a bibliographic metadataa bibliographic metadata ......– loosely coupled metadata encoding...
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A Bibliographic MetadataA Bibliographic MetadataA Bibliographic MetadataA Bibliographic MetadataA Bibliographic Metadata A Bibliographic Metadata Infrastructure for the 21Infrastructure for the 21stst CenturyCentury
A Bibliographic Metadata A Bibliographic Metadata Infrastructure for the 21Infrastructure for the 21stst CenturyCentury
Roy TennantRoy TennantRoy TennantRoy Tennant
Title from…Title from…Title from…Title from…
Library Hi TechLibrary Hi Tech, 22(2) 2004, p.175, 22(2) 2004, p.175--189 189 yy , ( ) , p, ( ) , phttp://http://roytennant.com/A_bibliographic.pdfroytennant.com/A_bibliographic.pdf
With A Lot of Input & Slides From…With A Lot of Input & Slides From…With A Lot of Input & Slides From…With A Lot of Input & Slides From…
Karen CalhounKaren CalhounFormer VP for Metadata Services and GlobalServices and Global Engagement
The Lay of the LandThe Lay of the LandThe Lay of the LandThe Lay of the Landyyyy
11 Knowing where we need to goKnowing where we need to go11 Knowing where we need to goKnowing where we need to go1.1. Knowing where we need to goKnowing where we need to go1.1. Knowing where we need to goKnowing where we need to go2.2. Understanding where we’re Understanding where we’re
starting fromstarting from2.2. Understanding where we’re Understanding where we’re
starting fromstarting fromstarting fromstarting fromstarting fromstarting from3. Determining how we can get 3. Determining how we can get
where we need to gowhere we need to go3. Determining how we can get 3. Determining how we can get
where we need to gowhere we need to gowhere we need to gowhere we need to gowhere we need to gowhere we need to go
Before I begin…Before I begin…Before I begin…Before I begin…
•• Not trying to lay blameNot trying to lay blame•• Change plays a big role: our needs Change plays a big role: our needs
yesterday are not our needs todayyesterday are not our needs today•• Some things I point out as issues are likely Some things I point out as issues are likely
unsolvable…unsolvable…•• …or don’t need to be solved to move …or don’t need to be solved to move
forwardforwardforwardforward
Where We Need To GoWhere We Need To GoWhere We Need To GoWhere We Need To Go
Circulation & Reference Usage is in DeclineCirculation & Reference Usage is in DeclineCirculation & Reference Usage is in DeclineCirculation & Reference Usage is in Decline
“65% of information requests
Median Circulation and Reference Transactionsin North American Research Libraries 1991-2008, With Five Year Forecast
300000
350000
40000065% of information requests
originate off-campus.” –University of Minnesota Discoverability report, p. 4
200000
250000
300000
Circulation
R f T i
100000
150000
Reference Transactions
Linear (Circulation)
Linear (Reference Transactions)
0
50000
Data source: ARL Statistics 2007-2008http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/arlstat08.pdf
Watershed Changes in Expenditures Per StudentWatershed Changes in Expenditures Per StudentWatershed Changes in Expenditures Per StudentWatershed Changes in Expenditures Per Student
Percentage Change in Median Resources Per Student at ARL Libraries, 2000-2008 (Compared to 2000)
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
Staff
-0 03
-0.025
-0.02
-0.015
Staff
Monographs Purchased
Volumes Added1.601.802.00
-0.035
0.03
0.600.801.001.201.40
Eserials Expenditures
Change in Staff, Volumes Added, Monographs Purchased Per Student 0.00
0.200.40
Data source: ARL Statistics 2007-2008
Change in E-Serials ExpendituresPer Student
Data source: ARL Statistics 2007-2008http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/arlstat08.pdf
Rising Interest in Digital CollectionsRising Interest in Digital CollectionsRising Interest in Digital CollectionsRising Interest in Digital Collections9
Where do people go on bnf.fr and loc.gov?
