a century of oceanographic and fisheries exploration on

HELGOLANDER MEERESUNTERSUCHUNGEN Helgol~inder Meeresunters. 49, 467-487 (1995)

A century of o c e a n o g r a p h i c and f i sher ies e x p l o r a t i o n

o n the c o n t i n e n t a l she l f off A r g e n t i n a

V. Angelescu & R. P. S~nchez

INIDEP; P.O. Box 175, Mar del Plata (7600), Argentina

ABSTRACT: A detailed analysis is presented of the main contributions, both local and international, to the fields of oceanography and fishery sciences resulting from exploratory cruises carried out on the continental shelf off Argentina over the last 100 years. The end of the 19th century is chosen as a starting point for this analysis as it marks the beginning of active marine research by Argentinian scientists and an accumulation of information on Antarctic and Subantarctic organisms in foreign journals. Mention is also made of previous contributions derived from the classic expeditions and global circumnavigational voyages during the lath and 19th centuries. Although the aims of those were not always strictly oceanographic, they rendered significant information to this field of knowledge. In the early years, references arose mainly from the particular geographic situation of the Argentinian shelf, a necessary passage in the navigation routes to the Pacific Ocean, and later on the way to Antarctica. Sources of information are divided into four categories: (a) foreign scientific projects in the area; (b) investigation by Argentinian scientists and research vessels; (c) joint projects be tween Argentinian and foreign institutions; and (d) contributions from sources other than oceanographic cruises (commercial navigation, maritime weather reports, satellite images, etc.). The analysis includes an updated and classified bibliographical list of the main contributions to the fields of oceanography and fishery sciences derived from those sources, published either in international or local journals or appearing as technical and internal reports. The motivations, objectives and main achievements of foreign surveys and programmes in the area and their impact on local scientific progress are discussed. The early 'sixties mark a turning point in the evolution of international research in the area. The creation of biological stations along the Argentinian coast, and the support given to the pooling of human resources set the basis for the development of bilateral programmes. Similar progress in Brazil and Uruguay led to the outgrowth of regional activities. Joint scientific efforts described in this analysis include the programmes carried out by the research vessels of Germany ("Walther Herwig", "Meteor"), Japan ("Kaiyo Maru", "Orient Maru", "Shinkai Maru"), Poland ("Professor Siedlecki"), Russia ("Evrika", "Dimitry Stefanov") and the USA I"Vema", "Atlantis II"), the achievements of which are a landmark in the evolution of marine science m the area.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

T h e e x p l o r a t i o n of t he S o u t h e r n O c e a n in s e a r c h of n e w f isher ies r e s o u r c e s s t a r t ed

d u r i n g the last two d e c a d e s of t he 17th cen tury . T h e P a t a g o m a n shel f lay, pa r t i cu la r ly

pr ior to t he o p e n i n g of t h e P a n a m a Cana l 11913-1914), on the co u r s e of t he c o m m e r c i a l

f lee t l e a d i n g to por t s on the Pacif ic Coast . or t r a n s p o r t i n g s a l t pe t r e a n d g u a n o f rom Chi le

a n d Peru. S e v e r a l o c e a n o g r a p h i c ve s se l s e x p l o r e d the c o n t i n e n t a l shel f off A r g e n t i n a .

This p a p e r s u m m a r i z e s the vas t a n d va r i ed o c e a n o g r a p h i c a n d f i shery i n fo rma t ion

g e n e r a t e d by the c lass ic c i r c u m n a v i g a t i o n a l v o y a g e s , a n d po la r exped i t i ons , b y i n t e rn a -

t iona l c o o p e r a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s a n d by s e a g o i n g ac t iv i t ies o r g a n i z e d by A r g e n t i n i a n

l abo ra to r i e s a n d sc ient is ts . A r e v i e w is p r e s e n t e d of t h e m o s t s ign i f ican t v o y a g e s , c ru ises

Biologische Anstalt Helgoland. Hamburg

468 V. Angelescu & R. P. S&nchez

i

5~

60 ~

_ -

"~o o 6'oo ~o ~'o o

Fig. 1. Area covered by the exploratory cruises analysed. The references in the map indicate: (1) The continental shelf off Argentina (vertical grid); (2) The Argentinian coastal region {horizontal grid} (3} The continental slope and oceanic basin off Argentina {slanting grid}; and {4) South Atlantic

coast-to-coast explorations {open grid)

and scientific programmes operat ing in the southwest Atlantic from 34 ~ to 60 ~ comprising the cont inental shelf, adjacent waters and oceanic basins (see map, Pig. 1). Their contr ibutions to the field of marine science, particularly from the last decade of the 19th century, which marks the beg inn ing of oceanographic research in Argent ina , are analysed. Results deriving from these scientific enterprises are in many cases difficult to trace: they have b e e n publ ished in several languages , and very frequently are inc luded in what is considered "grey literature". Angelescu & S~inchez {1994) have t rea ted the contribu- t ions of Argent in ian scientists - mostly in Spanish, and sometimes a ppe a r i ng as in ternal technical reports from 1895 onwards - in detail, particularly those that inc lude data sets.

Oceanography and fisheries exploration off Argent ina 469

We shall herein make special reference to published reviews on different oceanographic topics that may be considered useful in order to introduce the reader to local literature.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Exploratory voyages on the Argent in ian shelf prior to 1890 include the great circum- navigatory voyages of French, British, Italian, German and Spanish vessels, and the first expeditions to the Antarctic. Maps marking the routes of the major expeditions passing through the Argent in ian shelf were presented by Ehrlich & S~nchez (1990). Very detailed reviews of these voyages and their contributions to the field of oceanography are given by Norman (1937), L6pez (1963) and Ringuelet (1984), and in several papers presented at the 4th Internat ional Congress of the History of Oceanography (Lenz & Deacon, 1990).

Geographic explorations before the "Challenger" voyage, were not oceanographic in intent, but had considerable oceanographic significance. Physicians and naturalists on board made the first collections of marine organisms in the area. As a result of these collections, several publicat ions on the fauna of the region appeared in Europe before the end of the 19th century (see Carcelles [1947] for a complete review).

