a brief history of cactoblastis cactorum and its effects on florida … · 2015. 7. 30. ·...
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Heather JezorekPeter Stiling
University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
A brief history of Cactoblastiscactorum and its effects on Florida
native Opuntia
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Cactoblastis cactorum - Intro
• Family – Pyralidae
• Native to South America
• Feeds exclusively on
opuntioid species of cacti
– Opuntia, Consolea,
Nopalea
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Cactoblastis cactorum - Intro
Adult: 5-10 days
Eggstick: 25-30 daysPupal: 15-20 days
Larval: 30-35 days
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Cactoblastis cactorum - History
• 1926-1931
– Successful biological control agent in Australia
– 25 million ha of prickly pear cleared
Photos by A.P. Dodd
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Cactoblastis cactorum - History
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Cactoblastis cactorum - History
• 1957 - Introduced on the Caribbean Island
of Nevis
• Used to control native, weedy cacti
– O. dillenii
– O. triacantha
• 1960s-80s - Spread through Caribbean, to
Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic
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Cactoblastis cactorum - History
• 1989 - First US record on Big Pine Key, FL
• Has spread northward and westward
– At least two introductions (Simonsen et al 2008)
– Northern limit is Bull Island, SC
– Western leading edge is thought to be coastal LA
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www.aphis.usda.gov
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Cactoblastis cactorum - Control
• Without intervention, the moth was
estimated to reach TX coast by 2007
• The USDA intervened
– Cactus Moth Program begun in 2003
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Cactoblastis cactorum - Control
• Sterile Insect Technique
– AL and MS islands
• Pheromone trapping
• Sanitation/host plant removal
• Sentinel sites for monitoring
• National detection network
• Visual surveys
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Cactoblastis cactorum - Control
• Ultimate goal is to keep out of desert SW
and Mexico
• Mexico
– 56 species of Opuntia, 38 endemic
– 3 million ha wild
– >200,000 ha cultivated
– Production value ~200 million
USD/yr (Cibrian 2007)
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Cactoblastis cactorum - Florida
• Three generations per year
• Host species:
Opuntia stricta
Opuntia humifusa
Opuntia pusilla
Opuntia triacantha *
Consolea corallicola *
Opuntia cubensis
* State endangered species
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Opuntia - Florida
Chelinidea vittiger aequoris
(cactus coreid)
Gerstaeckeria hubbardi
(cactus weevil)
Gophermus polyphemus
(Gopher tortoise)
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Melitara prodenialis - native moth
• Damage and adults very
similar to Cactoblastis
• Larvae are grey to blue-
black,
• Tends to be inland
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Previous work – Baker and Stiling 2009
0
20
40
60
80
100
Plants w/ moth damage
Cladodes w/ moth damage
Plant mortality Survival of moth-damage
plants
Plants w/ Chelinid damage
Plants w/ Dactylopius
damage
Perc
en
tage
Coastal - non-native Cactoblastis Inland - native Melitara
n = 600 inland and 500 coastal
Plants followed for 2 years, July 2003 – July 2005 and monitored monthly
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Questions?
1. Are plants attacked by Cactoblastis more likely to die than unattacked plants?
2. Does a higher attack frequency increase likelihood of death?
3. Are there species differences?
4. How does Cactoblastis attack affect growth?
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Methods – Sites
• Three coastal sites
– Honeymoon Island SP
– Fort deSoto SP
– Lido Key
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Methods - censusing
• 580 plants (327 humifusa, 253 stricta)
• 2003-2005: Censused monthly
• 2005-2009: Censused at each Cactoblastis
generation (3x/yr)
• Variables recorded
– Height (cm)
– Total # of cladodes
– # of cladodes with larvae
– # of cladodes with eggsticks
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Survival and attack rates after six
years
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Survival Attack
Pro
port
ion
of
pla
nts
All plants
O. humifusa
O. stricta
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0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Pro
port
ion
su
rviv
ing
Census year
Unattacked
Attacked
Opuntia stricta (n=216) and O. humifusa (n=316) monitored for 6 years, 2003-
2009.
Q1: Are attacked plants more likely to
die than unattacked plants?
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Q1: Are attacked plants more likely to
die than unattacked plants?
