers.
Detail explanation on PJT-I will be available in the next section of this part.
The third important institution in the Brantas River Basin is the Brantas River Basin Public Utility Organization. This
organization was established by the Ministry of Public Works decree No. 248/KPTS/M/2009 on February 9, 2009.
This organization is entitled with various responsibilities, basically representing government obligation for public
services, like rehabilitation of water resources infrastructures and construction of new infrastructures.
The fourth organization is the Water Resources Management Coordination Team consists of river basin organizations
in the basin (Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation and Brantas River Basin Public Utility Organization or in Indonesian: Balai
Besar Wilayah Sungai Brantas), Provincial and Regency/Municipal Government Agencies (agencies related to
regional planning, water resources, agriculture, environment, health, forestry, transportation, industry, energy and
natural resources, coastal and fishery, education, etc) and non-governmental organizations (consist of water users
organizations/associations for irrigation, domestic use of water and industries, electricity, forestry, etc).
Prior to the establishment of the Coordination Team of Water Resources Management in Brantas River basin, in
order to avoid conflict among water users in the Brantas River basin, a Provincial Water Resources Management
Committee (in Indonesian: Panitia Tata Pengaturan Air abbreviated as PTPA) was established based on the East Java
Governor’s Decree No. 59 of 1994. The committee, which was responsible to the Governor, was supposed to be a
coordination body where decision on all management aspects in water resources (planning, implementing,
supervising, controlling and funding) in its respective area was made.
2. Legal and Financial Arrangements
The Indonesian Water Law (Law No 7 of 2004 on Water Resources) enacted on March 2004 has given path to the
decentralization process of water resources at the basin level. The Law stipulates that certain authorities that lie in
the hand of the central government could be over handed to the provincial government or to a distinctive
organization within the river basin. Leading on this clause, water resources at a river basin level could be managed
either by the government or any third party that fits into the regulation to serve water resources responsibilities.
Following the enactment of Law No 7 of 2004 on Water Resources, some Government Regulations were issued to
support the implementation of the Law. One of the most important Government Regulations is the Government
Regulation No 42 of 2008 on Water Resources Management which stipulate keys aspects of water resources
development and management i.e. conservation, water resources utilization, controlling destructive forces of water
resources. For implementation in the field, some Governor Decrees and Provincial Government Regulations were
issued to support water resources management in the Brantas River basin. For example, there is East Java Governor
Provincial Government Regulation No. 10 of 2007 on licensing of water surface abstraction in East Java Province.
In the water sector most of the development-type activities are being undertaken as de-concentrated activities
under the central budget known as APBN while some of the smaller development activities are taken up as
decentralized activities. In general most operation and maintenance (O&M) and irrigation system management are
decentralized except for some major irrigation systems (for example, the Jatiluhur irrigation system of 240,000 ha)
and new or rehabilitated irrigation projects that have not been transferred to local government. Based on
Government Regulation No 20 of 2006 on Irrigation, irrigation area of more than 3,000 ha is managed by Central
Government, irrigation area of 1,000 - 3,000 ha is managed by Provincial Government and irrigation area of less than
1,000 ha is managed by Regencial Government.
So far most activities related to basin water resources management that are funded under APBN and are deemed to
be de-concentrated activities. However, elements of water resources management (hydrology measurement,
licensing of water abstraction, operation and maintenance of certain facilities, management of river infrastructure,
etc.) have been funded under APBD and thus follow the decentralized approach. In most cases the decentralized
activities (local decision and regional funding) in water sector either complements or supplements the
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deconcentrated activities except in the case of irrigation system operation and maintenance. Most decentralized
activities are based on relevant centrally established policies, regulations, and guidelines.
As a corporate type river basin organization, PJT-I has been given the authority to collect water service fee from the
commercial beneficiaries – hydropower energy producers and bulk water consumers (including domestic as well as
industries). Budget for operation and maintenance of the basin infrastructures and water services, as well as
management and overhead costs (office) are borne by the revenue from these beneficiaries.
The implementation of policy on progressive tariff of water service fee has driven the efficiency of industrial water
use especially for sugar factories. The total volume of raw water used by sugar factories in the Brantas River basin
decreased significantly from 91.52 million m3 in 1992 to 65.53 million m
3 in 2009.