No analysis of research activities carried out by scientists of different foreign countries on the oceanography of the Argent in ian shelf during these early years would be complete, without special ment ion of the contributions that Otto Krfimmel made to the field of physical oceanography - at the time he was geographer in the Kiel Laboratory - and J. Kl~hn. These authors used, as addit ional sources of information, the reports contained in the log books of sailing-vessels and steamers. Krfimmel (1882) gave the first description of the pat tern of surface currents be tween Cape Horn and the Rio de la Plata. He described three regions, a coastal one with temperate waters, the slope with cold waters of sub-antarct ic origin (Malvinas/Falkland current), and the warmer waters of the Brazil current, east of the slope. With addit ional data from the Hamburg Maritime Observatory, and the information reported in the Wind Charts for the South Atlantic Ocean, and Coastal Region of South America, publ ished by the British Admiralty (1901-1902), Kl~ihn (1911) was able to describe monthly differences in the distribution of surface water temperature, and in the pat tern of currents, and analyze the causes that generated them. The significance and validity of these pioneer contributions was to be recognized by oceanographers working in the area in the decades to come.

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH ON THE ARGENTINIAN SHELF FROM 1890

During the last decade of the 19th century, the expeditions conducted by Professor Plate of the University of Berhn, and Dr. Michaelsen aboard the "Sara" of the Natural History Museum of Hamburg, obtained faunistic collections from the Magel lan region. Also during the last decades of the century - following the recommendat ions of the Internat ional Congresses of Geography of London (1895) and Berhn (1898) - the presence on the Argent in ian shelf of internat ional expeditions leading to Antarctica markedly increased. Gerlache de Gomery 's expedition aboard the "Belgica" (1897-99), the Swed- ish South Pole Expedition. conducted by O. Nordenskj61d on board the "Antarctic" (1901-1903), the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition [1902-1904) aboard the "Scotia", and two French Antarctic Expeditions {1903-1905 and 1908-1910), both conducted by

470 V. Angelescu & R. P. S~inchez

Dr. Jean Charcot, collected specimens from Patagonia, the Magellan region, Fireland, the Malvinas Islands and Burdwood Bank, in the southernmost extreme of the Argen t in ian shelf, which led to the elaboration of the first hypothesis on the origin of polar fauna and on the zoogeographical division of the area be tween the austral extreme of the Argenti- n ian shelf and the Antarctica.

The dominant hydrographic feature of the southwest Atlantic is the subtropical confluence, which marks the encounter of the Brazil current flowing polewards along the continental margin of South America, and the Malvinas current flowing nor theas twards along the Argent in ian cont inental slope. The confluence region was first described by Brennecke (1921) from the oceanographic samphng carried out in the G e r m a n Antarctic Exp edition on board the "Deutschland" (1911-1912). During the same voyage, Lohmann (1911, 1920) made observations on the p lankton of the area, and also analysed the distribution of both currents, us ing p lanktonic organisms, mostly diatoms, as biological indicators.

Further results on the lat i tudinal range of planktonic organisms characteristic of each current were publ ished by Hentschel (1933, 1936) from material collected dur ing the German Atlantic Expedition aboard the RV "Meteor" (1925-1927). Al though the main objective of this programme was oceanographic - the celebrated G. Wiist was the physical oceanographer on the "Meteor" expedit ion - the programme in fact was multidisciplinary, comprising studies on meteorology, marine chemistry a nd geology. In order to study the water masses stratification and circulation in the Atlantic an innovat ion was introduced in the sampling scheme, in comparison with those of the c i rcumnaviga- tion and polar voyages. The study area was covered by a series of t ransects across the Atlantic from the east coast of South America to the west coast of Africa, a n d regularly- spaced stations were distributed on each transect. The results of this expedi t ion were compiled in a thirty-volume report. The "Meteor" expedition may be cons idered as the start of a new period in oceanography: the period of systematic surveys. Details of the crmse and the characteristics of the vessel may be found m the first volume, edited by Spiess (1932). In the first decades of this century, whal ing had become an important activity in the Falkland Dependencies . In order to preserve this resource a nd expand the fisheries around the islands, a comprehensive programme to study the Southwest Atlantic Ocean was proposed by the Discovery Committee of Great Britain. The programme included the oceanographic explorations of R. V. "Discovery" and "Discovery II" (1931-1935), and the first trawling surveys in the Patagonian region aboard the R.V. "Scoresby" (1927-1932). Outs tanding results were: the general account of the hydrology of the South Atlantic Ocean. including an extensive study of the conf luence region (Deacon, 1933, 1937), the description of water masses and circulation pa t te rns on the Patagonian shelf, plankton production and drift, a comprehensive ichthyological catalogue (Norman, 1937), and the first contributions to fishery biology and resource assess- men t in the region (Hart, 1946). After the conclusion of the "Discovery" Committee Programme, the activities of foreign research vessels on the Argent in ian shelf, without the participation of local scientists, were reduced to a few isolated cruises i n the course of more than fifty years. Parallel to the decline of foreign explorations, was an increase of nat ional activities and bilateral cooperation projects. These ~ be deal t with in the following chapter.

Mention should be made here of the presence of two European research vessels

Oceanography and fisheries exploration off Argentina 471

surveying our study areas. The "Calypso" (1961-1962) explored the coastal region off Argentina, and produced information on the hydrography and on the taxonomy of finfish of the area (Roux, 1973); the German R.V. "Ernst Haeckel" (1966) carried out studies on physical oceanography on the continental shelf and slope off southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. Published information includes data basis and profiles of sea water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and chlorophyll; also in situ observations of surface currents (Nehring & Brosin, 1968).

In recent years, after the Malvinas War, the assessment of the fisheries resources of southern Patagonia by British scientists has, however, been reinitiated by the Marine Resource Assessment Group of the Imperial College, and several papers have appeared in the internat ional literature, mostly on the cephalopod and fish species of the area (Beddington et al., 1985).

OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISES AND FISHERY EXPLORATION IN ARGENTINA

Oceanographic research in Argent ina bega n during the second half of the 19th century and has cont inued until now, undergo ing an evolution that may be classified in four epochs.

T h e b e g i n n i n g of O c e a n o g r a p h y in A r g e n t i n a (1874-1938)

The first activities of systematic exploration of the continental shelf, gulfs and coasts of Argentina, consisted of hydrographic and topographic surveys, eventual ly with the addition of flori-faunistic collections.

