a brief overview of mimo technology - engineers australia...a brief overview of mimo wireless...

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4

A Brief Overview of MIMO Wireless

Communications

Dr Boyd Murray 2014

Murray Wireless Consulting

E: [email protected]

M: +61 419 613 791

Engineers Australia 12-Jun-2014

mailto:[email protected]

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Outline • Motivation

• What is MIMO?

• Topologies: SISO, SIMO, MISO, MIMO, MU-MIMO, FS-MIMO

• Spatial Multiplexing

• Multi-User MIMO (SDMA)

• Information-Theoretic Channel Capacities

• Some Australian Examples

• References

• Questions

Motivation What is MIMO

Topologies Spatial Multiplexing

Multi-User MIMO

Theoretical Capacities

Australian Examples

References Questions

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Motivation



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


• What the customer wants

• What the customer will pay

• When the customer wants it

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What the Customer Wants

Source : New Yorker Magazine



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


What the Customer Wants What the Customer Will Pay When the Customer Wants it

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What the Customer Will Pay

Sources: New Yorker Magazine, Professor fred harris



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples



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When the Customer Wants It

Sources: New Yorker Magazine, Professor fred harris



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples



MO R EMO R E

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NEXTWEEKTOMORROW THISAFTERNOON

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What is MIMO ? • What? / Why? / When?

• Where?



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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What? / Why? / When? • What?

• MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output

• Multiple antennas at both input and output

• Input = transmitter side, Output = receiver side

• Why ? • Increased bandwidth efficiency (bit/s/Hz)

• Increased capacity (bits/s) in the same bandwidth (Hz) • Higher datarates for users

• More users

• More $$$ for telcos

• When ? • Spatial Multiplexing: Channel has ‘lots of scattering’

• Multi-User MIMO: Multiple users using same frequency band

• Free-Space MIMO: Line-of-sight, not much scattering

What? / Why? / When? Where?



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Where ? Category Sub-

Category Standard Year MIMO QAM Max

Datarate (Mbit/s)

Bandwidth

(Hz)

Bandwidth Efficiency (bit/s/Hz)

SISO Generic - - 1x1 64 - - 6

“ “ - - 256 - - 8

WLAN - 802.11n 2009 4x4 64 600 40 15

“ - 802.11ac 2013? 8x4 256 6770 160 42 (1)

Cellular 3G HSPA+ 2008 4x4 64 84 5 17

“ 3.5G LTE 2009 4x4 64 300 20 15

“ 4G LTE-A 2014? 8x8 64 3,000 100 30

Wi-Max 4G 802.16m 2011 4x4 64 365 20 18 (2)

NOTES: (1) Achieved with 2 x Multi-User 4x4 MIMO. (2) Can aggregate up to 3 x 20 MHz channels to achieve 1,095 Mbit/s in 60MHz.

What? / Why? / When? Where?



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Topologies • SISO

• SIMO

• MISO

• MIMO (Spatial Multiplexing)

• Multi-User MIMO (SDMA)

• Free-Space MIMO



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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SISO

• SISO = Single Input Single Output

• Classical radio link beginning with Marconi (c 1901)

• Single input (transmitter)

• Single output (receiver)

• No receive diversity • Fades in propagation path cause outages

• Countermeasure • Increase transmitter power -> Fade Margin

• Outages can still occur in “deep” fades

Transmitter 1 Receiver 1 In Out

h

Channel Gain: h

Guglielmo Marconi c. 1908

SISO SIMO MISO MIMO Multi-User MIMO Free-Space MIMO



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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SIMO

• SIMO = Single Input Multiple Output • Receive diversity

• Used since 1959 • Improves link reliability • Multiple paths used • Selection diversity • Combining diversity

• Maximal Ratio Combining • Optimal Ratio Combining

• Typical usage • Microwave point to point • Cellular uplink

Transmitter 1 Receiver 1

Receiver 2

Receiver NR

In

Out

h1,1

Channel Vector: h = [h1,1 h2,1 ... hNR,1]T

.

.

.




Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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MISO

• MISO = Multiple Input Single Output

• Transmit diversity

• Described by Alamouti [1] 1998

• Space Time Block Code

• Multiple paths used

• Improves link reliability

• No bandwidth efficiency improvement

• Good for cellular telephone systems

• Multiple transmitters at basestation

• Only 1 receiver at handset

• Cheaper, less complex, longer battery-life


Transmitter 2

Transmitter NT

.

.

.