As the Water Law of 2004 exempts’ farmers, the biggest water consumer, for paying water service fee, however,
beneficiaries’ contribution has increased from 9.4 billion Rupiah in 1992 to 117.76 billion Rupiah in 2009 and
projected to increase 172.38 billion Rupiah in 2010. Fund collected from the water service fee is prioritized by PJT-I
to ensure operational continuity of the infrastructure, based on a balance budget, the remaining fund is spent on
preventive maintenance, periodical maintenance and minor repairs. For asset renewal, the Brantas River Basin relies
on the Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai or public-type utility RBO. This RBO is responsible for major repairs, rehabilitation,
rectification and special maintenances. However, due to the inflexibility on the financial aspect of this public-type
utility RBO (as it relies solely on the Government’s fund) it is possible for PJT-I to render emergency maintenance at
the river and its infrastructure whenever it is necessary.
However, as the infrastructure in the Brantas River Basin is already between 20-40 years old, thus more attention
needs to be given. Certain installment on the maintenance activities has provoked infrastructure damages. Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in 2001, estimated rehabilitation cost of these facilities to be close to 704
billions Rupiah.
3. Collaboration with Other Stakeholders (National/Local Governments, Committees, Communities, Donors,
NGOs)
As a platform for stakeholder liaison and an advisory body for water-related basin-level development and
management in the Brantas River basin, a coordinated team called the Coordination Team of Water Resources
Management in Brantas River basin which established based on Ministry of Public Works Decree No.
248/KPTS/M/2009 on February 9, 2009. The Coordination Team identifies development needs and opportunities,
provides policy guidance, and undertakes strategic development planning and implementation planning. The main
responsibility according to the Law on Water Resources (2004) is to formulate water resources policies and
strategies. The Council reports to the Minister of Public Works and to the Governors of Central Java and East Java
Provinces.
Membership of the Coordination Team consists 50% from Government and 50% from Non Government.
Memberships from Government consists of River Basin Organizations (Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation and Brantas
River Basin Public Utility Type RBO - Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Brantas), Provincial and Regency/Municipal
Government Agencies (Agencies related to regional planning, water resources, agriculture, environment, health,
forestry, transportation, industry, energy and natural resources, coastal and fishery, education, etc). Memberships
from Government non Government Organizations consist of water users organizations/associations for irrigation,
drinking water, industry, fishery, electricity, tourism, forestry, etc.
Prior to the establishment of the Coordination Team of Water Resources Management in Brantas River basin, in
order to avoid conflict among water users in the Brantas River basin, a Provincial Water Resources Management
Committee (Panitia Tata Pengaturan Air/PTPA) was established based on the East Java Governor’s Decree No. 59 of
1994 on the Establishment of Water Resources Management Committee in East Java Province. The committee,
which was responsible to the Governor, was supposed to be a coordination body where decision on all management
aspects in water resources (planning, implementing, supervising, controlling and funding) in its respective area was
made.
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The NGO movement in the water sector has been rapidly gaining momentum since the early 1990s. The NGO
movement in the water sector is in the environmental area and is primarily involved in social-watershed-pollution
aspects. A number of universities participate in the water sector decision making process through expert advice or
providing consultancy. The water sector reform process, which began in 1999, has generated interest in the policy
and legal aspects among some NGOs. The NGOs such as LP3ES and WALHI have played a major role in providing
input to the water sector reform movement and have conducted public consultation and surveys to solicit input from
stakeholders and the public.
In the Brantas Basin a number of NGOs and institutions participate in aspects of WRM (primarily environment
related) and work with the provincial and basin level agencies. But the NGOs have no institutional authority in
decision-making they are playing an important role in bringing public awareness, monitoring water quality, managing
solid waste and domestic sanitation, and promoting transparency in WRM activities. The NGOs such as Ecoton has
played a major role in conducting conservation of water quality and bio-diversity in the rivers.
To promote river health, PJT-I invites senior high school teachers to be involved by introducing awareness to water
and environment conservation to their students. Senior High Schools Communication Networks for Water Quality
Monitoring in the Brantas River Basin, East Java, Indonesia was established by PJT-I in cooperation with State
University of Malang and teachers from senior high schools in Brantas River Basin on June 27, 1997.