The first voyage was carried out by the brig ARA "Rosales" in 1874 (ARA is the abbreviat ion of the Navy of the Argent in ian Republic). Within the sphere of the Navy, Argent ina established the Central Hydrographic Office in 1879. In the following years, several expeditions were made by naval vessels sailing from the River Plate to the southern coast of Fireland. The primary aim was to provide information for hydrographic charts and for navigation, and also to promote sett lements in the austral territories. The results of these voyages were diffused, in part, in publications of the Argent in ian Navy (Hydrographical Annals. Journal of Navy Publications and Bulletin of the Navy Centre). The scientific staff on board came mostly from the Natural Science Museums, the Universities of Buenos Aires and La Plata. and the Office of Fish and Game of the Ministry of Agriculture (see Carcelles, 1947 and Popovici & Riggi, 1948, [or a detailed review}. They obtained collections of seaweeds, molluscs crustaceans and fish, which resulted in the first publications - mostly on taxonomic identifications geographical and ecological distributions. The first autochthonal contribution to the field of marine ichthyology - a list of scientific names of fishes - was given in 1876 and 1888 by H. Weyenberg and Dr. E. L. Holmberg, respectively; some years later, Dr. Carlos Berg (1895) produced the first catalogue of fishes distributed along the coasts of Argentina and Uruguay. In 1900, Dr. Fernando Lahille, the first French mar ine biologist to work in Argent ina, carried out systematic explorations of the Argent in ian Cont inental ShelI and be ga n his series of contributions on the Argent in ian mar ine fauna. Early in the century, Lahille (1900) carried out a series of fishing trawls in San Maitas Gulf during an exploration voyage aboard the ARA "Azopardo". and had the intent ion to found the first Marine Biology

472 V. Angelescu & R. P. S~inchez

Station in Mar del Plata, in 1898 (for more details and complete list of LahiIle publications, see Biraben, 1941).

With the voyages of the ARA "Patria" in 1914 and 1915, Mart~n Doello-Jurado, the first Argent in ian mar ine biologist, started a more consistent programme of collections of sea organisms including plankton. Periodic hydrographical surveys were based on previously established programmes. Their f requency increased, and their spatial coverage was extended. Doello-Jurado enthusiastically advocated a regular programme of marine field activity and the study of marine science at University level; he created the Malacology and Marine Invertebrates Section in the Argent in ian Museum of Natural Science (MACN) of Buenos Aires, organized an active group of collectors of marine specimens, and, in 1928, founded the first pe rmanen t Argent in ian Marine Biology Station in Puerto Quequ6n. He was the first to notice the presence of sub-antarct ic specimens in lower latitudes, i.e. off Buenos Aires Province and Uruguay, and correctly ascribed this to the influence of the Malvinas current (Doello-Jurado, 1918, 1938).

This pioneer epoch comes to an end with the incorporation in 1928 of two oceanographic vessels constructed in Great Britain: the ARAs "San Luis" and "San Juan" , later to become "Bahia Blanca" and "Madryn", respectively.

T h e e p o c h of i n t e r i n s t i t u t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n (1938-1959)

Characteristic of this period (covering a t ime-span of twenty-one years), is the organization of multi-disciplinary cruises based on inter-inst i tut ional collaboration to carry out oceanographic, biological and fisheries research over the whole extension of the Argent in ian Cont inenta l Shelf and the slope. During 1938-1948, cruises were carried out exclusively on vessels of the Argent in ian Navy. On the basis of an agreement of cooperation be tween the Naval Hydrographic Service (SHN) and the Natura l Science Museum of Buenos Aires, a series of six cruises were carried out. dur ing this first stage. Biological sampling was now a component of cruise-planning. The Argen t in ian shelf the largest in the southern hemisphere, was the object of broad surveys, and collections of plankton, benthic invertebrates and fishes were obtained

Based on the combinat ion of hydrographic and biological information it was possible to relate the origin and characteristic of water masses to the regional and ecological distribution of marine organisms, to divide the area into zoogeographic regions, and to interpret the seasonal migration of commercially important fish species (Parodiz, 1942; Pozzi, 1944; Balech, 1949). During this Eirst stage there was a significant increase of scientists working in the field of marine biology, and consequent ly a rise m the n u m b e r of scientific contributions and a growth in the collections of biological mater ia l of the Natural Science Museums of Buenos Aires and La Plata. The first information on the fish resources of the continental shelf, the component species, their geographic distribution and the oceanographic characteristics of fishing grounds was produced.

In 1949. a working team was formed in the Ichthyology Section of the Buenos Aires Natural Science Museum (MACN), with the purpose of invest igat ion in the fields of Pishery Biology and Ichthyo-parasitology. This team was formed by European specialists Drs. Z. Popovici, L. Szidat. and V. Angelescu and a group of Argen t in i an scientists: Professors F. Gneri, A. Nani and E. Sicardi. They organized the biostatistical sampling (in the laboratory), of fish species from the Rio de la Plata area. From 1952 onwards, fishery


vessels of the commercial fleet were integrated into research projects in order to carry out the sampling of fish and invertebrate species of economic importance. Characteristic of this second stage (1952-1959) were the combined scientific programmes - b e t w e e n the Naval Hydrographic Service, with oceanographic vessels, the above-ment ioned team of the MACN and the Fisheries Research Depar tment of the Ministry of Agriculture (DIPMAG), - with scientific and technical staff t rained in the biostatistical sampl ing of fishes and decapod crustaceans. Fishery investigation was carried out mainly on board various fishing vessels, and in the laboratories of the MACN of Buenos Aires and the DIPMAG. Four programmes, under the name of "Operations", were performed during this time.

The Hake Programme ("Operacibn Merluza", developed be tween May 1954 and November 1956), was the most far-reaching, covering wide lati tudinal (34~176 and bathymetric (40-200 m) ranges, which corresponded to the fishing grounds of the off- shore fleet. Among the biological results of the environmenta l studies, ment ion should be made of the contributions concerning the taxonomy and ecological distribution of species of phytoplankton publ ished by Balech (1959) and Frenguell i & Orlando (1959). From biostatistical sampling of randomly-chosen samples of fish species from the commercial catches, it was possible to obtain the first results on the populat ion structure of the nor thern stock of the common hake (Merluccius hubbsi), its distribution in relation to water masses and currents, and the migratory cycle of the adults (Angelescu et al., 1958).