In

Out

S

P

h1,1

Channel Vector: h = [h1,1 h1,2 ... h1,NT]T




Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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MIMO

• Spatial multiplexing • Single User is allocated multiple Tx’s & Rx’s

• Users data is split between Tx’s

• Huge increase in bandwidth efficiency

• Units: bit/s/Hz

• Capacity Comparison • SISO, 4QAM:

• 2 bit/s/Hz

• MIMO, 16 Tx * 16Rx, 4QAM

• 32 bit/s/Hz

• MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output

• First described circa 1995

• Foschini & Gans [2]

• Teletar [4]

• Locations

• Transmitters co-located

• Receivers co-located

.

.

.


Receiver 2

Receiver Nr

Transmitter 2

Transmitter Nt

In Out

.

.

.

S

P

P

S

Channel Matrix:

h1,1 h1,2 ... h1,Nt

h2,1 h2,2 ... h2,Nt

hNr,1 hNr,2 ... hNr,Nt

...

...

... H =

Gerard J. Foschini c. 1998




Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Multi-User MIMO (SDMA)

• MU-MIMO = Multi-User MIMO

• Locations


• Receivers in different locations

• Each receiver corresponds to a different User

• Each User uses the same spectrum

at the same time as all the other Users

.

.

.


Receiver 2

Receiver Nr

Transmitter 2

Transmitter Nt

P

reco

der

In #1

.

.

.

Channel Matrix:

h1,1 h1,2 ... h1,Nt

h2,1 h2,2 ... h2,Nt


...

...

... H =

Out #1

Out #2

Out #Nr

In #2

In #Nr

• Precoding

• Focuses AP pattern ‘beam’ onto required receiver

• Puts pattern ‘nulls’ onto all other users

• ‘Spatial filtering’

• SDMA = Space Division Multiple Access


• Units: aggregate bits/s/Hz




Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Multi-User MIMO (SDMA) SISO SIMO MISO MIMO Multi-User MIMO Free-Space MIMO

Source : [10] SDMA Beam-Forming



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Free-Space MIMO

• FS-MIMO = Free-Space MIMO

• Locations


• Receivers co-located

• Multiple parallel ‘orthogonal’ beams

• Antenna spacings

• Tx antennas spaced to achieve beams & nulls

• Rx antennas spaced to allow beams & nulls

.

.

.


Receiver 2

Receiver Nr

Transmitter 2

Transmitter Nt

P

reco

de

r

(B

eam

form

er)

In #1

.

.

.

Out #1

Out #2

Out #Nr

In #2

In #Nr

• Precoding

• Focuses AP pattern ‘beam’ onto required receiver

• Puts pattern ‘nulls’ onto all other users

• ‘Spatial filtering’

• SDMA = Space Division Multiple Access


• Units: aggregate bits/s/Hz

• Use when **NO SCATTERING**


P

S

Out

S

P

In



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Spatial Multiplexing • Model

• Maths



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Model

.

.

.

x1

x2

xNt

+

+

+

.

.

.

y1

y2

yNr

n1

n2

nNr

Channel Matrix

H

h1,1 h1,2 ... h1,Nt

h2,1 h2,2 ... h2,Nt


...

...

...

x1

x2

xNt

Transmitted Vector

x

...

y1

y2

yNr

Received Vector

y

...

x1

x2

xNt

Recovered Vector

x ^

^

^

...

^ n1

n2

nNr

Noise Vector

n

...

D

etec

tor

Detector Matrix

W

w1,1 w1,2 ... w1,Nr

w2,1 w2,2 ... w2,Nr

wNt,1 wNt,2 ... wNt,Nr

...

...

...

x1 ^

x2 ^

xNt ^

hNr,Nt

h1,1

h1,2

hNr,1

h2,2

h2,1

h2,Nt

h1,Nt

hNr,2

Model Maths



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Maths • y = Hx + n

• x = Wy

= WHx + Wn

• Zero-Forcing Detector • W = (HHH)-1HH

• x = (HHH)-1(HHH)x + Wn

= Ix + Wn

= x + n noise is enhanced by zero-forcing

• Other Detectors • MMSE – Minimum Mean Squared Error

• Optimizes combined enhanced noise and cross-stream interference

• Maximum Likelihood

• BLAST

^

^

Model Maths



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Multi-User MIMO (SDMA) • Model

• Maths



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Model

.

.

.

z1

z2

zNt

+

+

+

.

.

.

n1

n2

nNu

Channel Matrix

H

h1,1 h1,2 ... h1,Nt

h2,1 h2,2 ... h2,Nt


...

...