The objective of the Communication Networks establishment are to raise awareness of schools to water resources,
river & environment, to introduce issues related to environment & water resources management in river basin, to
introduce problem solving strategies, to invite students to have experiences on research implementation &
monitoring in the subjects of chemistry, biology, geographic & social, to increase cooperation among school in
raising awareness to water resources, to improve the teachers’ concept on water resources management &
innovative teaching methods, and to build communication through e-learning activities. Some activities of the
Communication Networks are training for teachers and students (bio-assessment. e-learning, etc), water olympic,
camping, regreening of school environment, river cleaning, campaign on river conservation, competition on
regreening in school environment, competition on water resources conservation, seminar and workshop, etc.
Figure 5 Activities of Senior High Schools Communication Networks for Water Quality Monitoring
E. Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation (PJT-I) established in 1990, based on Government Regulation No. 5/1990 (later
replaced by Government Regulation No. 93/1999 to strengthen the organization and permit its jurisdiction to extend
to other basins), is charged with managing the water resources in 40 of the more important benefit producing rivers
(including the Brantas River) of the basin and to operating, maintaining, and managing the major infrastructure in
these rivers. In 2000, the Brantas Corporation was authorized to undertake WRM in 25 rivers of Bengawan Solo River
Basin (an inter-provincial river basin lying in Central Java and East Java Provinces).
The Corporation has no role in irrigation management in the basin except to provide bulk water supply to the
irrigation systems. It provides comprehensive water resource development (mostly non-structural) and utilization
service to fulfill all types of surface water demand, water resources protection, water quality monitoring, flood
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operation, O&M of water infrastructure, conservation and providing information, recommendations, public
campaigns and technical guidance.
Table 1 Water bodies (rivers) incorporated to PJT-I according the Government Regulation
Brantas River Basin (40 rivers) Bengawan Solo River Basin (25 rivers)
Brantas, Amprong, Lesti, Metro, Lahor, Bambang,
Lekso, Semut, Jari, Putih, Ewuh, Dawir, Parit Agung,
Parit Raya, Ngrowo, Ngasinan, Tawing, Tugu,
Bodeng, Song, Badak, Serinjing, Konto, Kedak,
Widas, Kedungsoko, Ulo, Kuncir, Bening, Beng,
Watudakon, Brangkal, Sadar, Kambing, Porong,
Marmoyo, Surabaya, Kedurus, Wonokromo, Mas
Bengawan Solo, Tirtomoyo, Keduwang, Walikan, Dengkeng,
Blora, Ceper, Ujung, Lohgede, Siwaluh, Grompol,
Tempuran, Mungkung, Gambiran, Madiun, Ketegan,
Cemer, Catur, Brangkal, Gandong, Kukur, Jungke, Ketongo,
Trinil, Foodway Plangwot-Sedayulawas
The business activities of the corporation cover water business and non water business activities. The water business
activities consist of raw water supply for domestic, industrial purposes and hydropower plants. The non water
business activities consist of land rent, tourism in its working area, construction and consulting services, etc. For the
near future, after the new Government Regulation on Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation issued, there are opputunities
for the Corporation to develop new businesses on the development of drinking water supply system and hydro
electric power generation in small scale.
1. Organizational Setup
PJT-I is supervised by a supervisory board composed of central and provincial government representatives and is
managed by a board of directors headed by a president director. Being a national corporation, the authority to
oversee the management and functioning of PJT-I lies with the center through the Ministry of Public Works (MPW),
with the Ministry of State-owned Corporation (MoSC) exercising a fiscal oversight role.
The Minister, who draws his powers from the water law, has supervisory control. The supervisory board has five
members representing the MPW, MoSC, Ministry of Finance (MoF), and local government (with three-year terms)
and undertakes general supervision of the corporation’s program, work plan, and budget. This is the only
institutional setting in which the Provincial Government of East Java (for Brantas basin) and Central Java and East
Java (for Bengawan Solo basin) can directly interact with the work of the corporation and influence the WRM in the
basin, apart from the authority it exercises through other agencies in the basin. To a large extent the central
ministries’ (MPW and MoSC) role overshadows the supervisory board’s functions in the operation of the corporation.
The day-to-day management of the corporation is with an executive board composed of a President Director, a
Director for Technical Planning and Development Affairs, a Director for Financial Affairs, a Director of Operations for
the Brantas River and the Bengawan Solo River, and a Director for Human Resources Development. Four regional
units (division) in the Brantas basin and three regional units in the Bengawan Solo, manage the field water resources
management and special units undertake research, planning, and quality management.