The second programme ("Operacibn Nivel Medio", geographically limited to the area of 38 ~ S), consisted of fifteen monthly voyages on oceanographic vessels of SHN, be tween July 1957 and December 1958. The objective of these cruises was to carry out studies on the fishery biology and envi ronmenta l conditions prevail ing during the life cycle of the shrimp Pleoticus muelleri. Samples for the biostatistical study were mainly obta ined from aboard a prototype vessel of the shrimp fishing fleet (Angelescu & Boschi, 1959).

The last two combined programmes (the operations "Centolla and Cuenca") were

carried out in the summer of 1959/1960 in the inner Patagoman shelf (44~176 and the

area northwest of the Malvinas Islands. The oceanographic studies - mainly on basic

physical parameters - only included the area of San Jorge Gulf (45~176

Samples of catches were analyzed on board the fishing vessel, these samples mainly

comprised the common hake, the longtai led hake (Nfacruronus magellanicus), and the king crab ~Lithodes santollaJ; results of these cruises were publ ished by Angelescu (1960).

The combined sampling strategy for oceanographic and fishery data, developed from 1952-1959. was to be essentially main ta ined as the basic pattern in the cru ise-planning for fishery research on the Argent in ian shelf, for years to come.

T h e th i rd e p o c h : a d v a n c e s in m a r i n e s c i e n c e as a r e su l t of i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n (1957-1980)

Ehrhch & S~nchez (1990) listed a series of events that took place in Argent ina during the '50s and '60s, that permitted the materialization of joint research activities be tween Argent in ian and foreign scientists. Among them are the creations of the Depar tment of Oceanography in the SHN, the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research

474 V. Angelescu & R. P. Shnchez

(CONICET), the Institute of Marine Biology of Mar del Plata (IBM), the Centre of Marine Biology (CIBIMA), with its central venue in Buenos Aires and marine stations in Rawson, Puerto Deseado and Ushuaia, and the Argent in ian Institute of Oceanography (IADO) in Bahia Blanca, a centre for the development of all branches of oceanography.

Scient i f ic c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h the USA: p r o g r e s s i n t he f ie lds of g e o p h y s i c s a n d p h y s i c a l o c e a n o g r a p h y

The first results deriving from internat ional cooperation were obtained in the fields of geophysics and physical oceanography. Joint scientific efforts be tween the USA and Argent ina began in 1957, and have since then materialized in several projects in those branches of marine science. Four bilateral programmes be tween the Argen t in ian Naval Hydrographic Service and the Lamont Geological Observatory (Columbia University, New York) and Texas A & M University, were carried out from 1957-1980.

As a part of the scientific activities p rogrammed for the Internat ional Geophysical Year (1957-58) a series of seven cruises was p lanned be tween 1957 and 1962 on board four oceanographic vessels of the Naval Hydrographic Service and the RVs "Vema" and "Theta" of the Lamont Geological Observatory (Valdez & Aguirre, 1976). The primary aims of these cruises were to study the physical and chemical properties of different water masses, the circulation of deep waters, the geological structure of the sea bottom, the propagation of sound in the ocean, and to obtain samples of abyssal fauna. Among the important results from the cont inuous seismic refraction and reflection measurement s taken during this programme, were the geophysical description of the submerged Argent inian coastal plain and the characteristics of the sediment deposit ion on the Argent inian basin (Ewing et al., 1964). Cooperation be tween the Depar tment of Oceanography and Meteorology of Texas A & M University and the Argen t in ian Hydro- graphic Office and Hydrobiological Station of MACN (Puerto Quequ6n) resulted in a joint project named "Productividad". The main interest in these invest igat ions was to measure primary production and s tanding crop of the phytoplankton, a nd to determine regional and seasonal variations in productivity along the Argent inian Cont inen ta l Shelf, in the Drake Passage and the Weddell Sea. A secondary objective was to study the species composition of the phytoplankton and zooplankton populations at the stations where productivity measurements were made. Results of this programme are given by E1- Sayed (1964. 1965}.

From October 1976 to May 1978, personnel from the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory participated in four cruises aboard the ARA "Islas Orcadas" (formerly USNS "Eltanin") with the cooperation of the Argent in ian Navy Hydrographic Service. The physical oceanographic component of these cruises was designed to invest igate the circulation and distribution of water masses in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (Huber et al.. 1981). By combin ing satellite observations of the Brazil a n d Malvinas currents, from 1975-1978 with the hydrographic measurements on board the "Islas Orcadas". Legeckis & Gordon (1982) were able to describe the sea surface temperature patterns associated with the two major currents and show that after the encounter , warm and cold eddies are ejected from the main flow. It has been estimated that the available potential energy of these eddies is of the same order of maqni tude as the Gulf Stream rings (Garzoli & Garrafo, 1989).


The project, known as "International Southern Ocean Studies", was des igned to evaluate and test various Antarctic Intermediate Water formation and circulation mechanisms. As part of this project, hydrographic information was collected in the austral winter of 1980 on board the R.V. "Atlantis II". The cruise covered an extended area of the continental slope, adjacent waters and southern seas. Cruise sampling scheme and data set are given by Piola et al. (1981).

T h e F A O Pro jec t of F i s h e r y D e v e l o p m e n t

A major part of the cruises carried out on the Argent in ian Continental Shelf be tween 1966-1975 were part of a cooperation project be tween the FAO of the United Nations and the Argent in ian Government , with several local institutions as counterparts (the Naval Hydrographic Service and Institute of Marine Biology, the National Directory of Fishery, and the National Institute of Industrial Technology) and with the official venue in Mar del Plata. A total of 33 internat ional and nat ional experts were assigned to the project, which flourished from 1966-71; after a gap of two years, complementary assistance was granted in 1974.

