a-book ii (ortega)

7/25/2019 A-Book II (Ortega)

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BOOK II

(PROF. ORTEGA NOTES)

TITLE I. CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

AND THE LAW OF NATIONS

Crimes against national security

1. Treason (Art. 114);

2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason (Art. 115);

3. Misprision of treason (Art. 11); and

4. !spionage (Art. 11").

Crimes against t#e la$ of nations

1. %nciting to $ar or gi&ing moti&es for reprisals (Art.11');

2. iolation of neutrality (Art. 11);

3. Corresponding $it# #ostile country (Art. 12*);

4. +lig#t to enemy,s country (Art. 121); and

5. -iracy in general and mutiny on t#e #ig# seas (Art.122).

T#e crimes under t#is title can e prosecuted e&en if t#e criminalact or acts $ere committed outside t#e -#ilippine territorial

/urisdiction. 0o$e&er prosecution can proceed only if t#eoffender is $it#in -#ilippine territory or roug#t to t#e-#ilippines pursuant to an etradition treaty. T#is is one of t#einstances $#ere t#e e&ised -enal Code may e gi&en etra

territorial application under Article 2 (5) t#ereof. %n t#e case ofcrimes against t#e la$ of nations t#e offender can e prosecuted$#ene&er #e may e found ecause t#e crimes are regarded ascommitted against #umanity in general.

Almost all of t#ese are crimes committed in times of $ar eceptt#e follo$ing $#ic# can e committed in times of peace

(1) !spionage under Article 114 6 T#is is also co&ered yCommon$ealt# Act 7o. 1 $#ic# punis#esconspiracy to commit espionage. T#is may ecommitted ot# in times of $ar and in times of peace.

(2) %nciting to 8ar or 9i&ing Moti&es for eprisals underArticle 11' 6 T#is can e committed e&en if t#e

-#ilippines is not a participant. !posing t#e +ilipinosor t#eir properties ecause t#e offender performed anunaut#ori:ed act lie t#ose $#o recruit +ilipinos to

participate in t#e gulf $ar. %f t#ey in&ol&e t#emsel&esto t#e $ar t#is crime is committed. ele&ant in t#ecases of +lor Contemplacion or Aner Afuang t#e

police officer $#o stepped on a


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Article +. Mi#'ri#i$% $, Tre"#$%

!lements

1.=ffender o$es allegiance to t#e go&ernment and not a

foreigner;

2.0e #as no$ledge of conspiracy to commit treason against

t#e go&ernment;

3.0e conceals or does not disclose and mae no$n t#e same

as soon as possile to t#e go&ernor or fiscal of t#epro&ince in $#ic# #e resides or t#e mayor or fiscal oft#e city in $#ic# #e resides.

8#ile in treason e&en aliens can commit said crime ecause oft#e amendment to t#e article no suc# amendment $as made inmisprision of treason. Misprision of treason is a crime t#at may

e committed only y citi:ens of t#e -#ilippines.

T#e essence of t#e crime is t#at t#ere are persons $#o conspireto commit treason and t#e offender ne$ t#is and failed to mae

t#e necessary report to t#e go&ernment $it#in t#e earliestpossile time. 8#at is re>uired is to report it as soon aspossile. T#e criminal liaility arises if t#e treasonous acti&ity$as still at t#e conspiratorial stage. ?ecause if t#e treasonalready erupted into an o&ert act t#e implication is t#at t#ego&ernment is already a$are of it. T#ere is no need to report t#esame. T#is is a felony y omission alt#oug# committed $it#dolo not $it# culpa.

T#e persons mentioned in Article 11 are not limited to mayorfiscal or go&ernor. Any person in aut#ority #a&ing e>ui&alent

/urisdiction lie a pro&incial commander $ill already negatecriminal liaility.8#et#er t#e conspirators are parents or c#ildren and t#e ones

$#o learn t#e conspiracy is a parent or c#ild t#ey are re>uiredto report t#e same. T#e reason is t#at alt#oug# lood is t#icert#an $ater so to spea $#en it comes to security of t#e state

lood relations#ip is al$ays suser&ient to national security.Article 2* does not apply #ere ecause t#e persons found lialefor t#is crime are not considered accessories; t#ey are treated as

principals.

%n t#e 14 ar eamination a prolem $as gi&en $it# respectto misprision of treason. T#e tet of t#e pro&ision simply refersto a conspiracy to o&ert#ro$ t#e go&ernment. T#e eaminerfailed to note t#at t#is crime can only e committed in times of$ar. T#e conspiracy ad&erted to must e treasonous inc#aracter. %n t#e prolem gi&en it $as reellion. A conspiracyto o&ert#ro$ t#e go&ernment is a crime of reellion ecause

t#ere is no $ar. @nder t#e e&ised -enal Code t#ere is nocrime of misprision of reellion.

Article -. E#'i$%"e

Acts punis#ed

1. ?y entering $it#out aut#ority t#erefore a $ars#ipfort or na&al or military estalis#ment or reser&ation tootain any information plans p#otograp# or ot#erdata of a confidential nature relati&e to t#e defense oft#e -#ilippines;

!lements

1. =ffender enters any of t#e places mentioned

2. 0e #as no aut#ority t#erefore;

3. 0is purpose is to otain information plansp#otograp#s or ot#er data of a confidentia

nature relati&e to t#e defense of t#e-#ilippines.

2. ?y disclosing to t#e representati&e of a foreign nationt#e contents of t#e articles data or informationreferred to in paragrap# 1 of Article 11" $#ic# #e #adin #is possession y reason of t#e pulic office #e#olds.

!lements

1. =ffender is a pulic officer;

2. 0e #as in #is possession t#e articles data or

information referred to in paragrap# 1 oArticle 11" y reason of t#e pulic office #e#olds;

3. 0e discloses t#eir contents to arepresentati&e of a foreign nation.

C$**$%/e"lt0 Act N$. ++ 1 A% Act t$ P2%i#0 E#'i$%"e

"% Ot0er O,,e%#e# ""i%#t N"ti$%"l Sec2rit

Acts punis#ed

1. @nla$fully otaining or permitting to e otainedinformation affecting national defense;

2. @nla$ful disclosing of information affecting nationadefense;

3. isloyal acts or $ords in times of peace;

4. isloyal acts or $ords in times of $ar;

5. Conspiracy to &iolate preceding sections; and

. 0aroring or concealing &iolators of la$.

Article 3. I%citi% t$ W"r $r Gi4i% M$ti4e# ,$r Re'ri#"l#

!lements

1. =ffender performs unla$ful or unaut#ori:ed acts;

2. T#e acts pro&oe or gi&e occasion for 6

a. a $ar i n&ol&ing or liale to in&ol&e t #e-#ilippines; or

. eposure of +ilipino citi:ens to reprisals ont#eir persons or property.

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Article 5. 6i$l"ti$% $, Ne2tr"lit

!lements

1.T#ere is a $ar in $#ic# t#e -#ilippines is not in&ol&ed;

2.T#ere is a regulation issued y a competent aut#ority to

enforce neutrality;

3. =ffender &iolates t#e regulation.

8#en $e say national security it s#ould e interpreted asincluding reellion sedition and su&ersion. T#e e&ised -enalCode does not treat reellion sedition and su&ersion as crimesagainst national security ut more of crimes against pulic order

ecause during t#e time t#at t#e -enal Code $as enactedreellion $as carried out only $it# olos and spears; #encenational security $as not really t#reatened. 7o$ t#e t#reat ofreellion or internal $ars is serious as a national t#reat.

Article 78. C$rre#'$%e%ce /it0 H$#tile C$2%tr

!lements

1. %t is i n time of $ar i n $#ic# t #e - #ilippines i sin&ol&ed;

2. =ffender maes correspondence $it# an enemycountry or territory occupied y enemy troops;

3. T#e correspondence is eit#er 6

a. pro#iited y t#e go&ernment;

. carried on in cip#ers or con&entional signs;or

c. containing notice or information $#ic#mig#t e useful to t#e enemy.

Article 7. Fli0t t$ E%e*9# C$2%tr

!lements

1. T#ere is a $ar in $#ic# t#e -#ilippines is in&ol&ed;

2. =ffender must e o$ing allegiance to t#e go&ernment;

3. =ffender attempts to flee or go to enemy country;

4. 9oing to t#e enemy country is pro#iited ycompetent aut#ority.

%n crimes against t#e la$ of nations t#e offenders can eprosecuted any$#ere in t#e $orld ecause t#ese crimes areconsidered as against #umanity in general lie piracy andmutiny. Crimes against national security can e tried only in t#e-#ilippines as t#ere is a need to ring t#e offender #ere efore

#e can e made to suffer t#e conse>uences of t#e la$. T#e actagainst national security may e committed aroad and still e

punis#ale under our la$ ut it can not e tried under foreignla$.

Article 77. Pir"c i% e%er"l "% M2ti% $% t0e Hi0 Se"

$r i% P0ili''i%e W"ter#

Acts punis#ed as piracy

1. Attacing or sei:ing a &essel on t#e #ig# seas or in-#ilippine $aters;

2. uipment or personal elongings of its complementor passengers.

!lements of piracy

1.T#e &essel is on t#e #ig# seas or -#ilippine $aters;

2.=ffenders are neit#er memers of its complement no

passengers of t#e &essel;

3.=ffenders eit#er 6

a. attac or sei:e a &essel on t#e #ig# seas or in-#ilippine $aters; or

. sei:e in t#e &essel $#ile on t#e #ig# seas orin -#ilippine $aters t#e $#ole or part of itscargo its e>uipment or personal elongingof its complement or passengers;

4. T#ere is intent to gain.

=riginally t#e crimes of piracy and mutiny can only ecommitted in t#e #ig# seas t#at is outside -#ilippine territoria$aters. ?ut in August 1"4 -residential ecree 7o. 532 (T#eAnti-iracy and Anti0ig#$ay oery Ba$ of 1"4) $aissued punis#ing piracy ut not mutiny in -#ilippine territorial$aters. T#us came aout t$o inds of piracy (1) t#at $#ic# is

punis#ed under t#e e&ised -enal Code if committed in t#e #ig#seas; and (2) t#at $#ic# is punis#ed under -residential ecree

7o. 532 if committed in -#ilippine territorial $aters.

Amending Article 122 epulic Act 7o. "5 included t#ereinpiracy in -#ilippine $aters t#us pro tanto superseding-residential ecree 7o. 532. As amended t#e article no$

punis#es piracy as $ell as mutiny $#et#er committed in t#e

#ig# seas or in -#ilippine territorial $aters and t#e penalty #aseen increased to reclusion perpetua from reclusion temporal.?ut $#ile under -residential ecree 7o. 532 piracy in-#ilippine $aters could e committed y any person including a

passenger or memer of t#e complement of a &essel under t#eamended article piracy can only e committed y a person $#ois not a passenger nor memer of t#e complement of t#e &esseirrespecti&e of &enue.