The main functions of PJT-I are (i) water quantity management, (ii) water quality management, (iii) flood control
management, (iv) river environment management, (v) watershed management, (vi) water resources infrastructure
management, and (viii) research and development. In carrying out these activities, the corporation coordinates with
stakeholders such as the State Electricity Corporation, municipal water supply corporations, private and public sector
industries, NGOs, and experts.
The corporation is not responsible for irrigation system management but provides bulk water. In cases where water
supply is made from the irrigation system for non-irrigation functions (water supply to industry), the corporation
coordinates with the concerned irrigation agency. Thus, much of the management decisions are based on a
consultative process through a proactive approach. The corporation is authorized to make most of the technical
policy decisions and some policy decisions related to WRM, such as release of reservoir water for flushing, changes
in water allocation during times of shortage, reservoir operation, awareness campaign.
The corporation, however, has no policy power in areas such as basin planning, basin infrastructure development
and investment, off-stream water quality improvement, tariff fixing etc. In these areas where it is not permitted to
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make policy decisions, PJT-I works through the administrative and consultative channel to influence decisions. As an
organization PJT-I has been very effective in most aspects of the WRM decision-making, coordination, improving
resource base, and working with other basin agencies and stakeholders by adopting a proactive management style
and having a good working relationship with both formal and informal institutions.
2. Continues Improvement and Quality Assurance System
The management of PJT-I are required to have innovations spirits in developing and implementing the new concept
of water resources management. This assignment is a great challenge for PJT-I to be the one of leading water
resources management institution in Indonesia.
Many aspects of IWRM and water governance system were developed and implemented in this basin. River
infrastructures are in better condition, basin productivity and public awareness as well as user’s contributions for
financing O&M activities increase significantly. The key success factor to have supports from stakeholders is
stakeholder satisfaction.
Brantas River Basin is the first river basin in Indonesia who applies Quality Management System of ISO 9001-2000 for
design, operation and maintenance of water resources and infrastructure since 1997 as commitment of PJT-I to
achieve stakeholders’ satisfaction through continuous improvement of the system and responsive actions on
stakeholders’ complaints as reflection of PJT-I’s motto “Identity by Quality”. Besides to anticipate stakeholders and
beneficiaries’ request and to enhance stakeholders’ satisfaction by meeting their requirements, other reasons to
adopt Quality Management System are instrument to meet better water resources management according to the
global standards; effective system is required to improve the company’s performance; efficient, effective and
consistent corporate management; improve employee’s integrity; optimum time and resources usage; improve
employee’s capacity and responsibility; and better communication and improvement in information quality.
After having experience in applying Quality Management System of ISO 9001 for water resources management in the
Brantas River basin, PJT-I has benefits as follows: operational aspect of the company is not affected by change of the
employed workforce (better working methods); improvement in the company’s performance; stakeholders’
complaints are better handled and anticipated; main tasks are undertaken more efficient and effectively;
appreciation from external parties to the company’s existence increases; pilot concept for water resources
management at the basin-wide perspective in Indonesia; better relationship between stakeholders and beneficiaries
and easier to implement Good Corporate Governance (GCG) principles.
Figure 2 Model of a Process-based Quality Management System
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Figure 3 Implementation of Quality Management System ISO 9001-2000 in Brantas River Basin
3. Corporatization Achievement
As a professional institution, Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation is responsible to develop a proper management system
and technology application for basic and advanced water resources management in the Brantas River Basin. Purpose
of the corporation covers technical aspects, financial aspect, and management aspect.
a. Technical Aspect
For development purposes of water resources infrastructures, flood control, pollution control and other
environmental aspects, comprehensive master plans have been developed in sequence. These master plans were
completed in coordination with related inter-sectoral agencies on mutual agreement.
In implementing the stipulated activities, as designated in the master plan, the responsible corporation carries out
coordination especially with the related agencies. Water allocation – as an example – is carried out through
coordination with the governmental agencies, Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation as managing institution, main
stakeholders, representatives of sectoral users, non-governmental organizations and experts, at the provincial and
basin level.
As result of this coordination, a specific reservoir operation pattern for the Brantas River Basin is prepared by Jasa
Tirta I Public Corporation and agreed by all parties. Implementation of this pattern will be carried out by the
corporation (that is responsible for maintaining the reservoirs), related irrigation agency and other main
stakeholders. This mechanism is used to solve inter-sectoral water allocation and appraise a fair and transparent
result.