From the beginning, a central issue of the project was to develop a systematic programme of oceanographic and fishery cruises covering the different hydrographic scenarios on the Argent in ian Cont inenta l Shelf. Three research vessels were assigned to the project, with pe rmanen t dedication, the oceanographic ARA "Capit~in C~inepa" of the Naval Hydrographic Service, and the fisheries research vessels "Cruz del Sur" provided by FAO, and "Eolo" by the Argent in ian Government . For additional sampling of fish and decapod crustacean species of the coastal region and inner shelf, vessels of the commercial fleet of the Mar del Plata port were hired.

The ARA "Capit~in C~nepa" carried out fourteen cruises of the series "Pesquer/as" {the Spanish word for Fisheries), be tween 1966-1970, in the fishing grounds of the most important economic species. Besides data on the horizontal and vertical distribution of physical parameters and nutrients, results were obtained on the distribution and abundance of phyto- zoo-. and ichthyoplankton. Bathymetric registers were made, and bottom sediments were collected. Furthermore, envi ronmenta l conditions and plankton samples were studied seasonally in one transect off Mar del Plata (Ramirez et al., 1973).

The activity of R.V. "Cruz del Sur" comprised 23 cruises of exploratory and experimental fishing, and 7 oceanographic surveys during the period 1966-1975. Results of oceanographic, biological and fishery investigations were publ ished in the series of Technical Reports and Information Documents of the Project, and also in several numbers of the Bulletin and Contributions of the "Instituto de Biologia Marina" of Mar del Plata and in "Physis", the Journal of the Natural Sciences Association of Argentina.

As regards fisheries resources, the information obtained during this period refers mainly to biomass assessments of the stocks of common hake (Rojo & Silvosa, 1969, 1970; Odemar & Silvosa, 1971) and anchovy (Aasen, 1967; Brandhorst & Castello, 1971b; Brandhorst et al., 1971), to aspects of the fishery biology of several fish species (Rojo & Silvosa. 1969; Brandhorst et al., 1974) and decapod crustaceans and mollusc bivalves present in the commercial catches (Boschi & Scelzo, 1969: Fenucci et al. 1974; Scelzo et a l , 1974); also to studies of the hydrological characteristics of their habitats (Brandhorst & C astello, 197 l a). Ichthyoplankton surveys rendered information on the identification and

476 V. Ange lescu & R. P. S~inchez

del imitat ion of the spawning grounds and seasons of severa l fish species, on the description of the oceanograph ic characterist ics prevai l ing in them (Ciechomski, 1969), and gave the first assessment of the spawning biomass of the anchovy (Ciechomski & Capezzani , 1973). Based on the distr ibution of physical parameters , Aasen & Caste l lo (1968) were able to de tec t new fishing grounds for pe lag ic species such as the boni to (Sarda sarda).

The joint scientific efforts of FAO exper ts and Argent in ian inst i tut ions act ing as counterparts , and the per iodici ty and continuity of the sampl ing p rog ramme , provided results that m e a n t a re levant step forward in the knowledge of the f isheries ecosys tems of the Argen t in ian Sea, their potential , and re la ted envi ronmenta l condit ions.

F i s h e r i e s e x p l o r a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s in c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s on t h e b a s i s of b i l a t e r a l a g r e e m e n t s ( 1 9 6 6 - 1 9 8 0 )

From 1966, a series of cruises were carr ied out in foreign resea rch and fishing vessels, in the cont inenta l shelf off Argent ina , inc luding the sou thernmos t ex t reme (Burdwood Bank), and the slope. Bilateral ag reement s and research p r o g r a m m e s were s igned b e t w e e n nat ional authori t ies and the governments of Germany , Japan , and Poland. On the Argen t in ian side, the pr incipal counterpar ts were the Inst i tute of Mar ine Biology of Mar del Plata and, from 1977 onwards, its successor the Na t iona l Institute of Fisheries Research and Deve lopment (INIDEP). These insti tutions col labora ted , having the necessary logistics and scientific staff.

The main object ive of these cruises was to increase the knowledge on the t ime-space location of demersa l (common hake, and accompany ing species) and pe lag ic fish (anchovy, mackere l , Fuegan sprat), squid and de c a pod crus tacean stocks, and the est imation of their abundance . In many of these cruises, fishing data were s u p p l e m e n t e d by hydroaccoust ic regis ters and a comple te envi ronmenta l sampl ing inc lud ing basic physical parameters , meteorological measurements , and the distr ibution a n d a b u n d a n c e of phytoplankton , zooplankton, i ch thyoplankton and benthos.

Bilateral explora t ion p rogrammes dur ing these per iods inc luded t h r e e visits of the Ge rman R. V. "Walther Herwig" (1966, 1970-7t . 1978; Schmidt. 1971: C iechomsk i et al.. 1979), an exper imen ta l fishing project aboard the Ge rman R. V. "Marburg" (1979; Dahm, 1980), a series of cruises on three J a p a n e s e R.V.s "Kaiyo Maru" (1969-70; Hanamura . 1971; Bellisio & Ldpez, 1973), "Orient Maru" (1976-77; Cousseau. 1978) and "Shinkai Maru" (1978-79; JAMARC, 1977; Cousseau et al., 1979), and a late spr ing survey of the Pa tagon ian shelf on the Polish R.V. Professor Siedlecki (1973: Burczynski & Wrzesinski . 1974; Cotrina et al., 1976). From the chronological and opera t ional s tandpoints , the contr ibut ions that der ived from the p rog rammes were a complement , and l a t e r a continu- ation, of the FAO Project of Fishery Development .

A pr incipal object ive of these p rog rammes was the survey and a s se s sme n t of f ishery resources of the Patagonian. F u e g a n and Malvinas regions. DemersaI r e sources were genera l ly eva lua ted through the swept a rea me thod (Ehrich, 1980: Otero et al., 1983), and occasional ly th rough hydroaccoust ics with echoin tegra tor (Burczynski & Wrzesinski , 1974). Hydroacous t ic and ich thyoplankton methods were also used for the sp r ing assessment of the anchovy stocks aboard "Shinkai Maru" (Matsumiya & Hayase , 1982; Ciechomski et al., 1983).

