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Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, Vol. 12, Issue 1, No. 45, Spring 2020 1 A Comparative Analysis of Two Persian Translations of Kalila and Dimna (Case Study: The Story of the Apes) Fahime Marani * S. Mohammad Reza Ibnorrasool * * Mohsen Mohamadi Fesharaki * * * Abstract This study seeks to adapt the narrative of The Apes in Kalila and Dimna with two Persian translations of Nasrallah Monshi and Muhammad Bukhari written in the 6 th century AH. The authors have attempted to analyze these two translations in a descriptive-comparative way and to pay particular attention to their method of lexical equivalence. Also, in particular, the translation of the term ‘Yara’ah’ has been taken into account in this narrative, as if one of the translators has failed to translate it. One of the most important results of this research is that Nasrallah Monshi tries to create new templates in the target language for the transfer of concepts expressed in the source language, so that no part of the form and meaning disappears. He has therefore begun to invent new texts. But, Muhammad Bukhari has translated the original Arabic text into Persian as far as possible, and his translation is closer to the Arabic text of Ibn al-Muqaffa’. Also, Muhammad Bukhari also tends to be more in line with Persian equivalents in terms of vocabulary, but Arabicism in Nasrallah Monshi’s translation (the use of Arabic vocabulary, an affirmation of verses, proverbs and greedy poems), is more common. Introduction This study is about the correspondence of Bozanagan (Hamdungan) anecdote of Kalila and Dimna with Persian translations by Nasrollah Monshi and Mohammad Ibn Abdullah Bokhari and attempts to provide an analytical view of the lexical equivalents in this anecdote. Among the anecdotes, there must be a brief anecdotal selection that the Arabic vocabulary of two Persian translations was compared in the form of an article. In addition, we preferred to choose an anecdote with a highlight. This anecdote is a complete in terms of structure and narrative, and there is a notable interpretation (the word ‘idiom’) in which one of the two translators of the Kalila and Dimna has failed in its translation. In translating this anecdote, translators sometimes translate the Arabic word of the source text into a more notional Arabic word for Persian speakers and sometimes use the same word or a Persian word for translation. * PhD Candidate, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran * * Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran * * * Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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Page 1: A Comparative Analysis of Two Persian Translations of ...rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_24184_d7e56cb33a1cb14674458fb6e4613225.pdf · Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, Vol. 12, Issue

Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, Vol. 12, Issue 1, No. 45, Spring 2020

1

A Comparative Analysis of Two Persian Translations of Kalila and Dimna (Case

Study: The Story of the Apes)

Fahime Marani ∗

S. Mohammad Reza Ibnorrasool∗∗

Mohsen Mohamadi Fesharaki∗∗∗

Abstract

This study seeks to adapt the narrative of The Apes in Kalila and Dimna with two Persian

translations of Nasrallah Monshi and Muhammad Bukhari written in the 6th

century AH. The

authors have attempted to analyze these two translations in a descriptive-comparative way and to

pay particular attention to their method of lexical equivalence. Also, in particular, the translation

of the term ‘Yara’ah’ has been taken into account in this narrative, as if one of the translators has

failed to translate it. One of the most important results of this research is that Nasrallah Monshi

tries to create new templates in the target language for the transfer of concepts expressed in the

source language, so that no part of the form and meaning disappears. He has therefore begun to

invent new texts. But, Muhammad Bukhari has translated the original Arabic text into Persian as

far as possible, and his translation is closer to the Arabic text of Ibn al-Muqaffa’. Also,

Muhammad Bukhari also tends to be more in line with Persian equivalents in terms of

vocabulary, but Arabicism in Nasrallah Monshi’s translation (the use of Arabic vocabulary, an

affirmation of verses, proverbs and greedy poems), is more common.

Introduction

This study is about the correspondence of Bozanagan (Hamdungan) anecdote of Kalila and

Dimna with Persian translations by Nasrollah Monshi and Mohammad Ibn Abdullah Bokhari

and attempts to provide an analytical view of the lexical equivalents in this anecdote. Among the

anecdotes, there must be a brief anecdotal selection that the Arabic vocabulary of two Persian

translations was compared in the form of an article.