• Log linear model
• H0=Cactoblastis attack and survival are
independent
G2 pParameter
estimateSE Z p
95% CI
Lower Upper
13.52 0.0002 1.19 0.376 3.16 0.002 0.451 1.93
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Q1: Are attacked plants more likely to
die than unattacked plants?
• Odds ratio = odds of dying if attacked
odds of dying if unattacked
Odds ratio95% CI
Lower Upper
3.45 1.65 5.22
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Q3: Are there species differences?
• Log linear model
• H0=Cactoblastis attack and Opuntia species
are independent
G2 pParameter
estimateSE Z p
95% CI
Lower Upper
49.69 < 0.000 1.59 0.250 6.33 < 0.000 1.09 2.08
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Q3: Are there species differences?
• Odds ratio = odds of O. stricta being attacked
odds of O. humifusa being attacked
Odds ratio95% CI
Lower Upper
4.98 3.03 8.16
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Q3: Are there species differences?
• Log linear model
• H0= mortality after Cactoblastis attack and
Opuntia species are independent
G2 pParameter
estimateSE Z p
95% CI
Lower Upper
14.57 < 0.000 0.945 0.255 3.71 < 0.000 0.445 1.45
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Q3: Are there species differences?
• Odds ratio = odds of O. stricta dying after attack
odds of O. humifusa dying after attack
Odds ratio95% CI
Lower Upper
2.60 1.57 4.30
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Q2: Does a higher attack frequency
increase likelihood of death?
observed sgeneration ofNumber
attacked sgeneration ofNumber frequencyAttack
Variable Mean SE Min Max
# gens attacked 2.57 0.100 0 14
# gens observed 16.42 0.183 2 19
Attack frequency 0.17 0.006 0 0.74
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Q2: Does a higher attack frequency
increase likelihood of death?
• Logistic regression
• Dependent - survival
• Predictors - attack frequency and cladode
number
• Used only plants which were attacked
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Q2: Does a higher attack frequency
increase likelihood of death?
Variable β pChange
in G2p
Constant 2.12 0.000
Attack
frequency -4.294 0.000 29.75 0.000
Cladode
number0.006 0.039 5.65 0.017
Negative β
indicates that
odds of
survival go
down as attack
frequency
increases.
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Q4: How does Cactoblastis attack
affect growth?
N Mean Std. Deviation F p
Growth*
All plantsUnattacked 127 -.0183 .06683
0.157 0.692Attacked 453 -.0142 .10187
Surviving plants
Unattacked 109 .0046 .066832.142 0.144
Attacked 331 .0199 .10187
* Growth was quantified as the
proportional change in cladodes per
generation
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For surviving
plants, there is
no relationship
between attack
frequency and
growth
R2=0, p=0.773
Q4: How does Cactoblastis attack affect growth?
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Conclusions
• Cactoblastis attack rates are high, but so is
overall survival
• Plants are more likely to die when attacked
• Odds of survival decrease with increasing
attack frequency
• O. stricta is more likely to get attacked
AND more likely to die after an attack than
O. humifusa
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Conclusions
• Surviving plants showed positive growth
over the six years
• For surviving plants, growth does not seem
to be affected by Cactoblastis attack
frequency
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Future directions
• Fitness measures
– Fruit/seed sets
– Vegetative versus sexual reproduction
• Effects on native Opuntia-feeding
arthropods, including status
of Melitara
• Interactions with ants
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Acknowledgements
• Dr. Peter Stiling
• Amanda Baker, Debi Tharp
• USF Internal Research Grant
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References
• Baker A.J., P. Stiling 2009. Comparing the effects of the exotic cactus-
feeding moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae) and the native cactus-feeding moth, Melitara prodenialis
(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on two species of Florida
Opuntia. Biological Invasions 11:619-624.
• Cibrian Tovar J. 2007. Potential Economic Impacts of C. cactorum in
Mexico . Presented at The International Cactoblastis cactorum
Conference, Phoenix, AZ.
• Simonsen T.J., R.L. Brown, F.A.H. Sperling 2008. Tracing an
Invasion: Phylogeography of Cactoblastis cactorum
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the United States Based on
Mitochondrial DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of
America 101(5):899-905.
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Questions?