a calendar for yhvh’s people...2020/05/05 · a calendar for yhvh’s people •according to...

A Calendar for YHVH’s PeopleThe New Moon Series Part 5

ש ד ח

The New Moon Series ש ד ח

• The New Moon Series Contains 5 parts:

1. The New Moon’s Significance

2. Historical Practice and Debate of the New Moon

3. Astronomy

4. Calendars Including the Metonic Cycle

5. A Calendar for YHVH’s People

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• The goals of this series are:

• To teach the significance of the new moon.

• To fully educate YHVH’s people who desire to walk in obedience to His commandments regarding the new moon’s role in observing the feasts of YHVH.

• To introduce and address the debate over conjunction versus new crescent moon.

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• The goals of this series are (continued):

• To equip YHVH’s people with the astronomical knowledge necessary to evaluate subject matter regarding the new moon and the various proposed calendars currently being used by His people.

• To propose a calendar that YHVH’s people worldwide can follow without reliance on other assemblies.

• To encourage unity and observance of holy convocations around the world.

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A Calendar for YHVH’s People

• As we begin this last presentation of our new moon series:

• Please remember what we have learned so far.

• Let’s try to avoid isolating ourselves from other believers in the Hebraic Roots movement during the feasts of YHVH as much as possible.

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• As we begin this last presentation of our new moon series (cont.):

• Let’s remember we are not just to observe the feasts of YHVH as individuals or individual families.

• Let’s consider the implication of the holy convocations. These are times of gathering the body of Messiah together. We should be gathering together as single assemblies and/or groups of assemblies.

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Remember our key verses:

Genesis 1:14 says, “Then God said, "Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs and seasons ( םיעדד ולמו ; u-le-moadim; appointed times), and for days and years.”

Psalms 104:19 says, “He appointed the moon ( חיר ; yareach) for seasons ( םיעדד ולמ ; le-moadim; appointed times); The sun knows its going down.”

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• Based on Genesis 1:14 and Psalms 104:19, the sun, moon, and stars are that which have a role in determining our calendar.

• Knowing their roles will help us establish a lunisolar calendar for observing the feasts of YHVH in their appointed times.

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By Divad [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons

The first step for creating a calendar for YHVH’s people is to determine the beginning of the calendar.



Remember that although the earth really orbits the sun, from our perspective on the earth, it appears that the sun orbits the earth.



This apparent movement of the sun, traveling in the ecliptic plane, passes over the equatorial plane at the First Point of Aries (0 degrees of right ascension).

This is the March equinox, which is the time frame when the mixed multitude left Egypt.

Note: Egypt and Israel are in the northern hemisphere where spring begins in March.

A Calendar for YHVH’s People• The conjunction

occurs on the last day of each month.

• Don’t forget, days are reckoned from sunset to sunset (erev ad erev).

• (See Leviticus 23:32).

12By Stonebird Waxing Crescent at 1% https://www.flickr.com/


• The new crescent

moon DOES NOTNEED TO BE SIGHTED.



• The frustration of not being able to sight the new crescent moon for a variety of reasons does not need to be an issue.


A Calendar for YHVH’s People• The first full day of

the new crescent moon is the day after the conjunction occurred because the moon has already begun to wax immediately after the time of conjunction.



• The first day of the month obviously determines the timing of the feasts throughout the month.



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Based on what we learned earlier, the March equinox should occur before Nisan 16.


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Chag HaMatzot must be observed after the equinox, but not so much that the sun is in the constellation of Aries.

Nisan must be in Pisces, because of precession of the equinoxes, until the age of Aquarius begins.


• We should be aware of the sun passing through the proper constellations at the appropriate times throughout the year for each Hebrew month.

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By Tfr000 (talk) 15:34, 15 June 2012 (UTC) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], from Wikimedia Commons 20

Recall that constellations on the celestial field are measured by coordinates called right ascension and declination; these are measured from the First Point of Aries (March equinox).

Right ascension is measured in hours (time zones) but can be measured in degrees (24 hours = 360 degrees); declination is measured in degrees (+/-90 degrees above/below equator).


• Because of precession, I recommend we pay attention to the degrees of right ascension that the sun is in instead of the actual constellation.