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7ote #o$e&er t#at in


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Anti #i/acing is anot#er ind of piracy $#ic# is committed inan aircraft. %n ot#er countries t#is crime is no$n as aircraft

piracy.

+our situations go&erned y anti #i/acing la$

(1) usurping or sei:ing control of an aircraft of -#ilippineregistry $#ile it is in flig#t compelling t#e pilotst#ereof to c#ange t#e course or destination of t#eaircraft;

(2) usurping or sei:ing control of an aircraft of foreignregistry $#ile $it#in -#ilippine territory compellingt#e pilots t#ereof to land in any part of -#ilippineterritory;

(3) carrying or loading on oard an aircraft operating as apulic utility passenger aircraft in t#e -#ilippines anyflammale corrosi&e eplosi&e or poisonoussustance; and

(4) loading s#ipping or transporting on oard a cargoaircraft operating as a pulic utility in t#e -#ilippinesany flammale corrosi&e eplosi&e or poisonoussustance if t#is $as done not in accordance $it# t#e

rules and regulations set and promulgated y t#e AirTransportation =ffice on t#is matter.

?et$een numers 1 and 2 t#e point of distinction is $#et#er t#eaircraft is of -#ilippine registry or foreign registry. T#ecommon ar >uestion on t#is la$ usually in&ol&es numer 1.T#e important t#ing is t#at efore t#e anti #i/acing la$ canapply t#e aircraft must e in flig#t. %f not in flig#t $#ate&ercrimes committed s#all e go&erned y t#e e&ised -enal Code.T#e la$ maes a distinction et$een aircraft of a foreignregistry and of -#ilippine registry. %f t#e aircraft su/ect of t#e#i/ac is of -#ilippine registry it s#ould e in flig#t at t#e timeof t#e #i/acing. =t#er$ise t#e anti #i/acing la$ $ill notapply and t#e crime is still punis#ed under t#e e&ised -enalCode. T#e correlati&e crime may e one of gra&e coercion or

gra&e t#reat. %f someody is illed t#e crime is #omicide ormurder as t#e case may e. %f t#ere are some eplosi&es carriedt#ere t#e crime is destructi&e arson. !plosi&es are y nature

pyrotec#ni>ues. estruction of property $it# t#e use of pyrotec#ni>ue is destructi&e arson. %f t#ere is illegally possessed orcarried firearm ot#er special la$s $ill apply.

=n t#e ot#er #and if t#e aircraft is of foreign registry t#e la$does not re>uire t#at it e in flig#t efore t#e anti #i/acing la$can apply. T#is is ecause aircrafts of foreign registry areconsidered in transit $#ile t#ey are in foreign countries.Alt#oug# t#ey may #a&e een in a foreign country tec#nicallyt#ey are still in flig#t ecause t#ey #a&e to mo&e out of t#atforeign country. uirement t#at it

e in flig#t does not #old true $#en in comes to aircraft oforeign registry. !&en if t#e prolem does not say t#at aleterior doors are closed t#e crime is #i/acing. uirement t#at it e in flig#t.

7ote #o$e&er t#at t#ere is no #i/acing in t#eattempted stage. T#is is a special la$ $#ere t#e attempted stage

is not punis#ale.

2. A -#ilippine Air Bines aircraft is ound foa&ao. 8#ile t#e pilot and copilot are taing t#eir snacs at#e airport lounge some of t#e armed men $ere also t#ere. T#e

pilots $ere follo$ed y t#ese men on t#eir $ay to t#e aircraftAs soon as t#e pilots entered t#e cocpit t#ey pulled out t#eirfirearms and ga&e instructions $#ere to fly t#e aircraft. oest#e anti #i/acing la$ apply

7o. T#e passengers #a&e yet to oard t#e aircraft. %fat t#at time t#e offenders are appre#ended t#e la$ $ill notapply ecause t#e aircraft is not yet in flig#t. 7ote t#at t#eaircraft is of -#ilippine registry.

3. 8#ile t#e s te$ardess o f a -#ilippine AiBines plane ound for Ceu $as $aiting for t#e passengemanifest t$o of its passengers seated near t#e pilosurreptitiously entered t#e pilot cocpit. At gunpoint t#eydirected t#e pilot to fly t#e aircraft to t#e Middle !ast0o$e&er efore t#e pilot could fly t#e aircraft to$ards t#eMiddle !ast t#e offenders $ere sudued and t#e aircraft landed8#at crime $as committed

T#e aircraft $as not yet in flig#t. Considering t#at t#este$ardess $as still $aiting for t#e passenger manifest t#edoors $ere still open. 0ence t#e anti #i/acing la$ is noapplicale. %nstead t#e e&ised -enal Code s#all go&ern. T#ecrime committed $as gra&e coercion or gra&e t#reat dependingupon $#et#er or not any serious offense &iolence $as inflicted

upon t#e pilot.

0o$e&er if t#e aircraft $ere of foreign registry t#eact $ould already e su/ect to t#e anti #i/acing la$ ecauset#ere is no re>uirement for foreign aircraft to e in flig#t eforesuc# la$ $ould apply. T#e reason for t#e distinction is t#at aslong as suc# aircraft #as not returned to its #ome asetec#nically it is still considered in transit or in flig#t.

As to numers 3 and 4 of epulic Act 7o. 235 t#e distinctionis $#et#er t#e aircraft is a passenger aircraft or a cargo aircraft

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%n ot# cases #o$e&er t#e la$ applies only to pulic utilityaircraft in t#e -#ilippines. -ri&ate aircrafts are not su/ect to t#eanti #i/acing la$ in so far as transporting pro#iitedsustances are concerned.

%f t#e aircraft is a passenger aircraft t#e pro#iition is asolute.Carrying of any pro#iited flammale corrosi&e or eplosi&esustance is a crime under epulic Act 7o. 235. ?ut if t#eaircraft is only a cargo aircraft t#e la$ is &iolated only $#en t#etransporting of t#e pro#iited sustance $as not done inaccordance $it# t#e rules and regulations prescried y t#e Air

Transportation =ffice in t#e matter of s#ipment of suc# t#ings.T#e ?oard of Transportation pro&ides t#e manner of pacing ofsuc# ind of articles t#e >uantity in $#ic# t#ey may e loadedat any time etc. =t#er$ise t#e anti #i/acing la$ does notapply.

0o$e&er under


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(3) elaying release y competent aut#ority $it# t#esame period mentioned in numer 2.

istinction et$een aritrary detention and illegal detention

1. %n aritrary detention

T#e principal offender must e a pulic officer.Ci&ilians can commit t#e crime of aritrary detentionecept $#en t#ey conspire $it# a pulic officer

committing t#is crime or ecome an accomplice oraccessory to t#e crime committed y t#e pulicofficer; and

T#e offender $#o is a pulic officer #as a duty $#ic#carries $it# it t#e aut#ority to detain a person.

2. %n illegal detention

T#e principal offender is a pri&ate person. ?ut apulic officer can commit t#e crime of illegaldetention $#en #e is acting in a pri&ate capacity or

eyond t#e scope of #is official duty or $#en #eecomes an accomplice or accessory to t#e crime

committed y a pri&ate person.

T#e offender e&en if #e is a pulic officer does notinclude as #is function t#e po$er to arrest and detain a

person unless #e conspires $it# a pulic officercommitting aritrary detention.

7ote t#at in t#e crime of aritrary detention alt#oug# t#eoffender is a pulic officer not any pulic officer can committ#is crime. =nly t#ose pulic officers $#ose official duties carry$it# it t#e aut#ority to mae an arrest and detain persons can eguilty of t#is crime.


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A #ad een collecting tong from dri&ers. ? a dri&erdid not $ant to contriute to t#e tong. =ne day ? $asappre#ended y A telling #im t#at #e $as dri&ing carelessly.ecless dri&ing carries $it# it a penalty of immediate detentionand arrest. ? $as roug#t to t#e Traffic ?ureau and $asdetained t#ere until t#e e&ening. 8#en A returned #e opened t#ecell and told ? to go #ome. 8as t#ere a crime of aritrarydetention or unla$ful arrest

Aritrary detention. T#e arrest of ? $as onlyincidental to t#e criminal intent of t#e offender to detain #im.

?ut if after putting ? inside t#e cell #e $as turned o&er to t#ein&estigating officer $#o ooed #im and filed a c#arge ofrecless imprudence against #im t#en t#e crime $ould eunla$ful arrest. T#e detention of t#e dri&er is incidental to t#esupposed crime #e did not commit. ?ut if t#ere is no supposedcrime at all ecause t#e dri&er $as not c#arged at all #e $as notgi&en place under ooing s#eet or report arrest t#en t#at meanst#at t#e only purpose of t#e offender is to stop #im from dri&ing#is /eepney ecause #e refused to contriute to t#e tong.

Article 7&. Del" i% t0e Deli4er $, Det"i%e Per#$%# t$ t0e

Pr$'er ?2ici"l A2t0$ritie#

!lements

1.=ffender is a pulic officer or employee;

2.0e detains a person for some legal ground;

3.0e fails to deli&er suc# person to t#e proper /udicial

aut#orities $it#in 6

a. 12 #our for lig#t penalties;

. 1' #ours for correctional penalties; and

c. 3 #ours for afflicti&e or capital penalties.

T#is is a form of aritrary detention. At t#e eginning t#edetention is legal since it is in t#e pursuance of a la$ful arrest.0o$e&er t#e detention ecomes aritrary $#en t#e periodt#ereof eceeds 12 1' or 3 #ours as t#e case may edepending on $#et#er t#e crime is punis#ed y lig#tcorrectional or afflicti&e penalty or t#eir e>ui&alent.

T#e period of detention is 12 #ours for lig#t offenses 1' #oursfor correctional offences and 3 #ours for afflicti&e offences$#ere t#e accused may e detained $it#out formal c#arge. ?ut#e must cause a formal c#arge or application to e filed $it# t#e

proper court efore 12 1' or 3 #ours lapse. =t#er$ise #e #asto release t#e person arrested.

7ote t#at t#e period stated #erein does not include t#e nig#ttime.%t is to e counted only $#en t#e prosecutorGs office is ready torecei&e t#e complaint or information.

T#is article does not apply if t#e arrest is $it# a $arrant. T#esituation contemplated #ere is an arrest $it#out a $arrant.

:2e#ti$% ; A%#/er

8it#in $#at period s#ould a police officer $#o #asarrested a person under a $arrant of arrest turn o&er t#e arrested

person to t#e /udicial aut#ority

T#ere is no time limit specified ecept t#at t#e returnmust e made $it#in a reasonale time. T#e period fied y la$under Article 125 does not apply ecause t#e arrest $as made y&irtue of a $arrant of arrest.

8#en a person is arrested $it#out a $arrant it means t#at t#ere

is no case filed in court yet. %f t#e arresting officer $ould #oldt#e arrested person t#ere #e is actually depri&ing t#e arrested of#is rig#t to ail. As long as t#ere is no c#arge in t#e court yett#e arrested person cannot otain ail ecause ail may only egranted y t#e court. T#e spirit of t#e la$ is to #a&e t#e arrested

person deli&ered to t#e /urisdiction of t#e court.

