a brief history of military avionics - sftentx.comsftentx.com/files/78637159.pdf · i n t e g r i t...
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AIR FORCE FLIGHT TEST CENTER
Margaret “Peggy” Swassing
775 TS/ENVS
3 September 2013
I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e
This Briefing is:
UNCLASSIFIED
War-Winning Capabilities … On Time, On Cost
A Brief History of
Military Avionics
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AVIATION ELECTRONICS AVIATION + ELECTRONICS = AVIONICS
Avionics
Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft, spacecraft, and artificial satellites
• Communications, navigation, and identification (CNI)
• Mission Sensors
• Mission computing and data communications
• Weapons and stores carriage and release
• Human-Machine Interface
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Avionics
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• The Wright Flyer taking off on its historic first flight – December 17, 1903, at 10:35 a.m. – Kill Devil Hill, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
• Instruments on board: – Anemometer to measure wind speed – Stopwatch to time the duration of flight – “Veedor” engine-revolutions counter to measure engine rpm
Early Days of Flight
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Orville(left) & Wilbur with the Wright Flyer II at Huffman Prairie May 1904.
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Early Days of Flight
• Instruments
• Radio
– Morse Code
– Early Countermeasures
– Voice
– Navigation Aids
– Radio-controlled (remotely piloted) aircraft
• Autopilot (gyroscope)
• Attitude indicator
– artificial horizon
– pneumatic
– electronic
• Doolittle – IFR flight
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First Airplane Radio Telegraph – 1910
Dimensions: Overall: 14 x 32 x 9 3/4in. Weight: 32 lbs. Materials: Wood and metal
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First Airplane Radio Telegraph – 1910
TYPE A-4 AEROPLANE WIRELESS
TELEGRAPH SET Developed For
WESTERN WIRELESS EQUIPMENT CO.
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A WWI type of airplane radio. Note the insulator and antenna connector
An early aviator standing by a ground controller communicating with an airplane
Officials making radio telephone tests from the ground to an airplane in 1917
Voice Radio – WW I
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World War II • Norden Bombsight
– tied to autopilot
• Radar – Chain Home – Airborne Radar – Night Fighters – Phased Array
• Identification, Friend or Foe (IFF) • Countermeasures
• Decca Navigation System • Gyro Gunsight –Supermarine Spitfire IX • Jet Engines - Me 262 • V-2 rocket • Rocket Propelled Aircraft – Me 163 Komet • Helicopters
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Norden Bombsight
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Radar
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Decca Navigation System
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Gyro Gunsight
Supermarine Spitfire IX
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First Generation Jet Fighters
Messerschmitt Me 262 Gloster Meteor
Bell P-59 Airacomet
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Early Cold War & Korean War • Tactical air navigation (TACAN) • Astrotracker on B-58 (precursor
to GPS) • Airborne intercept radar with
tracking capability • Medium pulse repetition
frequency (PRF) airborne intercept radar
• Digital mission computers
• Inertial navigation systems • Semi-automatic ground
environment (SAGE) • Early Joint Tactical Information
Distribution System (JTIDS)-type display on F-106
• Supersonic flight – Yeager breaks sound barrier
• Sputnik (first artificial satellite) – space race
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Korean War
• F-86 Sabre – Second Generation Jet Fighter – Range-only radar – Radar ranging gunsight – Infrared missiles
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Vietnam War • Doppler radar • Integrated electronic warfare • Fully automated weapon release • Terrain-following radar • Automatic terrain following • Head-up display (HUD) • Laser target marking technology • Early digital mission computer
• Target Identification System, Electro-Optical (TISEO)
• C-5 triple INS – Sophisticated avionics – Voting system – replaced navigator
• Space race - Apollo 11 – moon landing
• SR-71 – fastest and highest flying aircraft
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Vietnam War
• AC-130A Spooky
– Early use of FLIR
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Vietnam War
• EF-105F/G and EF-4C Wild Weasels
• First dedicated SEAD/DEAD aircraft
• Electronic Attack Avionics and Weapons
An F-4G Phantom II with Wild Weasel payload; near to far: AGM-88 HARM, AGM-65 Maverick, ALQ-119 ECM pod, AGM-78 Standard ARM and AGM-45 Shrike.