LC:American Memory: 41%Catalog: 17%Catalog: 17%Legislative information (THOMAS): 6%
Source: Alexa.com, 21 March 2010BnF:Expositions: 30%Catalogue: 26%Gallica: 26%
Research on Use of Digital CollectionsResearch on Use of Digital CollectionsResearch on Use of Digital CollectionsResearch on Use of Digital Collections
“The availability of primary sources has been crucial for the success of my teaching in history Students have
Usage of University of Wisconsin Digital Collections 2001-2008 [1]
“The function of searching across collections is a dream frequently di d b t ld li d t teaching in history. Students have
remarked what a difference it has made, and I have noticed a big difference between this course with the availability
R2 = 0.9701
6000000
7000000
8000000
9000000
10000000
sion
s/U
ses
discussed but seldom realized at a robust level. This paper … discusses how we might move
of online primary resources to those I have taught before that were based on printed resources.” –History instructor, U i it f C lif i [2]
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
Mill
ions
of S
ess
from isolated digital collections to interoperable digital libraries.”
d B [ ]
“Digital libraries, far from being simple digital
University of California [2]2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 —Howard Besser [4]
versions of library holdings, are now attracting a new type of public, bringing about new, unique and original ways for reading and understanding te ts ” BibUsages St d 2002 [3]texts.”—BibUsages Study 2002 [3]
The Hierarchy of DesireThe Hierarchy of DesireThe Hierarchy of DesireThe Hierarchy of Desire
Offline but can be acquired through delivery (ILL)
Offline, but easily acquirable
Offline, but can be acquired through delivery (ILL)
Online in partThe Line of Damage
Online in full, easily acquirable
Online in full open access
Online in full, licensed on my behalf
Online in full, open access
Where We’re Starting FromWhere We’re Starting FromWhere We’re Starting FromWhere We’re Starting From
O t bOctober 2010
“Special collections and archives are increasingly seen as elementsof distinction that serve to differentiate an academic or research lib f it h h d i t i llibrary from its peers … however, much rare and unique material remains undiscoverable, and monetary resources are shrinking at the same time that user demand is growing.”—Executive summary
http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2010/2010-11.pdf
Staffing Allocations = Staffing Allocations = de facto de facto Priorities Priorities Staffing Allocations = Staffing Allocations = de facto de facto Priorities Priorities
Estimated FTE Allocations in a Research Library Technical Services Division
5%
3%3% 2%
9%
8%
5%
70%
Print/AV Support Management/Training
Metadata E-Resources
Special Collections Programming/Web Support
Desktop Support
…While Our Users Increasingly Want……While Our Users Increasingly Want……While Our Users Increasingly Want……While Our Users Increasingly Want…
•• Licensed ELicensed E--ResourcesResources–– Digital journal articlesDigital journal articles–– Digital booksDigital books
•• Digital Special CollectionsDigital Special Collections•• Digital Content of all kinds:Digital Content of all kinds:gg
–– VideoVideo–– AudioAudioAudioAudio–– ImagesImages–– EtcEtc–– Etc.Etc.
…But Our Processes Lag Behind…But Our Processes Lag Behind…But Our Processes Lag Behind…But Our Processes Lag Behind
“Special collections are stuck in an eddy, while the mass of digitized books drift bywhile the mass of digitized books drift by in the current of the mainstream. We need to jump into the flow or risk being l ft hi h d d ” 4
•• Programs not projectsPrograms not projects
left high and dry.”—p. 4
Programs not projectsPrograms not projects•• Quality vs. quantityQuality vs. quantity——quantity quantity
wins!wins!•• Discovery happens elsewhereDiscovery happens elsewhere——
get exposed!get exposed!