... x1

x2

xNt

User Vector

x

...

z1

z2

zNt

Transmitted Vector

z

...

x1

x2

xNt

Recovered Vector

x ^

^

^

...

^ n1

n2

nNu

Noise Vector

n

...

Pre

cod

er

Precoder Matrix

P

p1,1 p1,2 ... p1,Nr

p2,1 p2,2 ... p2,Nr

pNt,1 pNt,2 ... pNt,Nr

...

...

...

x1 ^

x2 ^

xNu ^

hNu,Nt

h1,1

h1,2

hNr,1

h2,2

h2,1

h2,Nt

h1,Nt

hNr,2

x1

x2

xNu

Model Maths



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Maths • z = Px

• x = Hz + n

= HPx + n

• P = HH(HHH)-1

• x = (HHH) (HHH) -1x + n

= Ix + n

= x + n

^

^

Model Maths



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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Information-Theoretic Channel Capacities

• MIMO

• Multi-User MIMO



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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MIMO • SISO Theoretical Capacity (Shannon)

• C/B = log2(1 + SNR) bit/s/Hz

• MIMO Theoretical Capacity (Foschini [2]) • Channel Matrix H is decomposed into ‘Eigen Channels’ using matrix

singular value decomposition (SVD) • The Sum Capacity is the sum of all of the individual Eigen Channel

capacities ... C/B = Si=1

R log2(1+SNRi si2(H) bit/s/Hz,

where si are the singular values of H, & R is the rank of channel H • Uncorrelated channel H (e.g. NLOS)

• All singular values si are roughly equal • C rises linearly with the rank R = min(Nt,Nu)

• i.e. C rises linearly with number of antennas

• Correlated Channel H (e.g. near LOS) • Some singular values si are near zero

• For full LOS, only one non-zero singular values si -> SISO capacity

• Generally, C rises less than linearly with number of antennas

MIMO Multi-User MIMO



Multi-User MIMO


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MU-MIMO

Number of Transmitter Antennas at Basestation

Sum

Cap

acit

y (b

it/s

/Hz)

/ H

DR

Su

m C

apac

ity

(b

it/s

/Hz)

Single cell, 20 users, 1 Rx Antenna per User, SNR = 5dB,

Complex Gaussian Channel, ‘Dirty Paper’ Coding.

Source: [9]

Optimal MU-MIMO Sum Capacity Relative to HDR

MIMO Multi-User MIMO



Multi-User MIMO


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Some Australian Examples • CSIRO Off-Line MIMO Testbed

• CSIRO Real-Time MIMO Demonstrator

• CSIRO Ngara Access – Stage 1

• CSIRO Ngara Access – Stage 2



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CSIRO Off-Line MIMO Testbed • CSIRO Wireless Technologies Laboratory Marsfield • First CSIRO foray into MIMO

• Instigated by : Dr Boyd Murray • Started : 2002 • Completed : 2004 • Strategy : Build up CSIRO expertise in MIMO

• Practical equipment design • Academic papers based on real-world experience & measurements

• Specs • Non-real-time

• Off-line processing in Matlab

• MIMO: 8x8 • Bandwidth: 20MHz • RF: 2.4GHz

• Outcomes • Near real-time channel measurements • MIMO algorithm testing • Confidence

CSIRO Off-Line MIMO Testbed CSIRO Real-Time MIMO Demonstrator CSIRO Ngara Access - Stage 1 CSIRO Ngara Access - Stage 2



Multi-User MIMO


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CSIRO Real-Time MIMO Demonstrator

• CSIRO Wireless Technologies Laboratory Marsfield in 2007 • REAL-TIME digital signal processing using FPGAs • Up to 8x8 MIMO • Wide Bandwidth: 40MHz • RF: 5.2GHz • World’s first real-time 4x4 MIMO for WLAN 802.11n • Several world-record bandwidth efficiencies

MIMO Transmitter (8 Channels) MIMO Receiver (8 Channels)

• Dr Hajime Suzuki • Project Leader

• Dr Boyd Murray • RF System Design • FPGA DSP Firmware Teamleader

• Project team size: 8

Source: [7]




Multi-User MIMO


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Single Transmitter IF/RF Module Single Receiver RF/IF Module

Source: [7]




Multi-User MIMO


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MIMO Digital Module (Uses Xilinx FPGAs)

Source: [7]




Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


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CSIRO Ngara Access – Stage 1

User 1 User 6

User 5

User 4 User 3

User 2 Access Point

Ngara Access Topology – Multi-User MIMO Source: [8]

• By: CSIRO Wireless Technologies Lab

• Year: 2011

• Topology: Multi-User MIMO (SDMA)