For other aspects, like river environment management and water quality management, the same procedure is used.
The governmental agencies, main stakeholders, representatives and experts are consulted and proactively involved
in the implementation process.
In the future plans, the following activities are included into the approach of an integrated water resources
development and management in Brantas River basin:
� Modern data management incorporating an interactive database management and information system. The
planning of the data management should be directed towards development of a Decision Support System,
providing support to short and long term planning and real time decision making. Efforts have to be
CONTINUOES IMPROVEMENT
- Other resources
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undertaken to integrate and update the existing hydrological database of the basin, at provincial and regional
levels.
� Set out and optimize future water demands and allocation establishing a water management system that
entails the allocation supplies, scheduling, operation, and monitoring of the main distribution/collection
facilities.
� Maintain and improve in-stream water quality in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies through
development of a water quality monitoring and management system.
� Introducing economic instrument for water pollution control.
� Development of Farmers Owned Company (Badan Usaha Milik Petani – BUMP) to increase irrigation water
efficiency.
� Development of company (as subsidiary of some State Owned Companies including Jasa Tirta I Public
Corporation in Indonesian namely BUMN Hijau Lestari) for watershed conservation and agro industry purposes.
� Development of flood management by planning of necessary measures connected with flood protection in
order to safeguard rural and urban areas.
� Development of a river management system for low water levels and flood flow events in order to ensure
efficiency of the irrigation and water supply mechanism and flood protection.
In the near future, effective Decision Support System (DSS) especially for water quantity management (flood
management and water allocation) and water quality management in Brantas River basin will be urgently required.
This is due to flood and drought magnitude and frequency will increase significantly in the basin due to climate
change impact and will become significant issue in the basins’ water resources management. Water quality in the
basin also become significant issue since the degradation occurs due to human settlements, rapid urbanization
(organic and inorganic load), industrial expansion, excessive sedimentation from land clearance and deforestation.
The application of Decision Support System for water resources management already started in Brantas River Basin
in 1990 by establishing Flood Forecasting Warning System (FFWS) using telemetering system supported by the
Government of Japan. The telemetering system is a centralized data management system consisting of observation
facilities, relay stations for data transfer and supervisory/control/ monitoring stations. In this system, the
meteorological and hydrological data are gathered by automatic and manual operation to the central observation
station in real time. The gathered data are used for flood forecasting and other analysis for runoff and river flow
characteristics of the basin.
The existing FFWS in the Brantas River basin was completely installed and established at the end of at the end of
1990 and started its operation from the beginning of 1991. Although the FFWS in the Brantas River basin is still in
function, the hardware and software set in Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation was the first generation, and this situation
may cause difficulties and problems in operation and maintenance of the system at the moment.
Another existing Decision Support System is part of an integrated river monitoring and water quality control and
management system that was proposed for Brantas River by Indonesian Institute of Science supported by Austrian
Government. The project called ‘Brantas River Water Quality Monitoring and Pollution Management’ was initiated at
the beginning of 1999. The objectives of the project are as follow:
� Establishment of a continuous on-line and an off-line water quality monitoring net work along the Brantas
River and some of its tributaries to monitor, to control and to reduce river pollution.
� Extension of the existing water quantity monitoring network to cover all the strategic points of the Brantas
basin.
� Establishment of a telemetric system for transfer data from monitoring and surveillance systems.
� Development of a Hydrological Information System (HIS) for the Brantas River basin. This includes a central
data bank and data bank tools for the handling of data. The real time data generated from the on-line systems
as well as supplementary data from the river basin need to be stored and made available for management,
research and development activities.
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� Development of a Decision Support System for the modeling of hydrological events and water quality control.
The Decision Support System will use the data from the data base management system or other information
systems to be used in simulation models for conceivably supporting decisions.
A major priority in the project is to obtain real time data for the river basin management. This includes the
installation of an automatic water quality and quantity monitoring network, a telemetry system for data transfer,
establishment of a Hydrological Information System (HIS), central data bank (DB) and a Decision support system
(DSS).