http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2007/2007-02.pdf
Even the Data Even the Data We Do Have We Do Have Has IssuesHas IssuesEven the Data Even the Data We Do Have We Do Have Has IssuesHas Issues
•• AmbiguityAmbiguity•• VariationVariation•• Lack of explicit granularityLack of explicit granularityp g yp g y•• Needless complexityNeedless complexity
AmbiguityAmbiguityAmbiguityAmbiguity
http://roytennant.com/proto/856/http://roytennant.com/proto/856/p y pp y p
VariationVariationVariationVariation
Table of contentsTable of contentsTable of contents:Table of contents:Table of contents onlyTable of contents only
Journal issue table of contentsJournal issue table of contentsTable of contents atTable of contents atTable of contents onlyTable of contents only
Detailed table of contents.Detailed table of contents.Table of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of contents onlineTable of contents onlineComplete table of contents:Complete table of contents:
Table of contents atTable of contents atTable of Contents for current and some Table of Contents for current and some back issuesback issuesTable of contents for graphics versionTable of contents for graphics versionFree access table of contentsFree access table of contentsComplete table of contents:Complete table of contents:
Table of Contents:Table of Contents:Table of contents of current issueTable of contents of current issueTable of contents only:Table of contents only:Linked table of contentsLinked table of contents
Free access, table of contentsFree access, table of contentsTable of contentTable of contentFull table of contentsFull table of contentsTable of contents for text only versionTable of contents for text only versionAccess table of contents onlineAccess table of contents onlineLinked table of contentsLinked table of contents
Journal table of contentsJournal table of contentsTable of contents available online:Table of contents available online:Journal table of contents:Journal table of contents:English table of contentsEnglish table of contents
Access table of contents onlineAccess table of contents onlineJournal electronic table of contentsJournal electronic table of contentsLink to table of contents (Link to table of contents (InhaltInhalt))access to table of contentsaccess to table of contentsTable of contents page:Table of contents page:English table of contentsEnglish table of contents
View table of contents onlyView table of contents onlyFull Table of ContentsFull Table of Contents
Table of contents page:Table of contents page:Table of contents for most recent issueTable of contents for most recent issueTable of contents :Table of contents :Table of contents pages:Table of contents pages:
Lack of Explicit GranularityLack of Explicit GranularityLack of Explicit GranularityLack of Explicit Granularity
<pagination><prefatory>xiii</prefatory><body>277</body>body 277 /body
</pagination>
<supplementalMaterials>pp<item abbreviation=“illus.”>illustrations</item><item>tables</item><item abbreviation=“diagrs.”>diagrams</item>
</supplementalMaterials></supplementalMaterials>
Needless ComplexityNeedless ComplexityNeedless ComplexityNeedless Complexity
245 Titl St t t260 Publication Statement
300 Physical Description
245 Title Statement
Discovery
Evaluation
Discovery
100 Personal Name
500 Notes 650 SubjectIdentifiers
700 Personal Name
What is ‘good enough’good enough
cataloging?
http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2010/2010-06.pdf
How We Can Get Where We How We Can Get Where We Need to GoNeed to Go
How We Can Get Where We How We Can Get Where We Need to GoNeed to GoNeed to GoNeed to GoNeed to GoNeed to Go
A Blueprint for Change: Innovate and A Blueprint for Change: Innovate and Reduce CostsReduce CostsA Blueprint for Change: Innovate and A Blueprint for Change: Innovate and Reduce CostsReduce Costs
http://www.loc.gov/catdir/calhoun-report-final.pdf
Case study: Before and After Workflow Case study: Before and After Workflow Redesign for Print Monographs ProcessingRedesign for Print Monographs ProcessingCase study: Before and After Workflow Case study: Before and After Workflow Redesign for Print Monographs ProcessingRedesign for Print Monographs Processing
• All cataloging done in cataloging• Many exceptions
Manual approachBefore redesign
• Manual approach
Percent Change during this
Redesign and free up staff
• Automated approach• Few exceptions• 50% of cataloging done in acquisitions
during this period:
FTE down 20%p
• E-resource unit staffedff
Cataloging up 64%
Address priorities
• Metadata unit staffed• Special collections/digital projects staffed
Achieving Efficiencies: Workflow Achieving Efficiencies: Workflow Redesign PrinciplesRedesign PrinciplesAchieving Efficiencies: Workflow Achieving Efficiencies: Workflow Redesign PrinciplesRedesign Principlesg pg pg pg p
1.1. Look at the Look at the whole processwhole process as as one processone process (e.g(e.g., ., selection to ordering to receipt to cataloging to shelfselection to ordering to receipt to cataloging to shelf--selection to ordering to receipt to cataloging to shelfselection to ordering to receipt to cataloging to shelfreadyready))
2.2. Maximize acquisitions/cataloging collaborationMaximize acquisitions/cataloging collaboration33 C t bibli hi d t f t iblC t bibli hi d t f t ibl3.3. Capture bibliographic data as far upstream as possible Capture bibliographic data as far upstream as possible