%f t#e arrest is y &irtue of a $arrant it means t#at t#ere isalready a case filed in court. 8#en an information is filed incourt t#e amount of ail recommended is stated. T#e accused

person is not really denied #is rig#t to ail. !&en if #e isinterrogated in t#e police precinct #e can already file ail.

7ote t#at deli&ery of t#e arrested person to t#e proper aut#orities

does not mean p#ysical deli&ery or turn o&er of arrested personto t#e court. %t simply means putting t#e arrested person undet#e /urisdiction of t#e court. T#is is done y filing t#e necessarycomplaint or information against t#e person arrested in court$it#in t#e period specified in Article 125. T#e purpose of t#is isfor t#e court to determine $#et#er t#e offense is ailale or noand if ailale to allo$ #im t#e rig#t to ail.

@nder t#e ule 114 of t#e e&ised ules of Court t#e arrestedperson can demand from t#e arresting officer to ring #im to any/udge in t#e place $#ere #e $as arrested and post t#e ail #ereT#ereupon t#e arresting officer may release #im. T#e /udge$#o granted t#e ail $ill /ust for$ard t#e litimus of t#e case tot#e court trying #is case. T#e purpose is in order to depri&e t#earrested person of #is rig#t to post t#e ail.

@nder t#e e&ised ules of Court $#en t#e person arrested isarrested for a crime $#ic# gi&es #im t#e rig#t to preliminaryin&estigation and #e $ants to a&ail #is rig#t to a preliminaryin&estigation #e $ould #a&e to $ai&e in $riting #is rig#ts underArticle 125 so t#at t#e arresting officer $ill not immediately filet#e case $it# t#e court t#at $ill eercise /urisdiction o&er t#ecase. %f #e does not $ant to $ai&e t#is in $riting t#e arrestingofficer $ill #a&e to comply $it# Article 125 and file t#e caseimmediately in court $it#out preliminary in&estigation. %n suc#case t#e arrested person $it#in fi&e days after learning t#at t#ecase #as een filed in court $it#out preliminary in&estigationmay as for preliminary in&estigation. %n t#is case t#e pulicofficer $#o made t#e arrest $ill no longer e liale for &iolationof Article 125.

:2e#ti$% ; A%#/er

T#e arrest of t#e suspect $as done in ?aguio City. =nt#e $ay to Manila $#ere t#e crime $as committed t#ere $as atyp#oon so t#e suspect could not e roug#t to Manila untit#ree days later. 8as t#ere a &iolation of Article 125

T#ere $as a &iolation of Article 125. T#e crimecommitted $as aritrary detention in t#e form of delay in t#e

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deli&ery of arrested person to t#e proper /udicial aut#ority. T#etyp#oon or flood is a matter of defense to e pro&ed y t#eaccused t#e arresting officer as to $#et#er #e is liale. %n t#issituation #e may e eempt under paragrap# " of Article 12.

?efore Article 125 may e applied it is necessary t#at initiallyt#e detention of t#e arrested person must e la$ful ecause t#earrest is ased on legal grounds. %f t#e arrest is made $it#out a$arrant t#is constitutes an unla$ful arrest. Article 2 notArticle 125 $ill apply. %f t#e arrest is not ased on legal

grounds t#e arrest is pure and simple aritrary detention.Article 125 contemplates a situation $#ere t#e arrest $as made$it#out $arrant ut ased on legal grounds. T#is is no$n asciti:enGs arrest.

Article 7+. Del"i% Rele"#e

Acts punis#ed

1. elaying t#e performance of a /udicial or eecuti&eorder for t#e release of a prisoner;

2. @nduly delaying t#e ser&ice of t#e notice of suc#order to said prisoner;

3. @nduly delaying t#e proceedings upon any petition fort#e lieration of suc# person.

!lements

1. =ffender is a pulic officer or employee;

2. T#ere is a /udicial or eecuti&e order for t#e release ofa prisoner or detention prisoner or t#at t#ere is a

proceeding upon a petition for t#e lieration of suc#person;

3. =ffender $it#out good reason delays 6

a. t#e ser&ice of t#e notice of suc# order to t#eprisoner;

. t#e performance of suc# /udicial oreecuti&e order for t#e release of t#e

prisoner; or

c. t#e p roceedings u pon a petition f or t#erelease of suc# person.

Article 7-. E'2l#i$%

Acts punis#ed

1. !pelling a person from t#e -#ilippines;

2. Compelling a person to c#ange #is residence.

!lements

1.=ffender is a pulic officer or employee;

2.0e eit#er 6

a. epels any person from t#e -#ilippines; or

. compels a person to c#ange residence;

3.=ffender is not aut#ori:ed to do so y la$.

T#e essence of t#is crime is coercion ut t#e specific crime isHepulsionI $#en committed y a pulic officer. %f committed

y a pri&ate person t#e crime is gra&e coercion.%n 6ill"4ice%ci$ 4. L2@="%


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officers $#o may e liale for crimes against t#e fundamentalla$s are t#ose $#o are possessed of t#e aut#ority to eecutesearc# $arrants and $arrants of arrests.

@nder ule 113 of t#e e&ised ules of Court $#en a person toe arrested enters a premise and closes it t#ereafter t#e pulicofficer after gi&ing notice of an arrest can rea into t#e

premise. 0e s#all not e liale for &iolation of domicile.

T#ere are only t#ree recogni:ed instances $#en searc# $it#out a$arrant is considered &alid and t#erefore t#e sei:ure of any

e&idence done is also &alid. =utside of t#ese searc# $ould ein&alid and t#e o/ects sei:ed $ould not e admissile ine&idence.

(1) ualified trespass tod$elling under Article 2'* if t#ere $as an epress or implied

pro#iition against entering. T#is is tantamount to enteringagainst t#e $ill of t#e o$ner; and (2) &iolation of domicile in t#et#ird form if #e refuses to lea&e after eing told to.

Article 75. Se"rc0 W"rr"%t# M"lici$2#l O=t"i%e "%

A=2#e i% t0e Ser4ice $, T0$#e Le"ll O=t"i%e

Acts punis#ed

1. -rocuring a searc# $arrant $it#out /ust cause;

!lements


2. 0e procures a searc# $arrant;

3. T#ere is no /ust cause.

2. !ceeding #is aut#ority or y using unnecessaryse&erity in eecuting a searc# $arrant legallyprocured.

!lements


2. 0e #as legally procured a searc# $arrant;

3. 0e eceeds #is aut#ority or useunnecessary se&erity in eecuting t#e same.

Article


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induced someone to commit per/ury to con&ince t#ecourt.

(2) T#e officer eceeded #is aut#ority under t#e $arrant 6To illustrate let us say t#at t#ere $as a pus#er in acondo unit. T#e -7- 7arcotics 9roup otained asearc# $arrant ut t#e name of person in t#e searc#$arrant did not tally $it# t#e address stated.!&entually t#e person $it# t#e same name $as found

ut in a different address. T#e occupant resisted utt#e pulic officer insisted on t#e searc#. rugs $ere

found and sei:ed and occupant $as prosecuted andcon&icted y t#e trial court. T#e uitted #im ecause t#e pulic officers are re>uiredto follo$ t#e searc# $arrant to t#e letter. T#ey #a&eno discretion on t#e matter. -lain &ie$ doctrine isinapplicale since it presupposes t#at t#e officer $aslegally entitled to e in t#e place $#ere t#e effects$#ere found.


12/109

!lements

1. Acts complained of $ere performed in a place de&otedto religious $ors#ip or during t#e celeration of anyreligious ceremony;

2. T#e acts must e notoriously offensi&e to t#e feelingsof t#e fait#ful.

T#ere must e delierate intent to #urt t#e feelings of t#efait#ful.

TITLE III. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER

Crimes against pulic order

1. eellion or insurrection (Art. 134);

2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit reellion (Art.13);

3. isloyalty to pulic officers or employees (Art. 13");

4. %nciting to reellion (Art. 13');

5.

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epulic Act 7o. ' Article 135 punis#ed t#ose H$#o $#ile#olding any pulic office or employment tae part t#ereinI yany of t#ese acts engaging in $ar against t#e forces of9o&ernment; destroying property; committing serious &iolence;eacting contriutions di&erting funds for t#e la$ful purposefor $#ic# t#ey #a&e een appropriated.

!lements

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1. =ffender is a person or persons elonging to t#emilitary or police or #olding any pulic office oremployment;

2. %t is committed y means of a s$ift attac accompanied y &iolence intimidation t#reat strategyor stealt#;

3. T#e attac is d irected against t#e duly constitutedaut#orities of t#e epulic of t#e -#ilippines or anymilitary camp or installation communication

net$ors pulic utilities or ot#er facilities needed fort#e eercise and continued possession of po$er;

4. T#e purpose of t#e attac is to sei:e or diminis# statepo$er.

T#e essence of t#e crime is a s$ift attac upon t#e facilities oft#e -#ilippine go&ernment military camps and installationscommunication net$ors pulic utilities and facilities essentialto t#e continued possession of go&ernmental po$ers. %t may ecommitted singly or collecti&ely and does not re>uire amultitude of people. T#e o/ecti&e may not e to o&ert#ro$ t#ego&ernment ut only to destaili:e or paraly:e t#e go&ernment

t#roug# t#e sei:ure of facilities and utilities essential to t#econtinued possession and eercise of go&ernmental po$ers. %tre>uires as principal offender a memer of t#e A+- or of t#e-7- organi:ation or a pulic officer $it# or $it#out ci&iliansupport. +inally it may e carried out not only y force or&iolence ut also t#roug# stealt# t#reat or strategy.

Per#$%# li"=le ,$r re=elli$% i%#2rrecti$% $r c$2' 9 et"t

2%er Article


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. To pre&ent t#e national go&ernment or anypro&incial or municipal go&ernment or anypulic officer from eercising its or #isfunctions or pre&ent t#e eecution of anadministrati&e order;

c. To inflict any act of #ate or re&enge upont#e person or property of any pulic officeror employee;

d. To commit for any political or social endany act of #ate or re&enge against pri&ate

persons or any social classes;

e. To despoil for any political or social endany person municipality or pro&ince or t#enational go&ernment of all its property orany part t#ereof.

T#e crime of sedition does not contemplate t#e taing up ofarms against t#e go&ernment ecause t#e purpose of t#is crimeis not t#e o&ert#ro$ of t#e go&ernment. 7otice from t#e

purpose of t#e crime of sedition t#at t#e offenders rise puliclyand create commotion ad disturance y $ay of protest to

epress t#eir dissent and oedience to t#e go&ernment or to t#eaut#orities concerned. T#is is lie t#e socalled ci&ildisoedience ecept t#at t#e means employed $#ic# is&iolence is illegal.

-ersons liale for sedition under Article !8

1. T#e leader of t#e sedition; and

2. =t#er person participating in t#e sedition.