• We can do this by using planetarium software.

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A Calendar for YHVH’s People• At this point in time, we are not

offering a wave-sheaf offering so the aviv stage of the barley should not be a primary determining factor for spring.

• With the exception of the Karaites, checking the green stage of the barley was a secondary factor when the Jews were determining spring; they wanted to have enough barley for a wave-sheaf offering.

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By zeevveez from Jerusalem, Israel (Barley in Deer ValleyJerusalem-2) [CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

A Calendar for YHVH’s People• The March equinox and the

position of the sun in the correct constellation (range of right ascension) should be sufficient to determine spring (aviv).

• In addition, once the leap years are correctly identified this way, the aviv stage of barley maturation should be appropriate.

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By zeevveez from Jerusalem, Israel (Barley in Deer ValleyJerusalem-2) [CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons


• Using Nisan 15 as the last day the equinox can occur on, we can plan far enough in advance for holy convocations.

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• Shortly, we will look at a few slides from our last presentation.

• They are based upon information gathered by using a free virtual planetarium program called Stellarium 0.17.0. for the current 19-year Metonic Cycle.

• Dates for the 15th of Nisan for the current 19-year cycle were collected from the Hillel II calendar (HebCal www.hebcal.com) and examined visually in Stellarium to see which constellation (range of right ascension) the sun was located in for the middle of the month.

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http://www.hebcal.com/


• As we look at this chart, keep in mind that:

• If Nisan 15 was/is in the constellation of Aries and/or if the date for Nisan 15 fell on or after April 20, the previous additional Adar was/is not needed.

• If this is corrected (removed), this will cause the need for an additional Adar in the following year.

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# Year Nisan 15Hillel II

(HebCal)

Zodiac Degree of

Ascen.

Comments For Cascade of Correction

1 5776 4/23/2016 Aries 30-45 Additional Adar is not needed; remove it so Nisan is in Pisces 0-15.

2 5777 4/11/2017 Pisces 15-30 Add additional Adar to have Nisan in Pisces 15-30.

3 5778 3/31/2018 Pisces 0-15 No change needed.


5 5780 3/2/2021 Pisces 15-30 Add additional Adar to have Nisan in Pisces in 0-15.


7 5782 4/6/2023 Pisces 15-30 Leap year is appropriate; keep additional Adar.



10 5785 4/2/2026 Pisces 15-30 Add additional Adar to have Nisan in Pisces 15-30.27

Original Hillel II leap years are noted in regular or light red. Blue years should be leap years instead of light red years.


# Year Nisan 15Hillel II

(HebCal)

Zodiac Degree of

Ascen.

Comments For Cascade of Correction

11 5786 4/2/2026 Pisces 0-15 No change needed




15 5790 4/18/2030 Pisces 15-30 Additional Adar is not needed; remove it so Nisan is in Pisces 0.**



18 5793 4/14/2033 Pisces 15-30 Leap year is appropriate; keep additional Adar.

19 5794 4/4/2034 Pisces 15 No change needed

20 5795 4/24/2035 Aries 30-45 Additional Adar is not needed; remove it so Nisan is in Pisces 0-15.28

** For #15 and 16 (years 5790-1/2030-1), please see slide 44 for further explanation and change.


• According to HebCal, Adar II 15, 5790 is 3/20/2030, which is the equinox.

• Based on our cascade of correction, this leap month, which caused Nisan 15 to fall on 4/18/30, was not needed.

• If this Adar II was removed, March 20, 2030 would become Nisan 15th on the Hillel II calendar. The corresponding conjunction date on the Hillel II calendar would be March 6, 2030, and Adar II should be added to the following year, 5791.

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• However, the astronomical conjunction date on the NASA SKYCAL Events Calendar is really March 4, 2030 at 01:35 AM.

• With the day of the new crescent moon therefore being March 5, 2030, this would really make Nisan 15th March 19, 2030.

• Since the equinox is not until March 20, 2030, Adar II should really be retained in 2030 and not be in 2031 for our corrected calendar since Nisan 15th would not technically be in spring.

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• Based on these slides, there were problems with the leap years of the Hillel II calendar occurring at the right time so that the sun was always in Pisces.