• 12 Access Point antennas

• 6 fixed single-antenna users

• RF: 641.5MHz (UHF TV)

• Modulation: 64-QAM over OFDM

• FEC: ¾ Convolutional Code

• Datarate/User: 23.625Mbit/s (UL+DL)

• Aggregate datarate: 141.75Mbit/s (UL+DL)

• Bandwidth: 7MHz (1 x UHF TV)

• Bandwidth efficiency: 20.25 bits/s/Hz

• Uplink/Downlink: TDD

• Transmitter power: 7W

• Range: 16km




Multi-User MIMO


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Access Point

Source: [8]

(a) Equipment Rack (b) Antennas on Tower (c) Tower




Multi-User MIMO


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User Terminal

(a) Equipment Rack (b) Antenna (UHF Yagi)

Source: [8]




Multi-User MIMO


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User 1 User 12

User 5

User 4 User 3

User 2 Access Point

Ngara Access Topology – Multi-User MIMO

Source: [10]

• By: CSIRO Wireless Technologies Lab

• Year: 2013

• Topology: Multi-User MIMO (SDMA)

• 24 Access Point antennas

• 12 fixed single-antenna users

• RF: 806MHz Up / 638MHz Down (FDD)

• Modulation: 64-QAM over OFDM

• FEC: ¾ Convolutional Code

• Datarate/User: 50Mbit/s for each direction

• Aggregate datarate: 1200Mbit/s (1.2Gbit/s)

• Bandwidth: 28MHz (2 x UHF TV x 2 directions)

• Bandwidth efficiency: 40.5 bits/s/Hz

• Uplink/Downlink: FDD

• Transmitter power: 7W

• Range: 16km




Multi-User MIMO


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CSIRO Ngara Access – Stage 2 CSIRO Off-Line MIMO Testbed CSIRO Real-Time MIMO Demonstrator CSIRO Ngara Access - Stage 1 CSIRO Ngara Access - Stage 2



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


• SDMA Comparisons • 2007 – Nortel: 2 simultaneous SDMA users

• 2011 – CSIRO Ngara Stage 1: 6 simultaneous SDMA users

• 2013 – Qualcomm: 3 simultaneous SDMA users

• 2013 – CSIRO Ngara Stage 2: 12 simultaneous SDMA users

• CSIRO HOLDS THE SDAM WORLD RECORD BY A LONG-SHOT !!

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References • [1] S. M. Alamouti, "A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications," IEEE

J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, pp. 1451--1458, Oct. 1998.

• [2] G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, "On limits of wireless communications in a fading enviroment when using multiple antennas," Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 6, pp. 311--335, March 1998.

• [3] G. Foschini, “Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi{element antennas” Bell Labs Techn. J., 1(2):41-59, 1996.

• [4] I.E.Telatar, “Capacity of Multi-antenna Guassian Channels, ” European Trans. On Ielecom. Vol. 10, no. 6, Nov/Dec 1999.

• [5] D. Gesbert and J. Akhtar, “Breaking the Barriers of Shannon's Capacity: An Overview of MIMO Wireless Systems,” Telenor’s Journal: Teletronik, 2002.

• [6] D. Shiu, G. J. Foschini, M. J. Gans, and J. M. Kahn, "Fading correlation and its effect on the capacity of multi-element antenna systems," IEEE Trans. Comm., March 2000.

• [7] H. Suzuki, B. Murray, et al, “Real-Time Wideband MIMO Demonstrator,” International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT 2007), CSIRO ICT Centre, 2007.

• [8] CSIRO ICT Centre, “CSIRO Ngara wireless broadband access, Field trial, Smithton, Tasmania – technical results,” February, 2011.

• [9] Andrea Goldsmith et al, “Fundamental Capacity of MIMO Channels”, Stanford University, 8 November 2002.

• [10] Hajime Suzuki, “Ngara Access and Backhaul”, Slide Presentation, CSIRO, 25 July 2013.



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Questions Dr Boyd Murray Murray Wireless Consulting E : [email protected] M: +61 419 613 791 LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/pub/dr-boyd-murray/1/898/930

Wireless Communications Project management Wireless network planning Systems Engineering Electronic Design OFDM/Wi-Fi/3G/4G/LTE Wireless link design

Test/Verification FPGA Firmware & Hardware Microwave/RF Engineering Digital Signal Processing Simulations – Matlab, Simulink Standards Lecturing / Training



Multi-User MIMO


Australian Examples


mailto:[email protected]

http://www.linkedin.com/pub/dr-boyd-murray/1/898/930





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