Article !. C$%#'ir"c t$ C$**it Seiti$%

%n t#is crime t#ere must e an agreement and a decision to risepulicly and tumultuously to attain any of t#e o/ects of

sedition.

T#ere is no proposal to commit sedition.

Article !7. I%citi% t$ Seiti$%

Acts punis#ed

1. %nciting ot#ers to t#e accomplis#ment of any of t#eacts $#ic# constitute sedition y means of speec#es

proclamations $ritings emlems etc.;

2. @ttering seditious $ords or speec#es $#ic# tend todistur t#e pulic peace;

3. 8riting pulis#ing or circulating scurrilous lielsagainst t#e go&ernment or any of t#e duly constitutedaut#orities t#ereof $#ic# tend to distur t#e pulic

peace.

!lements

1. =ffender does not tae direct part in t#e crime of sedition;

2. 0e incites ot#ers to t#e accomplis#ment of any of t#eacts $#ic# constitute sedition; and

3. %nciting is done y means of speec#es proclamations$ritings emlems cartoons anners or ot#erepresentations tending to$ards t#e same end.

=nly nonparticipant in sedition may e liale.

Considering t#at t#e o/ecti&e of sedition is to epress protesagainst t#e go&ernment and in t#e process creating #ate agains

pulic officers any act t#at $ill generate #atred against t#ego&ernment or a pulic officer concerned or a social class mayamount to %nciting to sedition. Article 142 is t#erefore >uite

road.

T#e mere meeting for t#e purpose of discussing #atred againstt#e go&ernment is inciting to sedition. Bamasting go&ernmenofficials to discredit t#e go&ernment is %nciting to sedition. ?uif t#e o/ecti&e of suc# preparatory actions is t#e o&ert#ro$ oft#e go&ernment t#e crime is inciting to reellion.

Article !


16/109

1. =ffender uses force intimidation t#reats orfraud;

2. T#e purpose of t#e offender i s to pre&entany memer of Congress from 6

a. attending t#e meetings of t#eCongress or of any of itscommittees or constitutionalcommissions etc.;

. epressing #is opinion; or

c. casting #is &ote.

2. Arresting or searc#ing any memer t#ereof $#ileCongress is in regular or special session ecept incase suc# memer #as committed a crime punis#aleunder t#e Code y a penalty #ig#er t#an prisionmayor.

!lements

1. =ffender is a pulic officer of employee;

2. 0e arrests o r searc#es any memer of Congress;

3. Congress at t#e time of arrest or searc# isin regular or special session;

4. T#e memer arrested or searc#ed #as notcommitted a crime punis#ale under t#eCode y a penalty #ig#er t#an prisionmayor.

@nder


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%llegal associations

1. Associations totally or partially organi:ed for t#epurpose of committing any of t#e crimes punis#aleunder t#e Code;

2. Associations totally or partially organi:ed for somepurpose contrary to pulic morals.

-ersons liale

1. +ounders directors andpresident of t#e association;

2. Mere memers of t#e association.

istinction et$een illegal association and illegal assemly

1. %n illegal association it is not necessary t#at t#ere ean actual meeting.

%n illegal assemly it is necessary t#at t#ere is anactual meeting or assemly or armed persons for t#e

purpose of committing any of t#e crimes punis#ale

under t#e Code or of indi&iduals $#o alt#oug# notarmed are incited to t#e commission of treasonreellion sedition or assault upon a person inaut#ority or #is agent.

2. %n illegal association it is t#e act of forming or organi:ing and memers#ip in t#e association t#at are

punis#ed.

%n illegal assemly it is t#e meeting and attendance atsuc# meeting t#at are punis#ed.

3. %n illegal association t#e persons liale are (1) t#efounders directors and president; and (2) t#ememers.

%n illegal assemly t#e persons liale are (1) t#eorgani:ers or leaders of t#e meeting and (2) t#e

persons present at meeting.

Article !3. Direct A##"2lt

Acts punis#ed

1. 8it#out pulic uprising y employing force or intimidation for t#e attainment of any of t#e purposesenumerated in defining t#e crimes of reellion andsedition;

!lements

1. =ffender employs force or intimidation;

2. T#e aim of t#e offender is to attain any of t#e purposes of t#e crime of reellion or anyof t#e o/ects of t#e crime of sedition;

3. T#ere is no pulic uprising.

2. 8it#out pulic uprising y attacing y employingforce or y seriously intimidating or y seriouslyresisting any person in aut#ority or any of #is agents

$#ile engaged in t#e performance of official duties oron occasion of suc# performance.

!lements

1. =ffender maes an attac employs forcemaes a serious intimidation or maes aserious resistance;

2. T#e person assaulted is a person in aut#orityor #is agent;

3. At t#e time o f t#e assault t#e person inaut#ority or #is agent is engaged in t#eactual performance of official duties or t#at#e is assaulted y reason of t#e pas

performance of official duties;

4. =ffender no$s t#at t#e one #e is assaultingis a person in aut#ority or #is agent in t#eeercise of #is duties.

5. T#ere is no pulic uprising.

T#e crime is not ased on t#e material conse>uence of t#e

unla$ful act. T#e crime of direct assault punis#es t#e spirit ola$lessness and t#e contempt or #atred for t#e aut#ority or t#erule of la$.

To e specific if a /udge $as illed $#ile #e $as #olding asession t#e illing is not t#e direct assault ut murder. T#erecould e direct assault if t#e offender illed t#e /udge simply

ecause t#e /udge is so strict in t#e fulfillment of #is duty. %t ist#e spirit of #ate $#ic# is t#e essence of direct assault.uence of t#e unla$ful act. %f t#e unla$ful ac$as murder or #omicide committed under circumstance ola$lessness or contempt of aut#ority t#e crime $ould e directassault $it# murder or #omicide as t#e case may e. %n t#e

eample of t#e /udge $#o $as illed t#e crime is direct assaul$it# murder or #omicide.

T#e only time $#en it is not compleed is $#en materiaconse>uence is a lig#t felony t#at is slig#t p#ysical in/uryirect assault asors t#e lig#ter felony; t#e crime of direcassault can not e separated from t#e material result of t#e actuittal or con&iction in one is a ar to t#e prosecution int#e ot#er.

!ample of t#e first form of direct assault

T#ree men roe into a 7ational +ood Aut#ority $are#ouse and

lamented sufferings of t#e people. T#ey called on people to #elpt#emsel&es to all t#e rice. T#ey did not e&en #elp t#emsel&es toa single grain.

T#e crime committed $as direct assault. T#ere $as no roeryfor t#ere $as no intent to gain. T#e crime is direct assault ycommitting acts of sedition under Article 13 (5) t#at isspoiling of t#e property for any political or social end of any

person municipality or pro&ince or t#e national go&ernment oall or any its property ut t#ere is no pulic uprising.

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-erson in aut#ority is any person directly &ested $it#/urisdiction $#et#er as an indi&idual or as amemer of some court or go&ernment corporation

oard or commission. A arangay c#airman isdeemed a person in aut#ority.

Agent of a person in aut#ority is any person $#o y directpro&ision of la$ or y election or y appointmenty competent aut#ority is c#arged $it# t#emaintenance of pulic order and t#e protectionand security of life and property suc# as a

arangay councilman arrio policeman arangayleader and any person $#o comes to t#e aid of a

person in aut#ority.

%n applying t#e pro&isions of Articles 14' and 151 teac#ersprofessors and persons c#arged $it# t#e super&ision of pulicor duly recogni:ed pri&ate sc#ools colleges and uni&ersities andla$yers in t#e actual performance of t#eir duties or on t#eoccasion of suc# performance s#all e deemed a person inaut#ority.

%n direct assault of t#e first form t#e stature of t#e offendedperson is immaterial. T#e crime is manifested y t#e spirit ofla$lessness.

%n t#e second form you #a&e to distinguis# a situation $#ere aperson in aut#ority or #is agent $as attaced $#ile performingofficial functions from a situation $#en #e is not performingsuc# functions. %f attac $as done during t#e eercise of officialfunctions t#e crime is al$ays direct assault. %t is enoug# t#att#e offender ne$ t#at t#e person in aut#ority $as performingan official function $#ate&er may e t#e reason for t#e attacalt#oug# $#at may #a&e #appened $as a purely pri&ate affair.

=n t#e ot#er #and if t#e person in aut#ority or t#e agent $asilled $#en no longer performing official functions t#e crimemay simply e t#e material conse>uence of #e unla$ful actmurder or #omicide. +or t#e crime to e direct assault t#eattac must e y reason of #is official function in t#e past.

Moti&e ecomes important in t#is respect. !ample if a /udge$as illed $#ile resisting t#e taing of #is $atc# t#ere is nodirect assault.

%n t#e second form of direct assault it is also important t#at t#eoffended party ne$ t#at t#e person #e is attacing is a person inaut#ority or an agent of a person in aut#ority performing #isofficial functions. 7o no$ledge no la$lessness or contempt.+or eample if t$o persons $ere >uarreling and a policeman inci&ilian clot#es comes and stops t#em ut one of t#e

protagonists stas t#e policeman t#ere $ould e no directassault unless t#e offender ne$ t#at #e is a policeman.

%n t#is respect it is enoug# t#at t#e offender s#ould no$ t#at t#eoffended party $as eercising some form of aut#ority. %t is not

necessary t#at t#e offender no$s $#at is meant y person inaut#ority or an agent of one ecause ignorantia legis nonecusat.

Article !5. I%irect A##"2lt

!lements

1. A person in aut#ority or #is agent is t#e &ictim of anyof t#e forms of direct assault defined in Article 14';

2. A person comes to t#e aid of suc# aut#ority or #isagent;

3. =ffender maes use of force or intimidation upon suc#person coming to t#e aid of t#e aut#ority or #is agent.

T#e &ictim in indirect assault s#ould e a pri&ate person $#ocomes in aid of an agent of a person in aut#ority. T#e assault isupon a person $#o comes in aid of t#e person in aut#ority. T#e&ictim cannot e t#e person in aut#ority or #is agent.

T#ere is no indirect assault $#en t#ere is no direct assault.

Tae note t#at under Article 152 as amended $#en any personcomes in aid of a person in aut#ority said person at t#at momentis no longer a ci&ilian 6 #e is constituted as an agent of t#e

person in aut#ority. %f suc# person $ere t#e one attaced t#ecrime $ould e direct assault.

ue to t#e amendment of Article 152 $it#out t#e corresponding

amendment in Article 15* t#e crime of indirect assault can onlye committed $#en assault is upon a ci&ilian gi&ing aid to anagent of t#e person in aut#ority. 0e does not ecome anot#eagent of t#e person in aut#ority.