Hydrological Information System (HIS), which is a modern data base management system that incorporates an
interactive database management and information system which is able to cope with a large volume of on-line data
(water quantity and quality) as well as off-line data. It provides a full pallet of tools and functions necessary for
capturing, storing, monitoring and analyzing of aquatic environment related data. The HIS concept is based on client-
server principle with ORACLE as a data base platform using standard tools. Based on the experience on development
of comprehensive data bases and information systems to manage quantitative as well as qualitative data, the
Hydrological Information System (HIS) is extended to cover the needs of the Brantas water quality & pollution
management program. The information system developed is referred to as Brantas Hydrological Information System
(BHIS).
2. Financial Aspect
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation, step-wisely applies the principle of “full cost recovery”. Beneficiaries like the state
electricity company (in Indonesian: Perusahaan Listrik Negara, abbreviated as PLN), domestic water supply
companies (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum abbreviated as PDAM) and industries, contribute financially for the water
resources and infrastructure management.
Tariff of the rendered water service fee is decided mutually, based on agreement among the stakeholders. The
service is conducted also on a contract basis that provides security for both parties. In the future, it is expected that
the Basin Water Resources Management Committee will act as consultation forum for having an agreement on the
tariff for each water user.
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation also generates revenues from non water business activities such as tourism,
equipment rental (steel sheet piles, heavy equipment , etc), construction (dredging in harbour, river, reservoir and
estuary, dewatering and coffering works), engineering and management consulting, water qualitty laboratory
services, drinking water supply and hydro electric power generation in smale scale etc. These non water business
activities can increase the revenue of Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation and optimize the resources which owned and
managed by the Corporation.
3. Management Aspect
As a State-Owned Company, the managing corporate body is subject to various management audit and control.
Management performance of the corporation is judged based on either financial criteria’s as well as good-corporate
performance or best common practice in managing a company. During the last 10 years, the corporation is
positioning itself better, in form of a consolidated water resources management system that is supported by regional
legislation for the operational basis of the management. The corporation also implements a quality assurance system
that ensures good performance of the management body.
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation was established to solve managerial, personnel and financial problems that loom over
the completed water resources infrastructure in the Brantas River Basin. This task was achieved, not in a perfect
sense, but as a role model for other river basins in Indonesia, this corporate body is an example of what proper
management can do to extend the development benefits to its beneficiaries.
After 18 years management by the corporate body, it was found that the following benefits could be extended to the
beneficiaries.
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Table 4 Management benefits of Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation in the Brantas River Basin
Beneficiaries Unit 1990 2008
Flood control Inundated areas None None
Irrigation Cropping intensity 1.8 / year 2.2 / year
Hydropower Million kWh/year 910 1,182
Raw water for domestic Million m3/year 125 300
Raw water for Industries Million m3/year 115 191
Water quality BOD average 12–16 mg/liter 3–14 mg/liter
Water res. Infrastructures Fair Relatively better
As it could be seen, flood control in the mainstream is maintained with a designated capability to control 50-years
return period flood. Higher than before, hydroelectric power generation in the basin is optimized from 910 kWh
annually to an amount of 1,200 million kWh annually. Agricultural cropping intensity in the basin has increases from
1.8 to 2.2 / year. In matter of water quality, the average water quality in the basin is approaching to designated
standards, eventually it has not yet fully achieved its target.
The benefits from water resources development and management in the Brantas River basin gives very significant
supports to the economic development in the basin, in the region (East Java Province) and National which raise
economic welfare of the area as measured in GDP. Data from Statistics Central Bureau (BPS) shows that Gross
Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of the Brantas River basin in 2003 amounted to Rp.150,630 billion (approximately
US$17.66 billion), which accounted for 59% of GRDP in East Java (Rp.254,381 billion) and 8% of the national GDP
(Rp.1,786.7 trillion).
II. Improving Water Security
There are many challenges for improving water security in coping with water scarcity, water quality degradation and
water related hazards in the Brantas River basin. Some of the challenges are summarize as follows:
The challenges for improving water security in coping with water scarcity in the Brantas River basin are :
− Shortage of water in a serious drought year. In case of unexpected drought year, shortage of water would
become more serious for meeting the expanded water demand. Water resources is a limited resources
therefore effective and efficient uses of water including water saving has become inevitable for sustainable
society.
− The increase of water demand has sometimes brought about struggle for water because of its limited
resources. The equitable development should be considered and the proper water allocation has become
essential.
The challenges for improving water security in coping with water quality degradation in the Brantas River
basin are :
− Increasing of pollution following by water quality degradation due to the growth of population and economic
development. The main source of pollution are industry, domestic and agricultures.