(at point of selection/ordering if you can) (at point of selection/ordering if you can) 4.4. To To the greatest extent possible, handle items and the greatest extent possible, handle items and g pg p
records only records only onceonce5.5. Perform work where it makes the most Perform work where it makes the most sense; and sense; and
maximize use of students/volunteersmaximize use of students/volunteersmaximize use of students/volunteers maximize use of students/volunteers 6.6. Wholly Wholly manual processes do not scale; integrate manual processes do not scale; integrate
automated and manual operationsautomated and manual operations
Themes of the Transition in Technical ServicesThemes of the Transition in Technical ServicesThemes of the Transition in Technical ServicesThemes of the Transition in Technical Services
•• More with lessMore with less•• Streamlined workflowsStreamlined workflows•• Streamlined workflowsStreamlined workflows•• Greater use of batch and macro strategies Greater use of batch and macro strategies •• Greater use of technologyGreater use of technologyGreater use of technologyGreater use of technology•• Greater integration of acquisitions and catalogingGreater integration of acquisitions and cataloging•• More cooperationMore cooperation•• Partnerships with vendorsPartnerships with vendors•• Outsourcing Outsourcing •• New roles and responsibilitiesNew roles and responsibilities
–– EE--resources licensing and managementresources licensing and management–– Metadata services (institutional repositories)Metadata services (institutional repositories)Metadata services (institutional repositories)Metadata services (institutional repositories)–– Special collections / digitization projectsSpecial collections / digitization projects
Outsourcing OptionsOutsourcing OptionsOutsourcing OptionsOutsourcing Options
•• Approval plans (with records supplied)Approval plans (with records supplied)•• Shelf ready services Shelf ready services •• Outsourced nonOutsourced non--English language catalogingEnglish language cataloging•• ReRe--use of publisher and vendor recordsuse of publisher and vendor records•• PostPost--cataloging authority controlcataloging authority control•• Batch search/record capture servicesBatch search/record capture services•• Record sets for Record sets for ee--journals and ejournals and e--booksbooks•• And now … patronAnd now … patron--driven acquisitions driven acquisitions
(records loaded to library’s catalog or (records loaded to library’s catalog or discovery service)discovery service)
Where Metadata Comes From Where Metadata Comes From (and will come from in the future) (and will come from in the future) Where Metadata Comes From Where Metadata Comes From (and will come from in the future) (and will come from in the future) ( )( )( )( )
• Library cataloging• Publishers, vendors, aggregators
P bli ti l h i d t (ONIX)Professionally • Publication supply chain data (ONIX)• Abstracting and indexing services• Authority, classification data,
terminologies
Professionally produced
• Institutional repositories• Scholarly portals (e.g., arXiv.org)• Tags, reviews, lists, etc.
Author/User contributed
• Knowledge bases• Algorithmically-created indexes• Author identity pagesMined Author identity pages• Facets for topics, places, events• FRBR Work Sets …
Mined
AlgorithmicallyAlgorithmically produced, re-used,
harvested
What is Technical Services “Quality”?What is Technical Services “Quality”?What is Technical Services “Quality”?What is Technical Services “Quality”?
•• Must begin with Must begin with user’s needsuser’s needs and end and end ithith ’ ti’ tiwith with user’s perceptionsuser’s perceptions
•• What does What does ‘quality’ ‘quality’ mean?mean?–– Fast cycle time for new materialsFast cycle time for new materials–– Providing for easy, convenient use of Providing for easy, convenient use of
librarylibrary collectionscollectionslibrary library collectionscollections–– Being Being creative, responsive creative, responsive and flexibleand flexible
OptimizingOptimizing the library’s investment inthe library’s investment in–– Optimizing Optimizing the library s investment in the library s investment in personnel, materials, equipment, etc.personnel, materials, equipment, etc.
–– Balancing tradeBalancing trade--offs offs gg
Where Metadata GoesWhere Metadata GoesWhere Metadata GoesWhere Metadata Goes
WorldCat & WorldCat Partners
Flickr Commons
WorldCat Partners…
Other partnersOther partners
Metadata Before & After the Web: Metadata Before & After the Web: What is a “Full” Record?What is a “Full” Record?Metadata Before & After the Web: Metadata Before & After the Web: What is a “Full” Record?What is a “Full” Record?
• Product description• Product description& purchase info• More like this
d l• Editorialreviews & author info• Inside the book• Tags, RatingsTags, Ratings• Customer reviews • Lists • More
• Bibliographic data• Library Holdings• Details
+ 3 more screens
Details• Subjects• Editions• Reviews
+ 3 more screens
With thanks to David Lankes:http://quartz.syr.edu/rdlankes/Presentations/2007/ALCTS.pdf
Optimizing the Metadata We Already HaveOptimizing the Metadata We Already HaveOptimizing the Metadata We Already HaveOptimizing the Metadata We Already Have
Evolution: Metadata B.W. and A.W.Evolution: Metadata B.W. and A.W.Evolution: Metadata B.W. and A.W.Evolution: Metadata B.W. and A.W.