The opera t ional capaci ty of the research vessels involved, the e x t e n d e d t ime/space


coverage of the individual cruises, and the continuity achieved, particularly during the combined programmes of the "Walther Herwig", "Shinkai Maru" series {autumn 1978-- au tumn 1979), permitted the investigation of fishery resources of such areas as the cont inental slope and Burdwood Bank, of which only occasional references were available. The spawning and nursery grounds of Southern Patagonian species were described for the first time {Ciechomski et al., 1975}. The abundances of fish eggs and larvae were related to envi ronmenta l variables, inc luding the densities of accompanying zooplankton (Ciechomski & S6nchez, I983}. The structure, distribution and abundance of the stocks, the fish communit ies and the prevail ing hydrographic conditions of the shelf and slope regions were described in detail Hatanaka, 1986; Inada, 1983; Ishino et al., 1983; Menni & Gosztonyi, 1982; Menni & L6pez, 1984; Otero et al., 1982; Podest6, 1990). Target species were the common hake, the longtai led hake, the southern blue whit ing (Mic- romesistius australis), the southern cod (Salilota australis), the kingklip (Genypterus blacodes), and the squids Illex argentinus and Loligo gahi; at the same time, a taxonomi- cal catalogue of the fish species, decapod crustaceans and cephalopods trawled of Patagonian shelf was produced by Nakamura (1986). Most of the contributions by the Argent in ian scientists form part of the volume edited by Angelescu {1981}, and are in relation to the "Walther Herwig/Shinkai Maru" programmes. Many others were published in the two periodical publications of INIDEP (Contribuciones and Revista de Investigaci6n y Desarrollo Pesquero). '

Internat ional cooperation covered all the fisheries exploration activities on the Argent in ian Cont inenta l Shelf during the third epoch, and a good part of the oceanographic cruises. Local hydrographic research included important achievements, such as the repetition, in 1957, of the southernmost intercont inental transect of the R.V. "Meteor" programme. The confluence region was actively invest igated by Argent in ian scientists through a series of projects (Valdez & Aguire, 1976}, with the main objective of locating and describing the region and the processes involved, through basic hydrographic data and planktonic indicators (Lusquihos. 1966; Boltovskoy, 1970). Ment ion should also be made of the series of 40 oceanographic cruises carried out by the R.V. "El Austral" of CONICET Ithe former "Atlantis". built in 1930 for the Woods Hole Laboratory) during 1970-78. with a coverage of over 35,000 miles, mostly on the inner shelf and coastal area of Buenos Aires Province and North Patagonian shelf (IADO, 1981). The intense hydrographic activity during this period is reflected in the amount of publications on the oceanographic characteristics of the area. In addition to those already cited, reference should be made to the contributions of Thomsen {1962) and Lusquifios & Valdez (1971) on the description of the water masses of the Southwest Atlantic. More recently though, based on data collected during this third epoch, Bianchi et al. (1982} presented a statistical analysis of the temperature and salinity characteristics of the austral extreme of the Argent in ian Cont inenta l Shelf. Likewise, Martos & Piccolo (1988) reported on the seasonal hydrographic characteristics of the shelf in the area 38 ~ - 42~ from data collected be tween 1957 and 1980.

Regional cooperation developed dur ing this period regarding the field of oceanography. From I962 to 1966, four cruises aboard the ARA C6nepa were carried out as part of

' A complete hst of all papers published is available on request from the Institute Library {the author s addressl

478 V. Angelescu & R: P. S~nchez

the project "Tridente", a joint scientific effort of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay for the intensive study of the different water masses of the south american coast from Cape Frio (Brazil) to Cape Horn. Also in 1962, the Regional Advisory Fisheries Commission for the Southwest Atlantic (FAO/CARPAS) was created, with the participation of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The official venue was the Regional Fishery Office of FAO for Latin America in Rio de Janeiro. Until its conclusion, CARPAS held periodical meet ings of scientists of the three countries, and produced a series of publications catalogued as "Theme", "Occasional ~ and "Technical ~ Documents. In 1974, the Combined (Argentina/ Uruguay) Technical Commission of the Maritime Front (CTM) was appoin ted as a result of the creation of a common fishing area be tween the two countries. During the following decade, and due to the initiative of its Scientific Secretary, the late H6ctor Otero, the CTM actively promoted the regional scientific integrat ion through the material izat ion of joint exploratory cruises, internat ional t raining courses, annua l scientific meetings, and the publicat ion of the CTM journal (formerly "Publicaciones de la Comisi6n T~cnica Mixta del Frente Marftimo", now called "Frente Maritimo") which includes contributions from the two countries, from Brazilian scientists of the Rio Grande University, and even from Russian scientists working on the Southwest Atlantic.

T h e fou r th e p o c h : the i n c o r p o r a t i o n of f i she ry r e s e a r c h ves se l s to I N I D E P a n d the d e v e l o p m e n t of n e w c o o p e r a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s (1980-1992)

The National Institute for Fisheries Research and Development (INIDEP) was created in 1977 on the premises of the former Institute of Marine Biology in Mar del Plata. The tasks of INIDEP consist carrying out research and development programmes in relation to all fisheries resources, including freshwater species; also on marine algae and mammals. During this period, two modern fishery research vessels were incorporated by INIDEP, the R. V. "Dr. E.L. Holmberg", constructed in Japan in 1980 (GRT 858, l ength overall 62 m) and the R. V. "Cap. Oca Balda" built in Germany in 1983 (GRT 1100, l ength overall 65 m). Coastal research has been carried out since 1980 with a new "Capi t~n C~nepa" built in Argent ina in 1964 (GRT 230, length overall 39 m) as a fishery vessel, and later adapted to perform some oceanographical operations.

With the incorporation of these three vessels. INIDEP concentrated most of the local activity on the Argent in ian shelf and accumula ted a large amount of information on the resources unde r commercial exploitation comprising some 56 species (45 fish spp., 3 cephalopod spp., 3 mollusc bivalve spp. and 5 decapod crustacean spp.), i nc lud ing their biomass estimates and potential yield. A review, on this subject has recent ly been publ i shed by Boschi (1993). Investigations on the early life history s tages of fish have increased markedly during the last decade; regional revisions of this type of study, inc luding comprehensive bibhographies, were presented by Ciechomski (1991) and

S~nchez (1991). A main objective of the oceanographic cruises carried out by INIDEP dur ing this

period was the description of frontal systems, which in our area inc lude the riverine p lume of the Rio de la Plata, an extended and highly productive shelf b reak front and the tidal frontal system off Peninsula Vald~s (Carreto et al., 1986). The pr incipal fisherier ecosystems and fish assemblages on the Argent in ian Cont inental Shelf were described focusing on different asoects of fisheries ecology with a multispecles approach


(Angelescu, 1982; Angelescu & Prenski, 1987). INIDEP authorities favoured the realiza- tion of research programmes to satisfy the requests of the fishing industry, which yielded some interest ing results in the field of experimental fishing with the incorporation of new fishing gears and techniques.