Article &8. Di#$=eie%ce t$ S2**$%# I##2e = C$%re##

It# C$**ittee# $r S2=c$**ittee# = t0e C$%#tit2ti$%"

C$**i##i$%# It# C$**ittee# S2=c$**ittee# $r Di4i#i$%#

Acts punis#ed

1. ?y refusing $it#out legal ecuse to oey summons

of Congress its special or standing committees andsucommittees t#e Constitutional Commissions andits committees sucommittees or di&isions or y anycommission or committee c#airman or memeaut#ori:ed to summon $itnesses;

2. ?y refusing to e s$orn or placed under affirmation$#ile eing efore suc# legislati&e or constitutiona

ody or official;

3. ?y refusing to ans$er any legal in>uiry or to produceany oos papers documents or records in #i

possession $#en re>uired y t#em to do so in t#eeercise of t#eir functions;

4. ?y restraining anot#er from attending as a $itness insuc# legislati&e or constitutional ody;

5. ?y inducing disoedience to a summons or refusal toe s$orn y any suc# ody or official.

Article &. Re#i#t"%ce "% Di#$=eie%ce t$ A Per#$% i%

A2t0$rit $r t0e Ae%t# $, S2c0 Per#$%

!lements of resistance and serious disoedience under t#e firsparagrap#

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%t is also disturance of t#e pulic order if a con&ict legally putto deat# is uried $it# pomp. 0e s#ould not e made out as amartyr; it mig#t incite ot#ers to #atred.

Article &!. U%l"/,2l U#e $, Me"%# $, P2=lic"ti$% "%

U%l"/,2l Utter"%ce#

Acts punis#ed

1. -ulis#ing or causing to e pulis#ed y means ofprinting lit#ograp#y or any ot#er means of

pulication as ne$s any false ne$s $#ic# mayendanger t#e pulic order; or cause damage to t#einterest or credit of t#e


21/109

%n relation to infidelity in t#e custody of prisoners correlate t#ecrime of deli&ering person from /ail $it# infidelityin t#e custody of prisoners punis#ed under Articles223 224 and 225 of t#e e&ised -enal Code. %n

ot# acts t#e offender may e a pulic officer or apri&ate citi:en. o not t#in t#at infidelity in t#ecustody of prisoners can only e committed y a

pulic officer and deli&ering persons from /ail canonly e committed y pri&ate person. ?ot# crimesmay e committed y pulic officers as $ell as

pri&ate persons.

%n ot# crimes t#e person in&ol&ed may e a con&ict or a meredetention prisoner.

T#e only point of distinction et$een t#e t$o crimes lies on$#et#er t#e offender is t#e custodian of t#e prisoner or not at t#etime t#e prisoner $as made to escape. %f t#e offender is t#ecustodian at t#at time t#e crime is infidelity in t#e custody of

prisoners. ?ut if t#e offender is not t#e custodian of t#e prisonerat t#at time e&en t#oug# #e is a pulic officer t#e crime #ecommitted is deli&ering prisoners from /ail.

Biaility of t#e prisoner or detainee $#o escaped 6 8#en t#esecrimes are committed $#et#er infidelity in t#e

custody of prisoners or deli&ering prisoners from/ail t#e prisoner so escaping may also #a&e criminalliaility and t#is is so if t#e prisoner is a con&ictser&ing sentence y final /udgment. T#e crime ofe&asion of ser&ice of sentence is committed y t#e

prisoner $#o escapes if suc# prisoner is a con&ictser&ing sentence y final /udgment.

%f t#e prisoner $#o escapes is only a detention prisoner #e doesnot incur liaility from escaping if #e does not no$ of t#e planto remo&e #im from /ail. ?ut if suc# prisoner no$s of t#e plotto remo&e #im from /ail and cooperates t#erein y escaping #e#imself ecomes liale for deli&ering prisoners from /ail as a

principal y indispensale cooperation.

%f t#ree persons are in&ol&ed 6 a stranger t#e custodian and t#eprisoner 6 t#ree crimes are committed

(1) %nfidelity in t#e custody of prisoners;

(2) eli&ery of t#e prisoner from /ail; and

(3) !&asion of ser&ice of sentence.

Article &-. E4"#i$% $, Ser4ice $, Se%te%ce

!lements

1. =ffender is a con&ict y final /udgment;

2. 0e is ser&ing sentence $#ic# consists in t#e depri&ation oflierty;

3. 0e e&ades ser&ice of #is sentence y escaping during t#eterm of #is imprisonment.

Fualifying circumstances as to penalty imposed

%f suc# e&asion or escape taes place 6

1. ?y means o f unla$ful entry ( t#is s#ould e HyscalingI eyes);

2. ?y reaing doors $indo$s gates $alls roofs ofloors;

3. ?y using picloc false eys disguise deceit&iolence or intimidation; or

4. T#roug# conni&ance $it# ot#er con&icts or employeesof t#e penal institution.

!&asion of ser&ice of sentence #as t#ree forms

(1) ?y simply lea&ing or escaping from t#e penaestalis#ment under Article 15";

(2) +ailure to return $it#in 4' #ours after #a&ing left t#epenal estalis#ment ecause of a calamityconflagration or mutiny and suc# calamityconflagration or mutiny #as een announced aalready passed under Article 15';

(3) iolating t#e condition of conditional pardon undeArticle 15.

%n lea&ing or escaping from /ail or prison t#at t#e prisoner

immediately returned is immaterial. %t is enoug#t#at #e left t#e penal estalis#ment y escapingt#erefrom. 0is &oluntary return may only emitigating eing analogous to &oluntary surrender?ut t#e same $ill not asol&e #is criminal liaility.

Article &3. E4"#i$% $, Ser4ice $, Se%te%ce $% t0e Occ"#i$%

$, Di#$rer# C$%,l"r"ti$%# E"rt02"@e# $r Ot0er

C"l"*itie#

!lements

1. =ffender is a con&ict y f inal /udgment $#o i s

confined in a penal institution;

2. T#ere is disorder resulting from 6a. conflagration;

. eart#>uae;

c. eplosion; or d. similar catastrop#e; or e. mutiny in $#ic# #e #as not participated;

3. 0e e&ades t#e ser&ice of #is sentence y lea&ing t#epenal institution $#ere #e is confined on t#e occasionof suc# disorder or during t#e mutiny;

4. 0e fails to gi&e #imself up to t#e aut#orities $it#in 4'

#ours follo$ing t#e issuance of a proclamation y t#eC#ief !ecuti&e announcing t#e passing a$ay of suc#calamity.

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T#e lea&ing from t#e penal estalis#ment is not t#e asis ofcriminal liaility. %t is t#e failure to return $it#in 4'#ours after t#e passing of t#e calamity conflagrationor mutiny #ad een announced. @nder Article 15't#ose $#o return $it#in 4' #ours are gi&en credit ordeduction from t#e remaining period of t#eirsentence e>ui&alent to 1N5 of t#e original term of t#esentence. ?ut if t#e prisoner fails to return $it#insaid 4' #ours an added penalty also 1N5 s#all eimposed ut t#e 1N5 penalty is ased on t#eremaining period of t#e sentence not on t#e original

sentence. %n no case s#all t#at penalty eceed simont#s.

T#ose $#o did not lea&e t#e penal estalis#ment are not entitledto t#e 1N5 credit. =nly t#ose $#o left and returned $it#in t#e4'#our period.

T#e mutiny referred to in t#e second form of e&asion of ser&iceof sentence does not include riot. T#e mutinyreferred to #ere in&ol&es suordinate personnelrising against t#e super&isor $it#in t#e penalestalis#ment. =ne $#o escapes during a riot $ill

e su/ect to Article 15" t#at is simply lea&ing orescaping t#e penal estalis#ment.

Mutiny is one of t#e causes $#ic# may aut#ori:e a con&ictser&ing sentence in t#e penitentiary to lea&e t#e /ail pro&ided #e#as not taen part in t#e mutiny.

T#e crime of e&asion of ser&ice of sentence may e committede&en if t#e sentence is destierro and t#is iscommitted if t#e con&ict sentenced to destierro $illenter t#e pro#iited places or come $it#in t#e

pro#iited radius of 25 ilometers to suc# places asstated in t#e /udgment.

%f t#e sentence &iolated is destierro t#e penalty upon t#e con&ictis to e ser&ed y $ay of destierro also not imprisonment. T#isis so ecause t#e penalty for t#e e&asion can not e more se&ere

t#an t#e penalty e&aded.

Article &5. Ot0er C"#e# $, E4"#i$% $, Ser4ice $, Se%te%ce

!lements of &iolation of conditional pardon

1. =ffender $as a con&ict;2. 0e $as granted pardon y t#e C#ief !ecuti&e;3. 0e &iolated any of t#e conditions of suc# pardon.

%n &iolation of conditional pardon as a rule t#e &iolation $illamount to t#is crime only if t#e condition is &iolatedduring t#e remaining period of t#e sentence. As arule if t#e condition of t#e pardon is &iolated $#ent#e remaining unser&ed portion of t#e sentence #asalready lapsed t#ere $ill e no more criminalliaility for t#e &iolation. 0o$e&er t#e con&ictmaye re>uired to ser&e t#e unser&ed portion of t#esentence t#at is continue ser&ing original penalty.

T#e administrati&e liaility of t#e con&ict under t#e conditionalpardon is different and #as not#ing to do $it# #is criminalliaility for t#e e&asion of ser&ice of sentence in t#e e&ent t#att#e condition of t#e pardon #as een &iolated. !ception $#eret#e &iolation of t#e condition of t#e pardon $ill constitutee&asion of ser&ice of sentence e&en t#oug# committed eyond

t#e remaining period of t#e sentence. T#is is $#en t#econditional pardon epressly so pro&ides or t#e language of t#econditional pardon clearly s#o$s t#e intention to mae t#econdition perpetual e&en eyond t#e unser&ed portion of t#esentence. %n suc# case t#e con&ict may e re>uired to ser&e t#eunser&ed portion of t#e sentence e&en t#oug# t#e &iolation #astaen place $#en t#e sentence #as already lapsed.

%n order t#at t#e conditional pardon may e &iolated it isconditional t#at t#e pardonee recei&ed t#e conditional pardon. %#e is released $it#out conformity to t#e conditional pardon #e

$ill not e liale for t#e crime of e&asion of ser&ice of sentence.

:2e#ti$% ; A%#/er

%s t#e &iolation of conditional pardon a sustanti&eoffense

@nder Article 15 t#ere are t$o situations pro&ided

(1) T#ere is a penalty of prision correccional minimum fort#e &iolation of t#e conditional pardon;

(2) T#ere is no ne$ penalty imposed for t#e &iolation o

t#e conditional pardon. %nstead t#e con&ict $ill ere>uired to ser&e t#e unser&ed portion of t#e sentence.

%f t#e remitted portion of t#e sentence is less t#an siyears or up to si years t#ere is an added penalty of prisioncorreccional minimum for t#e &iolation of t#e conditiona

pardon; #ence t#e &iolation is a sustanti&e offense if t#eremitted portion of t#e sentence does not eceed si years

ecause in t#is case a ne$ penalty is imposed for t#e &iolation oft#e conditional pardon.