•• B.W. (Before the Web)B.W. (Before the Web) •• A.W. (After the Web)A.W. (After the Web)B.W. (Before the Web)B.W. (Before the Web)–– For finding and For finding and
managing library managing library materials (mostly print)materials (mostly print)
A.W. (After the Web)A.W. (After the Web)–– For finding and managing For finding and managing
many types of materials, many types of materials, for many user communitiesfor many user communitiesmaterials (mostly print)materials (mostly print)
–– Catalog records (wellCatalog records (well--understood rules and understood rules and encoding conventions)encoding conventions)
for many user communitiesfor many user communities–– Many types of recordsMany types of records–– Loosely coupled metadata Loosely coupled metadata
management reuse andmanagement reuse andencoding conventions)encoding conventions)–– Shared cooperative Shared cooperative
cataloging systemscataloging systemsUsually handcrafted oneUsually handcrafted one
management, reuse and management, reuse and exchange services among exchange services among multiple repositoriesmultiple repositoriesAutomated creationAutomated creation andand–– Usually handcrafted, one Usually handcrafted, one
at a timeat a time–– Automated creation Automated creation and and
metadata metadata extraction, extraction, conversion, mapping, conversion, mapping, ingest and transferingest and transferingest and transfer ingest and transfer servicesservices
What Will It Mean “to Catalog”?What Will It Mean “to Catalog”?
•• Many types of information Many types of information objects (things places peopleobjects (things places peopleobjects (things, places, people, objects (things, places, people, more)more)•• Metadata production Metadata production –– manual manual and automatedand automatedand automatedand automated•• Process redesignProcess redesign•• Data miningData mining•• Metadata design, development, Metadata design, development, consultingconsulting•• Metadata Metadata
/ i / h/ i / hreuse/conversion/exchange; reuse/conversion/exchange; ‘mash‘mash--ups’ups’
By Angela Ben de Cosanostrahttp://flickr com/photos/amcclen/281983490/http://flickr.com/photos/amcclen/281983490/
http://amazon libcat org/cgi-bin/imdb2marc plhttp://amazon.libcat.org/cgi bin/imdb2marc.pl
Library Metadata Has Reached a Point of Library Metadata Has Reached a Point of Discontinuous ChangeDiscontinuous ChangeLibrary Metadata Has Reached a Point of Library Metadata Has Reached a Point of Discontinuous ChangeDiscontinuous Change
We must change how we think about itWe must change how we think about itWe must change how we think about it We must change how we think about it and what we doand what we do
Photo by: OMG Ventureshttp://www.flickr.com/photos/imagebuilders/2877401212/
The Revolution Will Not Be CatalogedThe Revolution Will Not Be CatalogedThe Revolution Will Not Be CatalogedThe Revolution Will Not Be Cataloged
http://www.flickr.com/photos/livenature/213521842/Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Generic 2.0
A Strategy for LibrariesA Strategy for LibrariesA Strategy for LibrariesA Strategy for Libraries
•• Understand our users and what they want Understand our users and what they want and needand needand needand need–– Easy access to the growing corpus of digital Easy access to the growing corpus of digital
content as well as easy access to legacy print content as well as easy access to legacy print (the long tail)(the long tail)
•• Capture, create, translate, mine, and manage Capture, create, translate, mine, and manage the metadata we need to serve those needs:the metadata we need to serve those needs:the metadata we need to serve those needs:the metadata we need to serve those needs:–– Embrace Embrace metadata management metadata management as as a a
sustainable strategic sustainable strategic advantageadvantage–– Focus on current user needs Focus on current user needs rather than the rather than the
traditional methods/systems we have usedtraditional methods/systems we have used–– Create and use new tools and systemsCreate and use new tools and systems totoCreate and use new tools and systemsCreate and use new tools and systems to to
facilitate thisfacilitate this
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wwworks/4006194802/Creative Commons, Attribution 2.0 Generic
I’m an Optimist I’m an Optimist I’m an Optimist I’m an Optimist
Thanks to lolmatt.com and diy.despair.com
Me
What Going Down Fighting Looks LikeWhat Going Down Fighting Looks Like
Roy TennantRoy TennantRoy TennantRoy Tennantrtennantrtennant on Twitteron Twitter
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