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• The sun should be somewhere between 0 and 30 degrees of right ascension for the week of Unleavened Bread.

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• There are three basic sets of dates for the constellations.

• Two are arbitrary 30-degree segments.

• Tropical – based on the position of the March equinox.

• Sidereal – based on the fixed stars; accounts for the shift of position caused by precession of the equinoxes.

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• The 3rd is based more on the actual positions of the constellations than on arbitrary 30-degree segment.

• International Astronomical Union (IAU) boundaries

• The actual boundaries sometimes overlap making a visual determination somewhat difficult as to what constellation the sun is really in.

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# ConstellationNames

Tropical Dates Sidereal Dates(Cyril Fagan)

IAU Boundaries(Walter Berg)

1 Aries Mar 21-Apr 20 Apr 15-May 15 Apr 18-May13

2 Taurus Apr 21-May 21 May 16-Jun 15 May 13-Jun 21

3 Gemini May 22-Jun 21 June 16-Jul 16 Jun 21-Jul 20

4 Cancer Jun 22-Jul 22 Jul 17-Aug 16 Jul 20-Aug 10

5 Leo Jul 23-Aug 22 Aug 17-Sept 16 Aug 10-Sept 16

6 Virgo Aug 23-Sept 22 Sept 17-Oct 17 Sep 16-Oct 30

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The classical zodiac originated in the neo-Babylonian period (~6-7 century BCE). Originally, the 12 signs were in arbitrary 30-degree segments. Precession has caused a shift in all of the constellations.IAU boundaries are not based on 30-segments but more on the actual widths of the constellations.


# ConstellationNames

Tropical Dates(Classical Dates)

Sidereal Dates(Cyril Fagan)

IAU Boundaries(Walter Berg)

7 Libra Sept 23-Oct 22 Oct 18-Nov 16 Oct 30-Nov 23

8 Scorpio Oct 24-Nov 21 Nov 17-Dec 16 Nov 23-Nov 29

9 Ophiuchus Not Included Not Included Nov 29-Dec 17

10 Sagittarius Nov 22-Dec 21 Dec 17-Jan 15 Dec 17-Jan 21

11 Capricorn Dec 22-Jan 19 Jan 16-Feb 14 Jan 20-Feb 16

12 Aquarius Jan 20-Feb 19 Feb 15-Mar 15 Feb 16-Mar 11

13 Pisces Feb 20-Mar 20 Mar 15-Apr 14 Mar 11-Apr 18

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In this photo from Stellarium, the sun is between 315-330o which is:

• Aquarius (tropical dates)

• Capricorn (Sidereal & IAU dates)

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As you can see, we need a standardized way of noting the sun’s location from month to month.

Therefore, using degree ranges is the better way to go.

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A Calendar for YHVH’s PeopleThe following charts contain right ascension ranges (0-360o) for all ofthe months of the current 19-year Metonic cycle following the previous cascade of correction of the Hillel II calendar.

The information in the following charts was gathered from Stellariuim planetarium program.

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• As we look at the first half of the leap year, notice how the sun was moving quicker through the constellations (measured in degrees of right ascension) compared to that of regular years until the month of Elul.

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Right Ascensions After Cascade of Correction

# Hebrew Months 30o of Rt. Ascension

Regular Year Leap Year

1 Nisan 0-30 0-15 15-30

2 Iyyar 30-60 30-45 45-60

3 Sivan 60-90 58-75 75-90

4 Tamuz 90-120 85-105 105-120

5 Av 120-150 116-135 134-150

6 Elul 150-180 142-180 150-165

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The classical zodiac originated in the neo-Babylonian period (~6-7 century BCE). Originally, the 12 signs were arbitrary 30-degree segments. Precession has caused a shift in all of the constellations.


• There are 5 regular years when the sun is slow for Elul; it is between 142 and 147 degrees of right ascension in 2016, 2019, 2024, 2027, and 2030.

• During the rest of the 19-year cycle, the regular years fall within the expected range of 150-180 degrees of right ascension for Elul.

• In leap years, the right ascensions for Elul are now in the lower end (150-165 degrees) of the expected range of right ascension.