− Less of environmental awareness by industries, domestic and agricultural people, such as waste water
treatment plant in industries which still not well functions correctly, disposing of waste water and solid waste
directly to the river by the people, and excessive consumption of fertilizer and pesticide by the farmers.
− Ineffective institutional arrangement for water quality management due to less of coordination between
concerned agencies and lack of funding.
− Incomplete regulations and ineffective of law enforcement.
The challenges for improving water security in coping with water related hazards in the Brantas River basin are :
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− The land development for farming and illegal logging in the mountainous area has brought about increase of
flood magnitude in the downstream, land erosion, landslides and thus debris discharge increase. The
watershed conservation would take much time and cost to realize but is essential.
− Flood control works such as the construction of dikes, revetment and other facilities has brought about
accumulation of people and properties in surrounding area of river. This means increase of flood damage
potential. The more safety is required to protect the people and properties from flood.
There are some most important lessons learned to date in coping with water security in the Brantas River basin. Two
lessons learned are described as follows.
The most important lesson learned to date in coping with water quality degradation in the Brantas River basin is the
implementation of the Clean River Program (CRP). To minimize pollution discharge into the river, the CRP which
launched by East Java Government has been implemented since 1989 supported by Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation
and other related agencies. In order to assist in the implementation of CRP, several working team has been set up
such as PROKASIH Working Team, Clean Town Working Team, Industrial Waste Pollution Control Working Team and
Domestic Waste Pollution Control Working Team. The CRP is considered very effective to control water quality in the
river as well as to raise awareness of the stakeholders.
The most important lesson learned to date in coping with water related hazards in the Brantas River basin is the
implementation of the re-forestation and regreening activities by stakeholders including National Movement on
Water Conservation Partnership - GNKPA, National Movement on Land and Forest Rehabilitation - GN RHL, and Eco-
business developed by groups of State Owned Companies including Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation.
To prepare for the future, Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation as RBO in the Brantas River basin in cooperation with
Government and concerned agencies have plans, including investment in infrastructure and non-infrastructures
measures (capacity development).
To increase supply capacity in the future, we have plans on water supply and demand management. On the supply
management, we have plans to continue removing sediment from reservoir to increase storage of the dam (dredging
in Sengguruh, Sutami, Wlingi, Lodoyo and Selorejo Reservoirs), construction of sabo dams in Upper Brantas basin,
optimize reservoir operation with increasing normal High Water Level (HWL) and build emergency spillway,
conducting rain water harvesting and use conjunctive surface/groundwater supply and develop some projects in the
basin. For drinking water supply, Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation as RBO in the Brantas River basin, based on the Draft
of Government Regulation on Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation which expected to be issued this year, will develop
drinking water supply system. The project in small scale have been developed in Tulungagung Regency in 2009.
The Study on Comprehensive Management Plan for the Water Resources Management of the Brantas River Basin -
Master Plan IV (1998) identified three prospective projects in the basin. Those are Beng Dam, Genteng I Dam and
Kedungwarak Dam projects that recommended as the next project after Wonorejo Multipurpose Dam Project. The
capacity of those dams in term of the supply capacity in 6 months drought period are Beng Dam (147 million m3),
Genteng I Dam (70 million m3) and Kedungwarak Dam (54 million m
3).
In demand side, we have plans to continue the implementation of System Rice Intensification (SRI) for water use
efficiency and incentive system, progressive tariff of water service fee, propose changing of cropping calendar, crop
mix, irrigation method and area planted and encourage industries to recycle the water as well. In terms of water
saving, irrigation and industrial water saving should be considered. Proper water allocation should be adopted in due
consideration of changes of land use and industrial structures.
To improve water quality in the Brantas River basin, continuous water quality monitoring system as an important
tool of water quality management will be implemented intensively. Water quality information provided by
monitoring, will support sound decision-making for water quality management at all levels in the basin.
Strengthening of legislation and institution, developing of wastewater treatment system and applying of economic
instrument such as pollution fee based on polluters pay principle, building of community awareness and securing of
maintenance flow also considered as effective measures to improve water quality in the basin.
