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A Brief History of A Brief History of Astronomy Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce. 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce.

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Page 1: A Brief History of Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce

A Brief History of A Brief History of AstronomyAstronomy

350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce.350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce.

Page 2: A Brief History of Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce

Aristotle's Theory : 350 bceAristotle's Theory : 350 bce

• Geocentric model of the Earth– Earth is the center of

the universe– Earth does not move – Everything circles the

earth

Page 3: A Brief History of Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce

The ProblemThe Problem

• Retrograde Motion– Or Wandering Planets

Mars and Venus appear from earth to move backwards in their orbit

Page 4: A Brief History of Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce

Ptolemy’s Solution 140cePtolemy’s Solution 140ce490 years later490 years later

• Based on 80 perfect circles

• Large circles -Deferents

• Small circles -Epicycles

• BUT:• Very complex -

Could call it messy

Page 5: A Brief History of Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce

13 centuries later:13 centuries later:1543 ce1543 ce

• Copernicus: Heliocentric model• Earth is not the center of everything• Earth only center of moon’s orbit• All planets revolve around the sun• Universe is unbelievably large• Any motion seen in the stars is result of earth’s

motion• Sun does not move – its motion is a result of earths

movement• Retrograde motion can be explained by earth’s

motion

Page 6: A Brief History of Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce

No One Listened!No One Listened!Why?Why?

• Published after Copernicus’ Death

• No Mathematical model to back it up

• Published in Latin: Which was not widely read

• It went against:– Tradition– The Catholic Church (cultural

power)– Common sense

Page 7: A Brief History of Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce

1608 ce:1608 ce: Birth of Modern Astronomy Birth of Modern Astronomy

• Galileo– Use Telescope to look into space– Discovered:

• mountains, valleys, and craters on the Moon

• That the Sun rotates once a month (Sun Spots)

• Four moons of Jupiter • Phases of Venus

– Brought focus back to Heliocentric model

Page 8: A Brief History of Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce

Galileo’s TrialsGalileo’s Trials• Heliocentric model still went against:

– Tradition– The Catholic Church (cultural Power)– Common sense

• Forced to retract theory by Catholic Church*

• Goes blind from looking at the sun• Dies under house arrest • Feud with Tycho Brahe

– Collecting data to support Geocentric model during the same time

– Working for the Catholic Church

Page 9: A Brief History of Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce

Sweet Irony Sweet Irony (just a few years after Galileo)(just a few years after Galileo)

• Brahe’s assistant: Kepler – Feared by Brahe– Assigned to Mars– Uses Mars's Retrograde motion to build a

mathematic model supporting Galileo– Published in 1621 ce

• More on Kepler later• Newton’s laws of motion

– mid 1600’s– explained the motion outlined by his

predecessors

Page 10: A Brief History of Astronomy 350 bce. - mid 1600’s ce

To Sum Up To Sum Up

Aristotle350 bce

Ptolemy140ce

1543 ce Copernicus

Galileo1608 ce

Kepler1621 ce

Newton’s laws of motion1685 ce

BraheAdopted

by the C.C.1616ce

Geocentric

Heliocentric


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