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• By Tishrei, it is very evident that the sun is extremely delayed in leap years as it moves through the constellations, and it will be necessary to add a second month of Adar so that Nisan will be between 0-30 degrees of right ascension for the beginning of spring.

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Right Ascensions After Cascade of Correction

# Hebrew Months 30o of Rt. Ascension

Regular Year Leap Year

7 Tishrei 180-210 180-210 165-180

8 Cheshvan 210-240 210-240 195-210

9 Kislev 240-270 240-270 225-240

10 Tevet 270-300 270-300 225-270

11 Sh’vat 300-330 300-330 285-300

12 Adar (I) 330-360 330-345 315-330

13 Adar (II) -- N/A 345-36044


• Once the correct timing of aviv (spring) is known, we need to keep track of the Hebrew months of the year as each new moon occurs.

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Equinox Date Earliest Conjunction for Nisan

Earliest New Moon for Nisan

If March 19 >> March 4 March 5




• Knowing the time of the astronomical conjunction is the primary factor that gives us the ability to know when we can recognize the 1st

day of the month.

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• The actual time of conjunction is the SAME all over the world. It seems different because of the difference in time zones.

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• I recommend NASA’S SKYCAL EVENTS CALENDAR for obtaining times of astronomical conjunction. https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html.

• Since each assembly should be responsible for organizing their holy convocations, at minimum, their leaders should take the time to collect several years worth of future conjunction data in the event of a future internet problem.

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https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html


• In order to generate your specific calendar from NASA’S SKYCAL EVENTS CALENDAR:

• Section 1: Select your Time Zone and check box if you observe Daylight Savings Time (also known as Summer Time in some countries).

• Section 2: Sky Events: Select lunar phases and equinoxes/solstices• Section 3: Time Period of Calendar: Select Julian/Gregorian; Enter the

desired year; Generate Sky Events Table: Year.

• The list should open in a new tab. • “New Moon” is the astrological conjunction dates and times, which is NOT

the same as new crescent moon.

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Use this “year” button to select the year.The table will open in a separate tab.

Select YOUR time zone from the drop downmenu.

Enter the yearfor the

calendar desired.

Ignore the month

Choose answer for DST (Summer time).

A Calendar for YHVH’s People• Note that there are 2 conjunctions in

April 2022; 1 on April 1 and the 2nd on April 30.

• The following conjunction is on May 30th.

• Don’t assume there is always only 1 conjunction per month.

• If you don’t pay close attention, your Hebrew months can become off.

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• Greenwhich Mean Time.com’s Time Power Tools/Sun Times for Sunrise and Sunset can also be used:

• https://greenwichmeantime.com/time-gadgets/sunrise-sunset/

• Just enter your location and select a date (If you are collecting multiple dates and start getting the same times, refresh the page and try again.)

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https://greenwichmeantime.com/time-gadgets/sunrise-sunset/


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Greenwhich Mean Time Power Tools/

Enter your location Enter your date


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Change year here


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Use touch screen to scroll for correct year and select desired month


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Select desired date


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Calendar will disappear and times will appear for sunrise and sunset.


• If you live in the polar regions of the earth where daylight can last for a month or more during the summer or where the night lasts for a similar length of time in the winter, use the sunset times for Jerusalem, Israel.

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• The cycle of day and night limits keeping the new moon within a 24-hour period worldwide.

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• Since sunset determines the beginning and ending of each 24-hour day, it is a second factor that must be considered when determining the new crescent moon.

• The local time of sunset is DIFFERENT all over the world; therefore, everyone must consider their own local sunset time when creating their calendar.

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• The day of the new crescent moon begins at the first sunset that occurs after the astronomical conjunction.

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• If conjunction occurs before sunset on a particular date, that day is the last day of the month. The 1st day of the month begins at sunset later that evening. This is when the next day normally begins.

• If conjunction occurs after sunset on a particular date, the next day has essentially already begun; therefore, that day is the last day of the month. The 1st day of the month begins at sunset on the next calendar date.

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• Consider the following pattern.

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Pattern of the New Crescent Moon

Darkness prior to conjunctionOccurs.

Darkness occurred prior to Yeshua’s death

Conjunction occurs. Yeshua died and was buried just before sunset.

The date of the new crescent moon begins at sunset, continues throughout the night then the day, and finally ends at sunset.