?ut if t#e remitted portion of t#e sentence eceeds siyears t#e &iolation of t#e conditional pardon is not a sustanti&eoffense ecause no ne$ penalty is imposed for t#e &iolation.

%n ot#er $ords you #a&e to >ualify your ans$er.

T#e


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3. Maing and importing and uttering false coins (Art.13);

4. Mutilation of coins importation and uttering of mutilated coins (Art. 14);

5.


24/109

%t is not necessary t#at t#e coin counterfeited e legal tender. uisites of mutilation under t#e e&ised -enal Code

(1) Coin mutilated is of legal tender;(2) =ffender gains from t#e precious metal dust astracted

from t#e coin; and(3) %t #as to e a coin.

Mutilation is eing regarded as a crime ecause t#e coin eingof legal tender it is still in circulation and $#ic# $ouldnecessarily pre/udice ot#er people $#o may come across t#e

coin. +or eample E mutilated a - 2.** coin t#e octagonal oney con&erting it into a round one and etracting 1N1* of t#eprecious metal dust from it. T#e coin #ere is no longer -2.**ut only - 1.'* t#erefore pre/udice to t#e pulic #as resulted.

T#ere is no epertise in&ol&ed #ere. %n mutilation of coins undert#e e&ised -enal Code t#e offender does not#ing ut to scrape

pile or cut t#e coin and collect t#e dust and t#us diminis#ingt#e intrinsic &alue of t#e coin.

Mutilation of coins is a crime only if t#e coin mutilated is legaltender. %f t#e coin $#ose metal content #as een depreciated

t#roug# scraping scratc#ing or filing t#e coin and t#e offendecollecting t#e precious metal dust e&en if #e $ould use t#e coinafter its intrinsic &alue #ad een reduced noody $ill accept t#esame. %f it is not legal tender anymore no one $ill accept it sonoody $ill e defrauded. ?ut if t#e coin is of legal tender andt#e offender minimi:es or decreases t#e precious metal duscontent of t#e coin t#e crime of mutilation is committed.

%n t#e eample if t#e offender #as collected 1N1* of t#e - 2.**coin t#e coin is actually $ort# only - 1.'*. 0e is paying only-1.'* in effect defrauding t#e seller of - .2*. -unis#ment for

mutilation is roug#t aout y t#e fact t#at t#e intrinsic &alue oft#e coin is reduced.

T#e offender must delierately reduce t#e precious metal in t#ecoin. elierate intent arises only $#en t#e offender collects t#e

precious metal dust from t#e mutilated coin. %f t#e offendedoes not collect suc# dust intent to mutilate is asent u-residential ecree 7o. 24" $ill apply.

Pre#ie%ti"l Decree N$. 7!- (De,"ce*e%t M2til"ti$%

Te"ri% B2r%i% $r De#tr$i% Ce%tr"l B"%@ N$te# "%

C$i%#)

%t s#all e unla$ful for any person to $illfully deface mutilate

tear urn or destroy in any manner $#atsoe&er currency notesand coins issued y t#e Central ?an.

Mutilation under t#e e&ised -enal Code is true only to coins%t cannot e a crime under t#e e&ised -enal Code to mutilate

paper ills ecause t#e idea of mutilation under t#e code iscollecting t#e precious metal dust. 0o$e&er under -residentiaecree 7o. 24" mutilation is not limited to coins.

:2e#ti$%# ; A%#/er#

1. T#e people playing cara y cru: efore t#eyt#ro$ t#e coin in t#e air $ould ru t#e money to t#e side$alt#erey diminis#ing t#e intrinsic &alue of t#e coin. %s t#e crime

of mutilation committed

Mutilation under t#e e&ised -enal Code is nocommitted ecause t#ey do not collect t#e precious metacontent t#at is eing scraped from t#e coin. 0o$e&er t#is $ilamount to &iolation of -residential ecree 7o. 24".

2. 8#en t#e image of Jose i:al on a fi&epesoill is transformed into t#at of andy


25/109

Des. T#is act of t#e printing presses is a &iolation of-residential ecree 7o. 24".

4. An old $oman $#o $as a cigarette &endor in Fuiapo refused to accept onecenta&o coins for payment oft#e &endee of cigarettes #e purc#ased. T#en came t#e police$#o ad&ised #er t#at s#e #as no rig#t to refuse since t#e coinsare of legal tender. =n t#is t#e old $oman accepted in #er#ands t#e onecenta&o coins and t#en t#re$ it to t#e face of t#e&endee and t#e police. 8as t#e old $oman guilty of &iolating

-residential ecree 7o. 24"


26/109

appearance of a true and genuine document. 7ot any alterationof a letter numer figure or design $ould amount to forgery. Atmost it $ould only e frustrated forgery.8#en $#at is eing counterfeited is oligation or securities$#ic# under t#e e&ised -enal Code is gi&en a status of moneyor legal tender t#e crime committed is forgery.

:2e#ti$%# ; A%#/er#

1. %nstead o f t#e p eso sign ( -) someodyreplaced it $it# a dollar sign (Q). 8as t#e crime of forgerycommitted

7o. +orgery $as not committed. T#e forgedinstrument and currency note must e gi&en t#e appearance of atrue and genuine document. T#e crime committed is a &iolationof -residential ecree 7o. 24". 8#ere t#e currency noteoligation or security #as een c#anged to mae it appear as one$#ic# it purports to e as genuine t#e crime is forgery. %nc#ecs or commercial documents t#is crime is committed $#ent#e figures or $ords are c#anged $#ic# materially alters t#edocument.

2. An old man in #is desire to earn somet#ingscraped a digit in a losing s$eepstaes ticet cut out a digitfrom anot#er ticet and pasted it t#ere to matc# t#e series ofdigits corresponding to t#e $inning s$eepstaes ticet. 0e

presented t#is ticet to t#e -#ilippine C#arity


27/109

. Causing it to appear t#at persons #a&eparticipated in any act or proceeding $#ent#ey did not in fact so participate;

c. Attriuting to persons $#o #a&e participatedin an act or proceeding statements ot#er t#ant#ose in fact made y t#em;

d. Maing untrut#ful statements in a narrationof facts;

e. Altering true dates;f. Maing any alteration or intercalation in a

genuine document $#ic# c#anges its

meaning;g. %ssuing in an aut#enticated form a document

purporting to e a copy of an originaldocument $#en no suc# original eists orincluding in suc# a copy a statementcontrary to or different from t#at of t#egenuine original; or

#. %ntercalating any instrument or note relati&eto t#e issuance t#ereof in a protocolregistry or official oo.

4. %n case t#e offender is an ecclesiastical minister $#os#all commit any of t#e offenses enumerated $it#respect to any record or document of suc# c#aracter

t#at its falsification may affect t#e ci&il status ofpersons.

+or eample a customer in a #otel did not $rite #is name on t#eregistry oo $#ic# $as intended to e a memorial of t#ose$#o got in and out of t#at #otel. T#ere is no complete documentto spea of. T#e document may not etinguis# or create rig#ts

ut it can e an e&idence of t#e facts stated t#erein.

7ote t#at a c#ec is not yet a document $#en it is not completedyet. %f someody $rites on it #e maes a document out of it.

T#e document $#ere a crime $as committed or t#e documentsu/ect of t#e prosecution may e totally false in t#e sense t#at itis entirely spurious. T#is not$it#standing t#e crime of

falsification is committed.

%t does not re>uire t#at t#e $riting e genuine. !&en if t#e$riting $as t#roug# and t#roug# false if it appears to egenuine t#e crime of falsification is ne&ert#eless committed.

:2e#ti$%# ; A%#/er#

1. A is one of t#ose selling residencecertificates in Fuiapo. 0e $as roug#t to t#e police precincts onsuspicion t#at t#e certificates #e $as selling to t#e pulic

proceed from spurious sources and not from t#e ?ureau ofTreasury. @pon &erification it $as found out t#at t#e

certificates $ere indeed printed $it# a oolet of supposedresidence certificates. 8#at crime $as committed

Crime committed is &iolation of Article 1"(manufacturing and possession of instruments or implements forfalsification). A cannot e c#arged of falsification ecause t#e

oolet of residence certificates found in #is possession is not int#e nature of HdocumentI in t#e legal sense. T#ey are mereforms $#ic# are not to e completed to e a document in t#elegal sense. T#is is illegal possession $it# intent to usematerials or apparatus $#ic# may e used incounterfeitingNforgery or falsification.

2. -ulic officers found a traffic &iolationreceipts from a certain person. T#e receipts $ere not issued yt#e Motor e#icle =ffice. +or $#at crime s#ould #e e

prosecuted for

%t cannot e a crime of usurpation of official functions%t may e t#e intention ut no o&ert act $as yet performed y#im. 0e $as not arrested $#ile performing suc# o&ert act. 0e$as appre#ended only $#ile #e $as standing on t#e streesuspiciously. 7eit#er can #e e prosecuted for falsification

ecause t#e document is not completed yet t#ere eing no nameof any erring dri&er. T#e document remains to e a mere form%t not eing completed yet t#e document does not >ualify as adocument in t#e legal sense.

4. Can t#e $riting on t#e $all e considered adocument

Des. %t is capale of speaing of t#e facts statedt#erein. 8riting may e on anyt#ing as long as it is a product ot#e #and$riting it is considered a document.

5. %n a c ase $#ere a l a$yer t ried to etracmoney from a spinster y typing on a ond paper a supoena for

estafa. T#e spinster agreed to pay. T#e spinster $ent to t#eprosecutorGs office to &erify t#e eact amount and found out t#att#ere $as no c#arge against #er. T#e la$yer $as prosecuted forfalsification. 0e contended t#at only a genuine document could

e falsified. ule.

As long as any of t#e acts of falsification icommitted $#et#er t#e document is genuine or not t#e crime offalsification may e committed. !&en totally false documentmay e falsified.

T#ere are four inds of documents

(1) -ulic document in t#e eecution of $#ic# a personin aut#ority or notary pulic #as taen part;

(2) =fficial document in t#e eecution of $#ic# a pulicofficial taes part;

(3) Commercial document or any document recogni:ed yt#e Code of Commerce or any commercial la$; and

(4) -ri&ate document in t#e eecution of $#ic# onlypri&ate indi&iduals tae part.

-ulic document is roader t#an t#e term official document?efore a document may e considered official it must first e a

pulic document. ?ut not all pulic documents are officiadocuments. To ecome an official document t#ere must e ala$ $#ic# re>uires a pulic officer to issue or to render suc#

document. !ample A cas#ier is re>uired to issue an officiareceipt for t#e amount #e recei&es. T#e official receipt is a

pulic document $#ic# is an official document.

Article -7. F"l#i,ic"ti$% = Pri4"te I%i4i2"l "% U#e $

F"l#i,ie D$c2*e%t#

Acts punis#ed

1. +alsification of pulic official or commerciadocument y a pri&ate indi&idual;

2. +alsification of pri&ate document y any person;3. @se of falsified document.