In addition, we preferred to choose an anecdote with a highlight. This anecdote is a complete

in terms of structure and narrative, and there is a notable interpretation (the word ‘idiom’) in

which one of the two translators of the Kalila and Dimna has failed in its translation. In

translating this anecdote, translators sometimes translate the Arabic word of the source text into

a more notional Arabic word for Persian speakers and sometimes use the same word or a Persian

word for translation.

∗ PhD Candidate, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of

Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

∗∗ Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Isfahan,

Isfahan, Iran

∗∗∗ Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities,

University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, Vol. 12, Issue 1, No. 45, Spring 2020

2

Material & Methods

The recognition and extrapolation of the Arabic words in the above translations, the

categorization and then the comparison with the Arabic vocabulary of the source text were done

to specifically answer the following two questions: How much is the use of Arabic vocabulary in

the Persian translation of Kalila and Dimna? Secondly, are the Arabic words of the target text

exactly same as Arabic words of the source text? Or, has the translator chosen more Arabic

familiar words for them the Persian equivalence of the Arabic words?

The difference of this study with other researches is sentence by sentence analysis about the

style difference of two translations. After that, the application of Arabic words in two

translations and their differences with Arabic vocabulary of the source text is checked with

statistical analysis. Also at the same time, the superiority of each translator against the other one,

illustrated over the lexical equality by giving an example.

Discussion of Results & Conclusions

One-third of Arabic words of translations were exactly the same as the Arabic words in the

source text, indicating that those words were still used in their original meaning in Persian at that

time. Monshi's contribution to the use of these words is more than Bokhari.

Keywords

Kalila and Dimna, Ibn al-Muqaffa’, Nasrallah Monshi, Bidpaye’s Stories, Muhammad

Bukhari, Yara’ah.

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.حلية الملوك و زينتهم قرابينهم أن يكثروا و يصلحوا و إنما

��!" -# ? �%�. �� *� ���� :� �� 8�+ ����#,��� �� *� �� A��� �82+ 2��.

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.و إنك أردت أاليدنو من األسد غيرك

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X(% pY#� :»2>;��« �»2+��« p#� X(%�%�� � �G�� �#�� M- ���� p#� �� 2�>W� �#>* . .بأصحابه وأعوانه كالبحر بأمواجهو إنما السلطان

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8 / �> .�%�& _�� �%��+ O�%)*+ � 8�(�.2�2" F�� . O�% )�������!+ .8 O�� .) ���45(�G� 1399

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ي?اء و م?ودة النس?اء بالغلظ?ة و نف?ع الم?رء نفس?ه بض?ر األجر و من الـحمق التماس اإلخوان بغير الوفاء، و بالر كن ما غناء هذه المقالة وجدا هذا التأنيب؟الناس، و الفضل و العلم بالدعة و الـخفض، ول

��!" �W5� -# .و الخفض... و من الـحمق التماس اإلخوان بغير الوفاء، و: �%� ?

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ياء، مودة النساء بالغلظة، نفع المرء نفسه بضر الناس و الفضل و العلم بالدعة و الـخفض ��3 ��( �!�,� � »بالر������ �#, �>&#7 �%�.

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�-( �#~�2 ولكن ما غناء هذه المقالة وجدا هذا التأنيب؟��#� � )>;�� � 8��2 �� �'� %'#��� � ��;'<( %'�5'�� z�# � � �� � 8� _�� � � 3: ��� z��!���� (� )��� �� S�� ��% ��2�.

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l�� �o4�#� )�>;7 �� .)»دواءوداء النوک ليس له «: ��2 � �> �*� �� �*82 �%�» و� الت�ب�ص�ر م�ن الي�فه�م« $"!!"#�.

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زعموا أن جماعة من القردة کن في جبل، ف?رأين ف?ي ليل?ة ب?اردة يراع?ة : ؟ قال كليلةو كيف كان ذلك : فقال دمنة .فحسبنها نارا، فجمعن حطبا فوضعنه عليها وجعلن ينفخن بأفواههن و يروحن بأيديهن

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حن بأيد ، و يرو .يهن فحسبنها نارا، فجمعن حطبا، فوضعنه عليها، و جعلن ينفخن بأفواههنX(% pY#� :»�G���&P« �»�G�2�P« p#� X(%�%�.

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، فتناوله بعضهم وضرب به األرض فقتله، فهذا مثل? رهن ك ف?ي قل?ة االنتف?اع فلم يلتفت إلى قوله، دنا منهن ليبص

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