Yeshua’s resurrection date likely began around sunset Saturday evening (still a time of darkness) and was followed by His revelation to His followers later sometime on Sunday (time of daylight).


• Now lets see 2 examples of how this works.

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A Calendar for YHVH’s PeopleHawaii Lebanon,

KansasLondon,England

Jerusalem,Israel

Myanmar(Burma)

NewZealand

Conjunction Date

3-7-2027 3-8-2027 3-8-2027 3-8-2027IST

3-8-2027 3-8-2027

Conjunction Time

2329UTC-11:00

0329UTC-5:00

0929UTC+0:00

1129UTC+2:00

1559UTC+6:30

2129UTC+12:00

Sunset TimeConj. Date

1829 1833 1752 1742 1812 1953

1st daySS to SS(~24 hour)

3-8-2027 to

3-9-2027

3-8-2027to

3-9-2027

3-8-2027to

3-9-2027

3-8-2027to

3-9-2027

3-8-2027 to

3-9-2027

3-9-2027 to

3-10-2027

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Example of the 1st day of the month for 6 locations across the time zones being within a 48-hour period. The 2nd possible day for the new crescent moon does not always begin at UTC+0:00. (SS = sunset)

A Calendar for YHVH’s PeopleHawaii Lebanon,

KansasLondon,England

Jerusalem,Israel

Myanmar(Burma)

NewZealand

Conjunction Date

9-9-18 9-9-18 9-9-18 9-9-18IDT

9-10-18 9-10-18

Conjunction Time

0801UTC-11:00

1301UTC-5:00

1801UTC+0:00

2101UTC+3:00

0031UTC+6:30

0601UTC+12:00

Sunset TimeConj. Day

1830 1952 1929 1853 1815 1804

1st daySS to SS(~24 hour)

9-9-18 to

9-10-18

9-9-18 to

9-10-18

9-9-18to

9-10-18

9-10-18 to

9-11-18

9-10-18 to

9-11-18

9-10-18 to

9-11-18

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Example of the 1st day of the month for 6 locations across the time zones being within a 48-hour period. Remember in our previous example that the 2nd possible day for the new crescent moon does not always begin at UTC+0:00. (SS = sunset)


• There are always 2 dates for the new crescent moon as we move from the first time zone to the last.

• As seen in our examples, the 2nd date does not occur at a specific time zone each month.

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• Obviously, having 2 dates for the whole world is different from the concept of designating 1 date for the whole world. If we chose 1 date for uniformity over the other, people in certain time zones would be observing it on the wrong date.

• I suggest that each time zone observe the new crescent moon for their own time zone.

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• If people intend to travel and celebrate the feasts in a different time zone, they should plan to celebrate the feasts based on the proper date for their destination’s time zone.

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• Conjunctions are already spaced 29 -30 days apart.

• Consistently following this practice previously described should ensure there are no months less than 29 days and none greater than 30 days.

• It will also ensure that people in all countries will begin observing the new crescent moon as the 1st day of the month during the same 48-hour calendar period.

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A Calendar For YHVH’s People

In Summary:

1. Collect astronomical conjunction dates and sunset times for at least several years which are determined by NASA Sky Events Calendar and Greenwich Mean Time Sun Times. If you live in places where the sun doesn’t rise/set for certain times of the year, use Jerusalem, Israel for your sunset location; otherwise use your own location for sunset.

2. Based on this information, decide when the dates for the new crescent days of the months begin. They begin at the sunset which follows the time of conjunction.

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In Summary (continued):3. Determine if the sun will be between 0-30 degrees of right ascension by the expected date for Nisan 15. Use planetarium software for this.

If it will be between 0-30 degrees by Nisan 15, it is a regular year.

If the sun will still be between 330-360 degrees of right ascension, add a second Adar.

The new moon for Nisan can be as early as March 4-6 depending on when the equinox falls for that year (between March 19-21 respectively).

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In Summary (continued):

4. Assign Hebrew month names from new moon dates through the day of conjunction. When looking at your calendar, just remember that the dates really begin at sunset the previous evening. In addition, be sure to not miss when a Gregorian month has 2 conjunctions.

