a cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all the processes of life. every living thing is made...
TRANSCRIPT
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A CELL is the smallest unit that can carry on all the
PROCESSES of life.
Every LIVING thing is made up of ONE or more cells.
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A living thing that is made up of ONE cell is called
UNICELLULAR.
A living thing that is made up of MORE than one cell is
a MULTICELLULAR
organism.
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How many cells are there in a human body?
•Between 50 to 100 trillion depending on a person’s size!
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How many bacterial cells are there in and on a human body?
• 182 species of bacteria colonize the average person's skin
• There are about 1,000,000 bacteria per square inch on human skin
• Saliva may contain up to 1,000,000,000 bacteria per milliliter
• We have more bacteria living in and on us than cells in our bodies!
• Only about 10% of the cells in our bodies are Human!
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Summary
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Cells were first discovered in 1665
by the English scientist
ROBERT HOOKE.
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Hooke cut a piece of CORK and observed it with a
microscope.
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He sectioned other specimens and saw that they were all made up of ”LITTLE BOXES,” or cells, which reminded him of the little rooms
MONKS of that time lived in.
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The first person to view LIVING cells was
Anton VAN LEEUWENHOEKIn 1675
I’m Anto
n
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It took another 150 years for scientists to take the
work ofHOOKE and
VAN LEEUWENHOEK, And devise a unified
theory of cells.
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In 1838 a GERMAN botanist, Matthias
SCHLEIDEN concluded that all plants were COMPOSED of cells.
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In 1855 a German PHYSICIAN, Rudolph
VIRCHOW determined that cells only come from other CELLS.
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The observations of these three scientists are
known as CELL THEORY
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1. All living things are COMPOSED of one or more
CELLS.
2. Cells are organisms BASIC UNITS of structure
and function.
3. Cells come only from OTHER cells.
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Cells vary greatly in SIZE, SHAPE, and internal
ORGANIZATION.
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SizeCells must maintain a
SMALL size or else their surface area becomes
too SMALL to maintain all life functions.
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ShapeMost cells are SPHERICAL or CUBOIDAL. They can also be FLAT like skin
cells, have long extensions like NERVE cells, or may have
the ability to change SHAPE like white BLOOD
cells.
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Internal OrganizationCells differ in their internal
organization.
Cells that contain a NUCLEUS and membrane bound ORGANELLES are
called EUKARYOTES.Examples:
PLANT & ANIMAL cells
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Cells that lack a NUCLEUS and
membrane BOUND organelles are called
PROKARYOTES.Example:
BACTERIA CELLS
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Summary
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Cell MembraneIs the structure that SEPARATES the cell
from its external environment.
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Cell MembraneAllows some molecules to
PERMEATE, or pass through it, and acts as a
barrier to keep some MOLECULES out of the
cell. For this reason it is called a
SEMIPERMEABLEmembrane.
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The Fluid MOSAIC Model of cell membranes
reveals that they are made up of a
LIPID bilayer.
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It is like a fluid lipid sandwich with the Hydrophilic heads
pointing OUTWARD and the hydrophobic tails
pointing inward. The cell membrane also has
proteins embedded in it that can move around.
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Is the JELLYLIKE material found inside the cell
membrane and is made up of WATER, salts, and organic molecules.
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It is in constant motion called
CYTOPLASMIC streaming. The cytoplasm surrounds
“little organs” orORGANELLES
which each have a specific job.
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Are the organelles where PROTEINS are made and are the most NUMEROUS
of the organelles.
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(ER) is a membrane system of folded SACS and tunnels. There are two kinds of ER.
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(rER) is studded withRIBOSOMES. Is abundant in
cells that export a lot of proteins or ENZYMES like the
pancreas.
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(sER) has no RIBOSOMESAnd is like a highway for
molecules to move around the cell and as a STORAGE
area.
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Is the processing, PACKAGING, and secreting
organelle of the cell. It is like a factory where a product is
ASSEMBLED at one end, packaged, then put into a
mail bag for delivery at the other end.
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Are the POWERHOUSES of the cell that process and release ENERGY from the nutrients that enter the
cell.
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They have CRISTAE which make more surface area for cellular respiration to
take place, and ATP is formed here. Cells that use a lot of energy like muscle cells have many
mitochondria. Mitochondria have
their own DNA.
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Are the garbage men of the cell and contain
DIGESTIVE enzymes that break down wastes.
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Provide a frame for the cell called the
CYTOSKELETON.They also help move things
around in the cell.
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Are used in MOVEMENT and extend out from
the surface of the cell.Cilia are short and hairlike.
They beat in WAVES. Flagella are long and
whiplike, occur SINGLY or in pairs.
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Directs the ACTIVITIES of the cell. It is surrounded by a NUCLEAR membrane that has holes in it
where molecules can enter and EXIT.
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The nucleus contains CHROMATIN, strands of
DNA and proteins. When it condenses, it forms CHROMOSOMES, the
genetic information of the cell.
The NUCLEOLUS is a spherical body in the
nucleus where ribosomes are made.
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Summary
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Plant cells differ from ANIMAL cells because they
have a cell WALL that surrounds the cell
MEMBRANE. This helps support and protect the
cell. They also have sacs called VACUOLES and
plastids which store food or pigments.
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Contain a green pigment called
CHLOROPHYLL that is used in
photosynthesis.
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Contain pigments like orange CAROTENES, and yellow XANTHOPHYLLS, and red pigments. They
give plants their distinctive colors.
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Store food such as STARCHES,
proteins, and lipids. They are
storage organs in potato TUBERS.