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Vietnam War
F-4 Rear Instrument Panel
Upper Portion of F-4 Rear Instrument Panel – note total lack of forward visibility for the Weapons Officer
McDonnell Douglas F-4G Wild Weasel at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. (U.S. Air Force photo)
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Vietnam War
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Advances in Technology – Cold War
Advances in Electronics – smaller, lighter, more powerful, more efficient (require less current) ◦ Semiconductors ◦ Transistors ◦ Integrated Circuits ◦ Microprocessors
Advances in Displays
LEDs
LCDs
Pave Pillar
High speed data bus
Replace dedicated wiring harnesses
Greater information flow
Resource sharing
Moore’s Law
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Evolution of avionics architectures
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Evolution of avionics architectures
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Evolution of avionics architectures
Distributed Analog Architecture – no bus
F-86 Sabre
F-94 Starfire
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Evolution of avionics architectures
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Evolution of avionics architectures
Distributed Digital Architecture – no bus
F-4 Phantom
AV-8B Harrier
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Avionics Transition
• Bus Architecture
• Multifunction Displays (MFDs)
• Head-Up Display (HUD) Advances
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Line Replaceable Units (LRUs)
• Stealth
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Evolution of avionics architectures
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Evolution of avionics architectures
Federated Avionics Architecture
F-15 Eagle F-16 Fighting Falcon
F/A-18 Hornet
AH-64 Apache
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Line Replaceable Units
Above: a Republic F-105D Thunderchief in flight with a full bomb load of sixteen 750 lb bombs on its five hardpoints
Left: Front view of F-105B with avionics layout
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Avionics Transition
A schematic example of a multi-function
display (MFD)
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Head-Up Display
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
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Stealth
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Global War on Terrorism
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Integrated Cockpit Avionics • Helmet Mounted Display • Uninhabited Air Vehicles
• Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) Radar
• Stealth • Smart Skins • The CNN effect (near real time
newscasts)
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Desert Storm
• F-15E Strike Eagle
– Start of Glass Cockpit
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Glass Cockpit
Garmin G500H Advanced Display System - A Glass Cockpit for Helicopters
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Active Electronically Scanned Radar Array
AN/APG-81 - F-35 AESA Radar
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Electronically Scanned Radar Arrays
Simultaneous Multimode Radar Operation
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Comparison of fighter radar ranges (from Moir, Ian, and Seabridge, Allen, Military Avionics Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, England, 2006)
Electronically Scanned Radar Arrays
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Evolution of avionics architectures
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Evolution of avionics architectures
Integrated Modular Architecture F-22 Raptor
F-35 Lightning II
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Global War on Terrorism
• Fifth Generation Jet Fighter: F-22 Raptor
– True glass cockpit
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F-22 CNI Apertures (from Moir, Ian, and Seabridge, Allen, Military Avionics Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, England, 2006)
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F-22 EW Apertures (from Moir, Ian, and Seabridge, Allen, Military Avionics Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, England, 2006)
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Global War on Terrorism
• F-35 Lightning II
• Voice recognition
• Cockpit simulation
• Touch Sensitive
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F-35 Integrated RF architecture (from Moir, Ian, and Seabridge, Allen, Military Avionics Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, England, 2006)
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Distributed Aperture System
Distant rocket launch as seen by the F-35’s AN/AAQ-37 Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System (EO DAS). Source: Northrop Grumman
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1NrFZddihQ
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Ad Inexplorata • Future designs
– Autonomous (navy drone)
– Pattern recognition
– Artificial intelligence
– Nanotechnology – will affect avionics- size of sensors- miniature inertial system
– 3-dimensional computers
– Cyber arms race
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References • Air Force History & Museums Program, A Century of
Air and Space Power Timeline, United States Air Force, Washington, D. C., 2003
• Anderson, John D., The Airplane: a History of its Technology, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, Virginia, 2002
• Angelucci, Enzo, Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914 to the Present, Crescent Books, New York, 1990
• Crosby, Francis, A Handbook of Fighter Aircraft, Hermes House, 2003
• Evans, A. A., and Gibbons, David, The Compact Timeline of Aviation History, Worth Press Ltd., Hertfordshire, UK, 2008
• Helfrick, Albert, Principles of Avionics, Sixth Edition, Avionics Communications Inc., Leesburg, VA, 2010
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References (continued) • Kayton, Myron, and Fried, Walter R., Avionics Navigation
Systems, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997
• Keijsper, Gerard, Joint Strike Fighter: Design and Development of the International Aircraft, Pen & Sword Aviation, an imprint of Pen & Sword Books Ltd., Barnsley, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom, 2007
• McShea, Robert E., Test and Evaluation of Aircraft Avionics and Weapon Systems, SciTech Publishing, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2010
• Moir, Ian, and Seabridge, Allen, Military Avionics Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, England, 2006
• Northrop Grumman
• Price, Alfred, Instruments of Darkness, the History of Electronic Warfare, 1939—1945, Revised Edition, Greenhill Books, London, United Kingdom, 1977
• Price, Alfred, The History of U.S.Electronic Warfare, Vol. I, II, & III, The Association of Old Crows, 2000
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References (concluded) • Richards, Mark A., James A. Scheer, William A. Holm,
Principles of Modern Radar, SciTech Publishing, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2010
• Shaw, Robert L., Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1985
• Skolnik, Merrill I., Radar Handbook, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990
• Smallwood, William L., Strike Eagle: Flying the F-15E in the Gulf War, Brassey’s, Washington DC, 1994
• Spenser, Jay, The Airplane: How Ideas Gave Us Wings, Smithsonian Books, 2008
• Stimson, George W., Introduction to Airborne Radar, 2nd Edition, SciTech Publishing, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1998
• Wikipedia
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Questions?