Three major bibliographic initiatives, appear ing during this period, deserve a special mention. The Zooplankton Atlas of the Southwest Atlantic (Boltovskoy, 1981), which appeared as a special publication of INIDEP, includes the work of several specialists on the taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the different groups, including the larval stages of decapod crustaceans and fishes, with excellent illustrations, exhaustive bibl iography and a detailed review of the oceanographic conditions of the Southwest Atlantic. Likewise, the contribution of Menni et al. (1984, fish spp.) and Boschi et al. (1992, crustacean spp.) are a fundamenta l reference for ichthyologists and fishery biologists working in this area. These publications include the taxonomic classification, with keys and systematic revisions, collection references and adequate illustrations of the marine fish and crustacean species of Argent ina and Uruguay.

A significant step forward in our comprehension of the hydrology of the region derives from the synoptic and global observations of the sea surface by means of environmenta l satellites. Recently, Podest~ et al. (1991) described the annua l cycle of surface temperatures in the area. The combinat ion of historical data series with satellite- derived information, has broadened our knowledge of the water masses' characteristics of the Southwest Atlantic, and reinforced the value of information obta ined in former times (Balech, 1986; Fedulov et al., 1990; Severov, 1990). Also during this period, the use of historical data sets permitted the elaboration of several theoretical models on the mean seasonal transport on the Argent in ian Cont inenta l Shelf (Lusquifios & Schrott, 1983; Forbes & Garrafo, 1988).

Relevant information for the unders tand ing of oceanographic, and fisheries, processes came from the use of maritime weather reports. The information contained in the US National Climatic Center 's files of surface marine observations enabled Bakun and Parrish (1991) to estimate sea surface temperature, wind stress, surface Ekman transport distributions and wind mixing indices, and extend their framework of comparative climatology of reproductive habitats of neritic pelagic fishes to include the Southwest Atlantic.

Although less frequent during the third epoch, bilateral programmes have rendered valuable results particularly in the fields of oceanography, survey and appraisal of cephalopod resources and recrui tment studies. Two joint programmes with the ex-Soviet Union allowed exploration in areas where very little information was available. In 1988. the R.V. "Evrika" surveyed the Argent in ian shelf, slope and adjacent waters, to a bottom depth of 4500 m. The main objectives of this cruise were to investigate the distribution and abundance of the early developmenta l stages of the cephalopods, mainly fllex argentinus, and the distribution and feeding ecology of the common hake (Nigmatulin. 1989; Brunetti & Rossi, 1990; Brunetti & Ivanovic, 1992). More recently (March/April 1992) the R.V, "Dimitri Stefanov" surveyed the coastal region of the Argent in ian Pro- vince of Santa Cruz, Magel lan Strait and Fireland, in order to locate and assess the coastal populat ion of the Fuegan sprat (Sprattus fuegensis) an up to then enigmat ic species (S~nchez et al., 1993).

A joint project with Japan and Uruguay, including a cruise on the R.V. "Kaiyo Maru"

480 V. Angelescu & R. P. S~nchez

in the winter of 1989, supplied a large amount of information on the distr ibution and abundance of early and juveni le stages of squid species, mainly Illex argentinus and Loligo sanpaulensis, and references to the occurrence of other cephalopod species in the cont inental shelf, slope and adjacent waters off Argent ina and Uruguay (Brunetti et al., 1990; Kawahara, 1991). With the accumulat ion of information from previous epochs, and particularly after the incorporation of the new research vessels, the time was ripe for local and bilateral programmes to enlarge the framework of classical systematic surveys to include process oriented investigations.

In 1980, the first toxic red tide outbreak was detected in the area of Peninsu la Vald4s (Carreto et al., 1981). A series of cruises were carried out in order to invest igate the processes that originate, mainta in and propagate the bloom of the dinoflagellate Alexan- drium excavatum. The existence of the tidal frontal system in the area was in fact discovered during the initial stages of this programme (Carreto et al., 1993). Following the first episode, the toxic area expanded to cover nearly all the Argen t in ian coastal ecosystem. Since then, paralytic shellfish poisoning is regularly monitored in Argent ina.

Process-oriented investigations were also carried out in the field of larval fish ecology. The drift and mortality of a patch of anchovy eggs and larvae were s tudied by Sanchez et al. (1991) in a Lagrangian exper iment aboard R.V. "Dr. E. L. Holmberg" in

the spring of 1983. During the last decade, an intensive programme was carried out in the Southwest

Atlantic to study the processes involved in the complicated dynamics of the confluence region (Olson et al.. 1988). From 1984 to 1990 seven oceanographic crmses were carried out as part of the project "Confluence" with the participation of Argentina, France (Laboratoire d 'Oceanographie Dynamique et Climatologie University of Paris) and the USA (Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory), aboard two Argent inian R.V.s I 'Puer to Deseado" and "Cap. Oca Balda") and the French "Le Suroit" Primary objectives of this project were: to monitor the variability of dynamic topography in the area of the confluence, and to study the t ime-space fluctuations of the associated thermo-hal ine fronts; to obtain detailed seasonal water mass descriptions of the region, detect changes in water mass composition and evaluate the modifications due to small-scale mixing across the frontal region, and to determine the strength of the CO~ sink in the region during winter conditions (Guerrero et al.. 1987: Charo et al.. 1991). Indirect wind observations (Garzoli & Clements 1986) and the t ime-space variability of the confluence dynamics IGarzoli & Bianchi, 1987) have been studied by a setting of inverted echo sounders. Descriptions have been presented on the transport, frontal motion and the potential energy of the eddies ejected from the main flow (Garzoh & Garrafo, 1989).