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To cope with flood hazards that happen frequently in the Brantas River basin, some measures consist of both
structural and non structural measures still need to be done in the basin, involving Central Government, Provincial
Government, Regency/Municipality Government, communities, NGOs, etc. The measures that still need to be done
are conducting sediment removal in the reservoirs to secure flood, developing community based early warning
systems, constructing flood control structures (dam, reservoir, flood way, etc), developing river improvement
projects to increase flood capacity of the rivers, watershed conservation by reviewing catchments management plan,
continuing sheet erosion control (terracing, re-greening, re-forestation and construction of sabo works) and
promoting intensive public awareness and initiative in environment issues, establishing advance flood forecasting
and warning system, telemetry system, flood hazard map etc.
Assistances from international parties in forms of capacity-building, transfer of technology and funds to support
monitoring and forecast of weather and climate, as well as advance flood forecasting and warning system in the
basin are needed as measures to adapt climate change impacts on flood in the basins. In addition, systematic
planning and capacity-building are also needed to reduce the risk of disasters and raise the resilience of communities
to increasing floods.
III. Knowledge Networking and Partnerships
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation would like to develop knowledge networking and partnership with river basin
organization in Spain. In fact, Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation has developed knowledge networking and partnership
with the Ebro Hydrographic Confederation, the Ministry of the Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs of Spain. Jasa
Tirta I Public Corporation and the Ebro Hydrographic Confederation has signed a Memorandum of Understanding on
Cooperation (MoU) in the filed of water resources development and management. The MoU was signed on 12
September 2008 in Zaragoza, Spain by the Presidents of both organizations. Unfortunately there is no progress on
the cooperation done so far.
The area of cooperation under the MoU will include but not limited to institutional strengthening, transfer of
knowledge and technical know how and experience. The indicative areas of cooperation cover river basin
organization and management and irrigation development and management. On river basin organization and
management, some topics already indicated such as institutional strengthening, IWRM programs and tools,
regulation and legal aspects, water allocation, water resources conservation, water service fee and strengthening of
operation and management. On irrigation development and management, some topics already indicated such as
development of pilot project and strengthening of operation and maintenance.
The form of cooperation under the MoU will include but are not limited to exchange of information, research and
technology development, exchange and assignment of experts, organization of meetings, symposium, workshops
and conferences, conducting training programs, study of possible pilot projects on issues of the areas of cooperation,
other forms of cooperation as jointly consented upon by both organizations.
Besides the expectation to realize the cooperation programs, Jasa Tirta I Public Cooperation is interested to develop
Decision Support System (DSS) for water resources management based on the technology developed by the Ebro
Hydrographic Confederation called the Automatic Hydrological Information System (SAIH). Its main objectives are
the optimization of water resources management, flood prevention and flood response to reduce risks and damage
as much as possible and the overall management of the resources.
There is a great interest for optimizing the water resources management of the Brantas River basin in order to have
sustainable benefits from the development and management of water resources in the basin. Jasa Tirta I Public
Corporation as the Brantas River Basin Management Agency has the need for coordination and integration of large
amount of information for decision making process. The information needed covers a wide range of river functions.
The need to meet broad policy objectives such as commitment to sustainable development, to carry out full
economic appraisal for the basin for environmental measures, to consider diverse flood mitigation options, the
requirement for water allocations and reservoir operation, the necessity for water storage and eventually drought
prevention, are a few activities that need decision support and expert advice. Plans and policies for rational use and
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coordinated development require a large amount of background information from various domains. To be useful,
this information must be presented in a readily available format, directly usable by the planner and decision maker.
Proposed questions for discussion during the visit
1. Brief information on water allocation and drought management in the Ebro River Basin.
2. Reservoir management in real time flood forecasting and decision support system (including daily hydrological
forecasts) in the Ebro River Basin.
3. Conservation and protection of water resources in the Ebro River Basin (in urban environment, agriculture
activity, industrial activity and for all the public).
4. Strategy and policy for the development of Public-Private Partnership in operation and maintenance (O&M)
and investment of water resources infrastructures.
IV. Contact persons for further communications
Mr. Syamsul Bachri
Director for Human Resources Management and General
Affairs
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation
Jl. Surabaya 2A Malang 65115 Indonesia
Ph 62 341 551971 Fax 62 341 551976
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Mr. Harianto
Director for Technical Planning and Development
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation
Jl. Surabaya 2A Malang 65115 Indonesia
Ph 62 341 551971 Fax 62 341 551976
Email: [email protected],