5. Determine and add the dates for the feasts to your calendar.

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In Summary (continued):

• The day of Firstfruits is always the first Sunday after Nisan 14th -- the day that the seh (lamb or goat) would have been offered.

• This ensures that the day of Firstfruits always falls within the week of Unleavened Bread, which is typologically related to the seven days of creation and the seven millennia for God's plan to be completely fulfilled – His plan being the salvation of His firstfruits and the time of peace and rest under Yeshua's millennial reign.

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I have done this for the remainder of the current 19-year Metonic cycle in Google Calendar for Eastern Time Zone with sunset times for Richmond, VA.

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FALL FEASTS: Tishrei 1 = Yom TeruahTishrei 10 = Yom HaKipurrimTishrei 15-21 = ChagHaSukkotTishrei 22 = Yom Shemini Atzeret

ANM = astronomical new moon (conjunction)


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SPRING FEASTS:Nisan 10 = Date to select the Passover Lamb; it’s recorded as a day of remembrance.Nisan 14 = PassoverNisan 15-21 = ChagHaMatzot“Day after the Sabbath” = Yom HaBikkurim(Firstfruits/WavesheafOffering)

We go with the weekly Sabbath instead of the 1st High Sabbath (Nisan 15).


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SPRING FEASTS:Count the Omer by counting 7 Sabbaths from the day after Yom HaBikkurim (day of the wavesheafoffering/day after the Sabbath); count 50 days to the day after the 7th Sabbath.


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SPRING FEASTS:Count the Omer by counting 7 Sabbaths from the day after Yom HaBikkurim (day of the wavesheafoffering/day after the Sabbath); count 50 days to the day after the 7th Sabbath.

This brings us to Shavuot (Pentecost).


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Here’s a month with the astronomical conjunction occurring after sunset.


APPENDIX:

• Other web sites or apps can be used for the astronomical conjunction and sunset times.

• I have found that sunset times might vary slightly by a few minutes between web sites and/or apps, possibly due to the calculation being utilized by these applications. Whatever you use, try to be consistent.

• The closer the time of conjunction is to the time of sunset, the differences between these applications can affect the new moon dates.


YHVH’s Calendar for Greenwich, London (UTC+0:00)

Month Conjunction Date Conjunction Time Sunset Time New Crescent Moon

Nisan 3/6/2019 1604 1748 3/7/2019

Iyyar 4/5/2019 0950 1939 4/6/2019

Sivan 5/4/2019 2345 2027 5/6/2019

Tamuz 6/3/2019 1102 1909 6/4/2019

Av 7/2/2019 2016 1920 7/4/2019

Elul 8/1/2019 0412 2048 8/2/2019

Tishrei 8/30/2019 1137 1951 8/31/2019


YHVH’s Calendar for Greenwich, London (UTC+0:00)

Month Conjunction Date Conjunction Time Sunset Time New Crescent Moon

Cheshvan 9/28/2019 1926 1845 9/30/2019

Kislev 10/28/2019 0338 1641 10/29/2019

Tevet 11/26/2019 1506 1559 11/27/2019

Shevat 12/26/2019 0513 1556 12/27/2019

Adar (I) 1/24/2020 2142 1634 1/26/2020

Adar (II) 2/23/2020 1532 1758 2/24/2020


• REFERENCES:

• Greenwich Mean Time https://greenwichmeantime.com/time-gadgets/sunrise-sunset/ (Enter Greenwich, London, UK).

• Jewish holiday calendars & Hebrew date converter www.hebcal.com/converter/

• NASA’S SKYCAL EVENTS CALENDARhttps://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html.

• Sidereal and Tropical Astrology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_and_tropical_astrology

• Stellarium 0.17.0 -- downloadable from Stellarium.org.

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https://greenwichmeantime.com/time-gadgets/sunrise-sunset/

http://www.hebcal.com/converter/

https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_and_tropical_astrology


The New Moon Series Part 5

ש ד ח

Compiled by: Beth C. Mehaffeyhttps://holyhiway.wordpress.comContact: betmeh2 at gmail.com

Prepared for: fotVA 2018

HODF

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a calendar for yhvh’s people...2020/05/05 · a calendar for yhvh’s people •according to...

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