In the spring of 1989, a high-spatial resolution experiment des igned to elucidate processes relevant to fish recrui tment variabil i ty was carried out on board the German R.V. "Meteor", with the participation of physical and biological oceanographers from five countries (Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Sweden and Uruguay). The project was carried out under the umbrel la of the "Ocean Science in relation to Living Resources" programme of IOC/UNESCO. The objective of this cruise was to invest igate the integrated impact of hydrographic and biological parameters of different physical environ- ments on larval fish survival (IOC/UNESCO, 1990; Nellen 1990),

As a consequence of all this collaboration - nat ional and in terna t ional - in 1974 Argent ina created a centre of oceanographic data (CEADO) organized by the Naval Hydrographic Service (SHN) and CONICET.


CONCLUSION

Figure 2 is an attempt to summarize all the above information about scientific research on the Argenf in ian Sea and adjacent waters. We have classified cruises of the different chronological periods analyzed, on the basis of several criteria. Classification corresponding to the area surveyed (1-4 in the front basis of the figure) is the same as for Figure 1. Depending on its main objective, each cruise was classified as: (A) hydrographic; (B) includes the collection of p lankton/benthos samples, environmenta l monitor- ing, etc. oceanographic; (C) experimental-exploratory fishing; (D) fisheries oceanography. According to the country that organized the cruise, these have been classified as: (I) foreign; (II) foreign with Argent in ian participants, (III) cruises resulting from bilateral agreements; and (IV) Argent in ian cruises.

The general trends are self-explanatory. In all the periods analysed, most of the cruises took place on the continental shelf and coastal regions. In the early days, coastal research prevailed. From 1960 onwards, there has been a general increase in the number of cruises and a predominance of cruises covering the entire shelf. As regards their objective, it is clear that in the beginning , research programmes were mostly hydrographic (over time biologists were incorporated into these programmes), so that thereaf- ter oceanographic cruises predominate. During the last decade, the majority of cruises were promoted by INIDEP, and, consequently, were mostly stocks assessment and fisheries oceanography cruises. The impact of internat ional cooperation during the third epoch, together with the increasing incidence of local activities over time, becomes evident.

N U M B E R OF CRUISES ON T H E A R G E N T I N E SEA A N D A D J A C E N T W A T E R S

I I I I I I .L. 1 I I I;,.L

I I I

I 2 3 4 A B C D

I

II

II III IV

T Y P E O F E X P L O R A T I O N

Fig. 2. Number of cruises on the Argentinian shelf and adjacent waters, classified chronologically and according to the type of exploration. See text for explanation of references

482 V. A n g e l e s c u & R. P. S 6 n c h e z

T r e n d s o b s e r v e d in t h e e v o l u t i o n of o c e a n o g r a p h i c a n d f i she r i e s r e s e a r c h in o t h e r

p a r t s of t he w o r l d w e r e a lso o b s e r v e d in ou r s t u d y reg ion : T h e s u b s i d i a r y ro le of m a r i n e

b i o l o g y to h y d r o g r a p h i c p r o g r a m m e s d u r i n g t h e 19 th cen tu ry , t h e g r a d u a l i n c o r p o r a t i o n

of na tu r a l i s t s , and , w i t h t he c o u r s e of t ime, m a r i n e b io log i s t s a n d b i o l o g i c a l o c e a n o -

g r a p h e r s to t h o s e p r o g r a m m e s , t h e t r a n s i t i o n s f rom b o t a n y a n d zoo logy to eco logy , f rom

f ish to f i she ry b i o l o g y a n d l a t e r f i she r i e s eco logy , t he n e e d to d e v e l o p r e g i o n a l jo in t

p r o g r a m m e s , a n d t h e t e n d e n c y to m o v e f rom s y s t e m a t i c to p r o c e s s o r i e n t e d s u r v e y : all of

t h e s e h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d e l s e w h e r e o n m a n y occas ions .

W e d id n o t a t t e m p t to i n c l u d e in th i s p a p e r a n e x h a u s t i v e list of b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l

c i t a t ions d e r i v e d f rom t h o s e sc ien t i f i c in i t i a t ives . A m o r e d e t a i l e d r e v i e w , w i t h full

b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l r e f e r e n c e s a n d t a b u l a t e d f i she r i e s p r o g r a m m e s o p e r a t i n g i n t h e r e g i o n

f rom 1874 o n w a r d s , h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n p r e s e n t e d b y A n g e l e s c u & S 6 n c h e z (1994) in a

S p a n i s h v e r s i o n of th is Pape r . S o m e r e a d e r s m a y fee l t h a t s o m e a u t h o r s or i m p o r t a n t

p a p e r s h a v e n o t b e e n r e f e r r e d to. O u r c r i t e r ion , a l b e i t sub j ec t i ve , h a s b e e n to c i te t h o s e

p a p e r s t h a t wil l h e l p t h e i n t e r e s t e d r e a d e r to w o r k t he i r w a y t h r o u g h t h e e x t e n s i v e

l i t e r a t u r e on th i s r eg ion . It h a s b e e n ou r i n t e n t i o n , in w r i t i n g th i s c o n t r i b u t i o n , to p r e s e n t

for t he c o n s i d e r a t i o n of our c o l l e a g u e s a t t e n d i n g t he sc ien t i f ic S y m p o s i u m on the

o c c a s i o n of t h e c e n t e n n i a l of t h e B i o l o g i s c h e A n s t a l t H e l g o l a n d , t h e r e s u l t s of t he

sc ien t i f ic ef for ts of all t h e o c e a n o g r a p h e r s a n d f i she ry b io log i s t s w o r k i n g o n th i s d i s t a n t

r e g i o n of t h e W o r l d O c e a n , m a n y t i m e s u n d e r u n f a v o u r a b l e cond i t i ons . To all of t h e m

g o e s t he t r i b u t e of ou r r e c o g n i t i o n .

Acknowledgements, We gratefully acknowledge the assistance provided by C. Bertelo and by C. Carozza (INIDEP) in the preparat ion of the illustrations and the poster version of this contribution. The travelling expenses of R. Shnchez were funded by the Argent in ian-German Programme for Scientif ioTechnological Cooperation. This is contribution No. 822 of INIDEP.

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