27


28/109

!lements under paragrap# 1

1. =ffender is a pri&ate indi&idual or pulic officer oremployee $#o did not tae ad&antage of #is official

position;

2. 0e committed any act of falsification;3. T#e falsification $as committed in a pulic official

or commercial document or letter of ec#ange.

!lements under paragrap# 2

1. =ffender committed any of t#e acts of falsification eceptArticle 1"1(") t#at is issuing in an aut#enticated forma document purporting to e a copy of an originaldocument $#en no suc# original eists or including insuc# a copy a statement contrary to or different fromt#at of t#e genuine original;

2. +alsification $as committed in any pri&ate document;

3. +alsification causes damage to a t#ird party or at least t#efalsification $as committed $it# intent to cause suc#damage.

!lements under t#e last paragrap#

%n introducing in a /udicial proceeding 6

1. =ffender ne$ t#at t#e document $as falsified y anot#erperson;

2. T#e false document is in Articles 1"1 or 1"2 (1 or 2);

3. 0e introduced said document in e&idence in any /udicialproceeding.

%n use in any ot#er transaction 6

1. =ffender ne$ t#at a document $as falsified y anot#erperson;

2. T#e false document is emraced in Articles 1"1 or 1"2 (1or 2);

3. 0e used suc# document;

4. T#e use caused damage to anot#er or at least used $it#intent to cause damage.

Article -


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3. 0e uses t#e same.

Article -+. M"%2,"ct2ri% "% P$##e##i$% $, I%#tr2*e%t# $r

I*'le*e%t# ,$r F"l#i,ic"ti$%

Acts punis#ed

1. Maing or introducing into t#e -#ilippines anystamps dies mars or ot#er instruments orimplements for counterfeiting or falsification;

2. -ossession $it# intent to use t#e instruments or implements for counterfeiting or falsification made inor introduced into t#e -#ilippines y anot#er person.

Article --. U#2r'"ti$% $, A2t0$rit $r O,,ici"l F2%cti$%#

Acts punis#ed

1. @surpation of aut#ority;

!lements

1. =ffender no$ingly and falsely represents#imself;2. As an officer agent or representati&e of any

department or agency of t#e -#ilippinego&ernment or of any foreign go&ernment.

2. @surpation of official functions.

!lements

1. =ffender performs any act;2. -ertaining to any person in aut#ority or

pulic officer of t#e -#ilippine go&ernmentor any foreign go&ernment or any agencyt#ereof;

3. @nder pretense of official position;4. 8it#out eing la$fully entitled to do so.

Article -3. U#i% Fictiti$2# N"*e "% C$%ce"li% Tr2e

N"*e

Acts punis#ed

1. @sing fictitious name

!lements

1. =ffender uses a name ot#er t#an #is real

name;2. 0e uses t#e fictitious name pulicly;3. -urpose of use is to conceal a crime to

e&ade t#e eecution of a /udgment or tocause damage Lto pulic interest 6 eyes.

2. Concealing true name

!lements

1. =ffender conceals #is true name and ot#er personal circumstances;

2. -urpose is only to conceal #is identity.

C$**$%/e"lt0 Act N$. !7 (Re2l"ti% t0e U#e $, Ali"#e#)

7o person s#all use any name different from t#e one $it# $#ic##e $as registered at irt# in t#e office of t#e local ci&il registryor $it# $#ic# #e $as registered in t#e ureau of immigrationupon entry; or suc# sustitute name as may #a&e een

aut#ori:ed y a competent court.

!ception -seudonym solely for literary cinema tele&isionradio or ot#er entertainment and in at#letic e&ents $#ere t#e useof pseudonym is a normally accepted practice.

Article -5. Ille"l U#e $, U%i,$r*# $r I%#i%i"

!lements

1. =ffender maes use of insignia uniforms or dress;

2. T#e insignia uniforms or dress pertains to an office no#eld y suc# person or a class of persons of $#ic# #e

is not a memer;

3.


30/109

1. Testimony gi&en in a ci&il case;

2. Testimony relates to t#e issues presented in said case;

3. Testimony is false;

4. =ffender no$s t#at testimony is false;

5. Testimony is malicious and gi&en $it# an intent to affectt#e issues presented in said case.

Article 3uired y la$ t#at is it is made for a legal purpose.

Article 3!. O,,eri% F"l#e Te#ti*$% i% E4ie%ce

!lements

1. =ffender offers in e&idence a false $itness ortestimony;

2 0e no$s t#at t#e $itness or t#e testimony $as false;3. T#e offer is made in any /udicial or official

proceeding.

Article 3&. M"c0i%"ti$%# i% P2=lic A2cti$%#

Acts punis#ed

1.


31/109

2. T#e s tamps rands or mars of t#ose articles of merc#andise fail to indicate t#e actual fineness or>uality of said metals or alloys;

3. =ffender no$s t#at t#e stamps rands or mars failto indicate t#e actual fineness or >uality of t#e metalsor alloys.

Article 33. S2=#tit2ti% "% Alteri% Tr"e*"r@# Tr"e

%"*e# $r Ser4ice M"r@#

Acts punis#ed

1.


32/109

1'.3. %n particular and $it#out in any $ay limitingt#e scope of protection against unfair competition t#e follo$ings#all e deemed guilty of unfair competition

(a) Any person $#o is selling #is goods andgi&es t#em t#e general appearance of goods of anot#ermanufacturer or dealer eit#er as to t#e goods t#emsel&es or int#e $rapping of t#e pacages in $#ic# t#ey are contained or t#ede&ices or $ords t#ereon on in any ot#er feature or t#eirappearance $#ic# $ould e liely to influence purc#asers to

elie&e t#at t#e goods offered are t#ose of a manufacturer or

dealer ot#er t#an t#e actual manufacturer or dealer or $#oot#er$ise clot#es t#e goods $it# suc# appearance as s#alldecei&e t#e pulic and defraud anot#er of #is legitimate trade orany suse>uent &endor of suc# goods or any agent of any &endorengaged in selling suc# goods $it# a lie purpose; or

() Any person $#o y any artifice or de&iceor $#o employs any ot#er means calculated to induce t#e false

elief t#at suc# person is offering t#e ser&ices of anot#er $#oa#s identified suc# ser&ices in t#e mind of t#e pulic; or

(c) Any person $#o s#all mae any falsestatement in t#e course of trade or $#o s#all commit any ot#eract contrary to good fait# of a nature calculated to discredit t#e

goods usiness or ser&ices of anot#er.

1'.4. T#e remedies pro&ided y


33/109

a. any game of monte /ueteng or any ot#er form of lottery policy aning or

percentage game dog races or any ot#ergame or sc#eme t#e results of $#ic# depend$#olly or c#iefly upon c#ance or #a:ard; or$#erein $agers consisting of money articlesof &alue or representati&e of &alue aremade; or

. t#e eploitation or use of any ot#ermec#anical in&ention or contri&ance to

determine y c#ance t#e loser or $inner ofmoney or any o/ect or representati&e of&alue;

2. Pno$ingly permitting any form of gamling to ecarried on in any place o$ned or controlled y t#eoffender;

3. ?eing maintainer conductor or aner in a game of/ueteng or similar game;

4. Pno$ingly and $it#out la$ful purpose possessinglottery list paper or ot#er matter containing lettersfigures signs or symol $#ic# pertain to or are in any

manner used in t#e game of /ueteng or any similargame.

Article 5+. I*'$rt"ti$% S"le "% P$##e##i$% $, L$tter

Tic@et# $r A4erti#e*e%t#

Acts punis#ed

1. %mporting into t#e -#ilippines from any foreign place orport any lottery ticet or ad&ertisement; or

2.


34/109

lie and ot#er contests to include game fiing point s#a&ing andot#er mac#inations aning or percentage game or any ot#ergame or sc#eme $#et#er upon c#ance or sill $#ic# do not#a&e a franc#ise from t#e national go&ernment $#erein $agersconsisting of money articles of &alue of representati&e of &alueare made;

() Any person $#o s#all no$ingly permit anyform of gamling referred to in t#e preceding sudi&ision to ecarried on in in#aited or unin#aited places or any uilding&essel or ot#er means of transportation o$ned or controlled y

#im. %f t#e place $#ere gamling is carried on #as a reputationof a gamling place or t#at pro#iited gamling is fre>uentlycarried on t#erein or t#e place is a pulic or go&ernment

uilding or arangay #all t#e culprit s#all e punis#ed y t#epenalty pro&ided for in its maimum period and a fine of


35/109

to $in in t#e lottery and t#at maes t#e lottery agamling game.

?ut if t#e increase in prices of t#e articles orcommodities $as not general ut only on certainitems and t#e increase in prices is not t#e same t#efact t#at a lottery is sponsored does not appear to etied up $it# t#e increase in prices t#erefore notillegal.

Also in case of manufacturers you #a&e to determine

$#et#er t#e increase in t#e price $as due to t#e lotteryor roug#t aout y t#e normal price increase. %f t#eincrease in price is roug#t aout y t#e normal priceincrease Leconomic factor t#at e&en $it#out t#elottery t#e price $ould e lie t#at t#ere is noconsideration in fa&or of t#e lottery and t#e lottery$ould not amount to a gamling game.

%f t#e increase in t#e price is due particularly to t#elottery t#en t#e lottery is a gamling game. And t#esponsors t#ereof may e prosecuted for illegalgamling under -residential ecree 7o. 1*2.

(2) T#e merc#andise is not really saleale ecause of its

inferior >uality. A certain manufacturer ?#eyCompany manufacture cigarettes $#ic# is notsaleale ecause t#e same is irritating to t#e t#roatsponsored a lottery and a coupon is inserted in e&ery

pac of cigarette so t#at one $#o uys it s#all #a&e ac#ance to participate. ue to t#e coupons t#e pulicstarted uying t#e cigarette. Alt#oug# t#ere $as no

price increase in t#e cigarettes t#e lottery can econsidered a gamling game ecause t#e uyers $erereally after t#e coupons not t#e lo$ >uality cigarettes.

%f $it#out t#e lottery or raffle t#e pulic does notpatroni:e t#e product and starts to patroni:e t#em onlyafter t#e lottery or raffle in effect t#e pulic is payingfor t#e price not t#e product.

@nder t#is decree a arangay captain $#o is responsile for t#eeistence of gamling dens in t#eir o$n locality $ill e #eldliale and dis>ualified from office if #e fails to prosecute t#esegamlers. ?ut t#is is not eing implemented.

9amling of course is legal $#en aut#ori:ed y la$.

+undraising campaigns are not gamling. T#ey are forc#aritale purposes ut t#ey #a&e to otain a permit fromepartment of


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&ie$ of said lady $#ile in #er t$opiece s$imsuit.T#e lady $as t#en c#arged $it# gra&e scandal. 0erdefense $as t#at it is #er o$n pri&ate pool and it ist#ose men looing do$n at #er $#o are malicious.

T#is is an act $#ic# e&en t#oug# done in a pri&ateplace is nonet#eless open to pulic &ie$.

