a brief overview about distributed systems group a4 chris sun bryan maden min fang
TRANSCRIPT
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A brief overview about
Distributed Systems
Group A4
Chris SunBryan MadenMin Fang
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Why we need distributed system?
Computers become cheaper
More computers exist
Share resources
Connected together
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Centralized v.s. Distributed systems
Mainframes Computerclusters
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Characteristics
A collection of independent computers connected through networks.
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Characteristics
Providing a single coherent system to users.
hiding the difference between computers and the communications.
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Characteristics
Easy to expand and scale.
Replacing, add, and deletecomponents
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Characteristics
Middleware
An additional layer of software to hide the heterogeneity of underlying platforms from applications
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Middleware
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Characteristics
Data flow control is more important than computing.
I/O bound task
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CharacteristicsNot proper for tasks of large computing.
A single computer is more efficient for computing.
Problem division and solution combination
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Characteristics
LAN or WAN
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Goals
Connecting
Transparency
Open
Scalable
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Connecting
Easy to share resource
Economics
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Transparency
Hide difference in data representation and how a
resource is accessed
Access
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Transparency
Hide where a resource is located
Location
Logic Name
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Transparency
Hide that a resource may move to another location
Migration
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Transparency
Hide that a resource may be moved to another location while in use
Relocation
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Transparency
Hide that a resource is replicated
Replication
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Transparency
Hide that a resource may be shared by several competitive users
Concurrency
Locking
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Transparency
Hide the failure and recovery of a resource
Failure
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Transparency
Hide whether a (software) resource is in
memory or on disk
Persistence
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Open
Offer services according to standard rules that describe the system and
semantics of those services
Protocol and IDL
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Open
Flexible
Separating policy and mechanism
Rich set of parameters
Increase complexity
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Scalable
Size
Geography
Administration
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Scalable
Decentralization
Data Services Algorithms
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Scalable
Techniques
Async Distributed Replicate
DNS zones Cache
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Hardware types
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Multiprocessor
A single physical address space shared by all CPUs
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Multiprocessor
Bus
Coherent
Overloaded
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Multiprocessor
Cache
90% hit rate
512K~1M
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Multiprocessor
Crossbar
N2
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Multiprocessor
Omega
N/2log2 N
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Multicomputer
Each machine has its own private memory
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MulticomputerHomogeneous
OS Network Memory
Parallel
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Multicomputer
Bus
Ethernet
25~100 nodes
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Multicomputer
Switch
Mesh Hypercube
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Multicomputer
Hypercube
Dimension = N
# Node = 2N
# Link = k2k-1
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Multicomputer
Physical routing distance
Hamming distance
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Types of Architectures
• Bus • Fully Connected• Ring• 2D
– Grid
– Torus
• HyperCube• Fully connected
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2D - Grid
• Grid or mesh– Matrix– Switches are connected to many other switches
but only one processor.
SwitchProcessor
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2D - Torus
• Each column is a ring
• Each row is a ring.
• More connections – more communication.
SwitchProcessor
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Bandwidth
• Bisection Bandwidth– Separate network into two halves.
– Sum the bandwidth of the lines crossing the imaginary dividing line.
• Examples:– Bus has Bisection Bandwidth of one since only one con
nection between nodes.
– Grid = 4
– Torus = 8
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Fault Tolerance
• The bigger the bandwidth the better the fault tolerance.
• Bus network has low fault tolerance.– When the bus is down, the communication is
down.
• Fully connected network has highest fault tolerance.– Also most expensive. (messaging, hardware)
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Leads to …
• Grid networks are starting to be developed to share processors and act as a single unit.
• Applications in Gaming, workplace.– Users have more computing power at less cost. – Users in one time zone can use grid in other
time zone where those users are asleep. Continual use of computing power.
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References
• Computer Architecture – A Quantitative Approach. Second Edition, Hennessy & Patterson, Morgan Kaufmann, 1996.
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The End