Article 78. I**$r"l D$ctri%e# O=#ce%e P2=lic"ti$%# "%

E0i=iti$%# "% I%ece%t S0$/#

Acts punis#ed

1. T#ose $#o s#all pulicly epound or proclaimdoctrines openly contrary to pulic morals;

2. a. T#e aut#ors of oscene literature pulis#ed$it# t#eir no$ledge in any form t#e editors

pulis#ing suc# literature; and t#e o$nersNoperators oft#e estalis#ment selling t#e same;

. T#ose $#o in t#eaters fairscinematograp#s or any ot#er place e#iit indecentor immoral plays scenes acts or s#o$s it eing

understood t#at t#e oscene literature or indecent orimmoral plays scenes acts or s#o$s $#et#er li&e orin film $#ic# are proscried y &irtue #ereof s#allinclude t#ose $#ic# (1) glorify criminals or condonecrimes; (2) ser&e no ot#er purpose ut to satisfy t#emaret for &iolence lust or pornograp#y; (3)

offend any race or religion; (4) tend to aettraffic in and use of pro#iited drugs; and (5) arecontrary to la$ pulic order morals good customsestalis#ed policies la$ful orders decrees and edicts;and

3. T#ose $#o s#all sell g i&e a$ay or e#iit filmsprints engra&ings sculptures or literature $#ic# areoffensi&e to morals.

Article 787. 6"r"%t# "% Pr$#tit2te# Pe%"lt

agrants

1. Any person #a&ing no apparent means of susistence $#o

#as t#e p#ysical aility to $or and $#o neglects toapply #imself or #erself to some la$ful calling;

2. Any person found loitering aout pulic or semipulicuildings or places or trampling or $andering aoutt#e country or t#e streets $it#out &isile means ofsupport;

3. Any idle or dissolute person $#o ledges in #ouses of illfame;

4. uffians or pimps and t#ose $#o #aitually associate $it#prostitutes;

5. Any person $#o not eing included in t#e pro&isions o

ot#er articles of t#is Code s#all e found loitering inany in#aited or unin#aited place elonging toanot#er $it#out any la$ful or /ustifiale purpose;

. -rostitutes $#o are $omen $#o for money or profit#aitually indulge in seual intercourse or lasci&iousconduct.

-rostitutes are $omen $#o for money or profit #aituallyindulge in seual intercourse or lasci&ious conduct are deemedto e prostitutes.

Test of =scenity 8#et#er or not t#e material c#arged asoscene #as t#e tendency to depra&e and corrupt t#e minds oft#ose open to t#e influence t#ereof or into $#ose #ands suc#material may come to (Pottinger ule).

T#e test is o/ecti&e. %t is more on t#e effect upon t#e &ie$erand not alone on t#e conduct of t#e performer.

%f t#e material #as t#e tendency to depra&e and corrupt t#e mindof t#e &ie$er t#en t#e same is oscene and $#ere suc# oscenityis made pulicly criminal liaility arises.

?ecause t#ere is a go&ernment ody $#ic# delierates $#et#er acertain e#iition mo&ies and plays is pornograp#ic or not ifsuc# ody appro&es t#e $or t#e same s#ould not e c#argedunder t#is title. ?ecause of t#is t#e test of oscenity may eosolete already. %f allo$ed y t#e Mo&ies and Tele&isione&ie$ and Classification ?oard (MTC?) t#e >uestion imoot and academic.

T#e la$ is not concerned $it# t#e moral of one person. As longas t#e pornograp#ic matter or e#iition is made pri&ately t#ereis no crime committed under t#e e&ised -enal Code ecause$#at is protected is t#e morality of t#e pulic in general. T#ird

party is t#ere. -erformance of one to anot#er is not.

%llustration

A sey dancing performed for a * year old is not osceneanymore e&en if t#e dancer strips naed. ?ut if performed for a15 year old id t#en it $ill corrupt t#e idGs mind. (ApplyPottinger ule #ere.)

%n some instances t#oug# t#e


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%n Pe$'le 4. A'"ricit#e accused $as a performer in t#e defunct-acific T#eatre a mo&ie #ouse $#ic# opens only atmidnig#t.


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21. !&asion t#roug# negligence (Art. 224);22. !scape of prisoner under t#e custody of a person not a

pulic officer (Art. 225);23. emo&al concealment or destruction of documents

(Art. 22);24. =fficer reaing seal (Art. 22");25. =pening of closed documents (Art. 22');2. e&elation of secrets y an officer (Art. 22);2". -ulic officer re&ealing secrets of pri&ate indi&idual

(Art. 23*);2'. =pen disoedience (Art. 231);

2. isoedience to order of superior officer $#en saidorder $as suspended y inferior officer (Art. 232);

3*. efusal of assistance (Art. 233);31. efusal to disc#arge electi&e office (Art. 234);32. Maltreatment of prisoners (Art. 235);33. Anticipation of duties of a pulic office (Art. 23);34. -rolonging performance of duties and po$ers (Art.

23");35. Aandonment of office or position (Art. 23');3. @surpation of legislati&e po$ers (Art. 23);3". @surpation of eecuti&e functions (Art. 24*);3'. @surpation of /udicial functions (Art. 241);3. isoeying re>uest for dis>ualification (Art. 242);4*. =rders or re>uests y eecuti&e officers to any /udicial

aut#ority (Art. 243);41. @nla$ful appointments (Art. 244); and42. Auses against c#astity (Art. 245).

T#e designation of t#e title is misleading. Crimes under t#is titlecan e committed y pulic officers or a nonpulic officer$#en t#e latter ecome a conspirator $it# a pulic officer or anaccomplice or accessory to t#e crime. T#e pulic officer #as to

e t#e principal.

%n some cases it can e&en e committed y a pri&ate citi:enalone suc# as in Article 2"5 (infidelity in t#e custody of a

prisoner $#ere t#e offender is not a pulic officer) or in Article222 (mal&ersation).

e>usites to e a pulic officer under Article 78uires #im to perform.

Article 78!. K%$/i%l Re%eri% U%2#t ?2*e%t

1. =ffender is a /udge;

2. 0e renders a /udgment in a case sumitted to #im fordecision;

3. Judgment is un/ust;

4. T#e /udge no$s t#at #is /udgment is un/ust .

Article 78&. ?2*e%t Re%ere t0r$20 Nelie%ce


2. 0e renders a /udgment in a case sumitted to #im fordecision;

3. T#e /udgment is manifestly un/ust;

4. %t is due to #is inecusale negligence or ignorance.

Article 78+. U%2#t I%terl$c2t$r Orer


2. 0e performs any of t#e follo$ing acts

a. Pno$ingly rendering an un/ust interlocutoryorder or decree; or

. endering a manifestly un/ust interlocutoryorder or decree t#roug# inecusalenegligence or ignorance.

38


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T#e crime of no$ingly rendering an un/ust /udgment orno$ingly issuing an un/ust interlocutory order may ecommitted only y a /udge of a trial court and ne&er of anappellate court. T#e reason for t#is is t#at in appellate court notonly one magistrate renders or issues t#e interlocutory order. Anappellate court functions as a di&ision and t#e resolutionst#ereof are #anded do$n only after delierations among t#ememers of a di&ision so t#at it cannot e said t#at t#ere ismalice or inecusale negligence or ignorance in t#e renderingof a /udgment or order t#at is supposedly un/ust as #eld y t#e


40/109

%f it is t#e pulic officer $#o assor demands suc# gift or present #e s#allsuffer t#e penalty of deat#.

Actually t#e crime is a ind of direct riery $#ere t#e rieoffer promise gift or present #as a consideration on t#e part oft#e pulic officer t#at is refraining from arresting or prosecutingt#e offender in consideration for suc# offer promise gift or

present. %n a $ay t#is ne$ pro&ision modifies Article 21* of t#e

e&ised -enal Code on direct riery.

0o$e&er t#e crime of >ualified riery may e committed onlyy pulic officers Hentrusted $it# enforcementI $#ose officialduties aut#ori:e t#en to arrest or prosecute offenders.Apparently t#ey are peace officers and pulic prosecutors sincet#e nonfeasance refers to Harresting or prosecuting.I ?ut t#iscrime arises only $#en t#e offender $#om suc# pulic officerrefrains from arresting or prosecuting #as committed a crime

punis#ale y reclusion perpetua andNor deat#. %f t#e crime$ere punis#ale y a lo$er penalty t#en suc# nonfeasance yt#e pulic officer $ould amount to direct riery not >ualified

riery.

%f t#e crime $as >ualified riery t#e dereliction of t#e dutypunis#ed under Article 2*' of t#e e&ised -enal Code s#ould easored ecause said article punis#es t#e pulic officer $#oHmaliciously refrains from instituting prosecution for t#e

punis#ment of &iolators of t#e la$ or s#all tolerate t#ecommission of offensesI. T#e dereliction of duty referred to isnecessarily included in t#e crime of >ualified riery.

=n t#e ot#er #and if t#e crime $as direct riery under Article21* of t#e e&ised -enal Code t#e pulic officer in&ol&eds#ould e prosecuted also for t#e dereliction of duty $#ic# is acrime under Article 2*' of t#e e&ised -enal Code ecause t#elatter is not asored y t#e crime of direct riery. T#is is

ecause in direct riery $#ere t#e pulic officer agreed toperform an act constituting a crime in connection $it# t#e

performance of #is official duties Article 21* epresslypro&ides t#at t#e liailty t#ereunder s#all e Hin addition to t#epenalty corresponding to t#e crime agreed upon if t#e crimes#all #a&e een committed.

%llustration

A fiscal for a sum of money refrains from prosecuting a personc#arged efore #im. %f t#e penalty for t#e crime in&ol&ed isreclusion perpetua t#e fiscal commits >ualified riery. %f t#ecrime is punis#ale y a penalty lo$er t#an reclusion perpetuat#e crime is direct riery.

%n t#e latter situation t#ree crimes are committed direct rieryand dereliction of duty on t#e part of t#e fiscal; and corruption

of a pulic officer y t#e gi&er.

Article 785. Betr""l $, Tr2#t = A% Att$r%e $r S$licit$r 1

Re4el"ti$% $, Secret#

Acts punis#ed

1. Causing damage to #is client eit#erR

a. ?y any malicious reac# o f professionalduty;

. ?y inecusale negligence or ignorance.

7ote 8#en t#e attorney acts $it# malicious ause of#is employment or inecusale negligence oignorance t#ere must e damage to #is client.

2. e&ealing any of t#e secrets of #is client learned y#im in #is professional capacity;

3. @ndertaing t#e defense of t#e opposing party in t#esame case $it#out t#e consent of #is first client after#a&ing undertaen t#e defense of said first client o

after #a&ing recei&ed confidential information fromsaid client.

@nder t#e rules on e&idence communications made $it#prospecti&e clients to a la$yer $it# a &ie$ to engaging #isprofessional ser&ices are already pri&ileged e&en t#oug# t#eclientla$yer relations#ip did not e&entually materiali:e ecause

a-book ii (ortega)

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