COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTUREPROJECT BASED LAB REPORT

On

16-BIT BARREL SHIFTERSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology

InCOMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

By

V.Sowjanya (150030965)

V.V.S. Hari Krishna (150030998)

S.V. Rohith (150031000)

UNDER THE GUIDENCE

OF

M.VASUJA DEVI

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

K L UNIVERSITY

Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur district-522 502

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the course based project titled 16 BIT BARRREL SHIFTER being

submitted by

V.SOWJANYA (150030965)

V.V.S.HARI KRISHNA (150030998)

S.V.ROHITH (150031000)

in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in COMPUTER

SCIENCE ENGINEERING is a record of bonfide work carried out by them under my

guidance during the academic year 2016-2017 and it has been found worthy of acceptance

according to the requirements of the university.

UNDER THE GUIDENCE

OF

M.VASUJA DEVI

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DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this project based lab report entitled “16-BIT BARREL SHIFTER” has been prepared by using logisim partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree “BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING” during the academic year 2016-17.

I also declare that this project based lab report is of our own effort and it has not been submitted to any other university for the award of any degree.

Place: KLU

Date: Signature of the Student

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My sincere thanks to Mr. SIDHESWAR ROVATRAY in the Lab for his outstanding support throughout the project for the successful completion of the work.

We express our gratitude to Dr.V. SRIKANTH, Head of the Department for Computer Science and Engineering for providing us with adequate facilities, ways and means by which we are able to complete this term paper work.

We would like to place on record the deep sense of gratitude to the honorable Vice Chancellor, K L University for providing the necessary facilities to carry the concluded term paper work.

Last but not the least, we thank all Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff of our department and especially my classmates and my friends for their support in the completion of our term paper work.

By

S.V. Rohith-150031000

V.V.S. Hari Krishna-150030998

V.Sowjanya-150030965

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CONTENTS

1. Abstract2. Introduction3. Design Specification of circuit4. Implementation5. Applications6. Conclusion7. Future Expects8. References

1. Abstract

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This project aims to build a 'BARREL SHIFTER' which is a digital circuit that can shift a data word by a specified number of bits without the use of any sequential logic, only pure combinatorial logic. One way to implement it is as a sequence of multiplexers where the output of one multiplexer is connected to the input of the next multiplexer in a way that depends on the shift distance. A barrel shifter is often used to shift and rotate n-bits in modern microprocessors, typically within a single clock cycle. Hence we intend on designing the circuit which could shift the given input of 8-bits using the multiplexors. A common usage of a barrel shifter is in the hardware implementation of floating-point arithmetic. For a floating-point add or subtract operation, the significands of the two numbers must be aligned, which requires shifting the smaller number to the right, increasing its exponent, until it matches the exponent of the larger number. This is done by subtracting the exponents, and using the barrel shifter to shift the smaller number to the right by the difference, in one cycle. If a simple shifter were used, shifting by n bit positions would require n clock cycles. Hence this shifter is useful for shifting n bits’ same time and has a real time application in the microprocessors of the computers. So we intend to design the circuit in the logisim software and simulate it to check the results of the circuit.

A Barrel Shifter is a logic component that perform shift or rotate operations. Barrel shifters are applicable for digital signal processors and processors. This component design is for a natural size (4,8,16…) barrel shifters that perform shift right logical, rotate right, shift left logical, and rotate left operations depending on the instantiation parameters. The left and right operation is implemented through inversion of the input and output vectors, so the basic multiplexing function can perform both operations. The number of multiplexing stages is relative to the width of the input vector.

2. INTRODUCTION

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A Barrel Shifter is a logic component that perform shift or rotate operations. Barrel shifters are applicable for digital signal processors and processors. This component design is for a natural size (4,8,16…) barrel shifters that perform shift right logical, rotate right, shift left logical, and rotate left operations depending on the instantiation parameters. The left and right operation is implemented through inversion of the input and output vectors, so the basic multiplexing function can perform both operations. The number of multiplexing stages is relative to the width of the input vector.

A barrel shifter is a digital circuit that can shift a data word by a specified number of bits. It can be implemented as a sequence of multiplexers. In this implementation, the output of one MUX is connected to the input of the next MUX in a way that depends on the shift distance. The number of multiplexers required is n*log2(n), for an n bit word. Four common word sizes and the number of multiplexers needed are listed below:

64-bit — 64 * log2(64) = 64 * 6 = 384

32-bit — 32 * log2(32) = 32 * 5 = 160

16-bit — 16 * log2(16) = 16 * 4 = 64

8-bit — 8 * log2(8) = 8 * 3 = 24

Basically, a barrel shifter works to shift data by incremental stages which avoids extra clocks to the register and reduces the time spent shifting or rotating data (the specified number of bits are moved/shifted/rotated the desired number of bit positions in a single clock cycle). A barrel shifter is commonly used in computer-intensive applications, such as Digital Signal Processing (DSP), and is useful for most applications that shift data left or right - a normal style for C programming code. Rotation (right) is similar to shifting in that it moves bits to the left. With rotation, however, bits which "fall off" the left side get tacked back on the right side as lower order bits, while in shifting the empty space in the lower order bits after shifting is filled with zeros. Data shifting is required in many key computer operations from address decoding to computer arithmetic. Full barrel shifters are often on the critical path, which has led most research to be directed toward speed optimizations. With the advent of mobile computing, power has become as important as speed for circuit designs. In this project we present a range of 32-bit barrel shifters that vary at the gate, architecture, and environment levels.

3.[2.] Design specification of circuit

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Barrel shifter functionalityThe Barrel shifter component is applicable for cases where an efficient logical shift or rotate with a selectable shift amount is required. The component supports either shift or rotate operations depending on the ROTATION parameter. When the ROTATION parameter is set to 1, the barrel shifter performs rotation and when it is set to 0, a logical shift operation is performed, shifting logical 0 in. the DIRECTION parameter determines if the barrel shifter performs a left or right shift. Setting the DIRECTION parameter to 0 would result in a left shift and setting it to 2 would result in a right shift.

Logarithmic shift

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The shift or rotate operation is done in stages where each stage performs a shift or rotate operation of a different size. For example, a 5 bits shift operation would result in a shift of 4 and a shift of 1 where the stage that performs the shift of 2 would not do any shift. The select vector binary encoding is actually to enable the different stages of the barrel shifter.

 

Shift direction

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The direction of the rotate and shift operation is implemented by reversing the input and output vector. Using this method allows for the shift or rotate logic to be kept simple, performing only right shift. For a left shift, the input vector is reversed at the input, goes through the shift logic which performs a right shift according to the select input and at the output stage, it is reversed again, resulting in a left shift of the vector.

4.[3.] Implementation

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Circuit with zero input and at initial stage

Here, 3 inputs are given.

Now the shifting is done as following using selection lines.

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Applications: Digital Signal Processing

Array Processing

Graphics

Database Addressing

High Speed Arithmetic Processors

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10.CONCLUSION

The reason behind undertaking this project simply lies with the fact that there are so many circuits that have more power consumption and delay, so to minimize the area and delay we are using shifting or rotation. Here we are doing shift right logical, shift right arithmetic, rotate right, shift left logical, shift left arithmetic, and rotate left. Four different barrel shifter designs are presented and compared in terms of area and delay for a variety of operand sizes. This is also examining techniques for detecting results that overflow and results of zero in parallel with the shift or rotate operation. To resolve this purpose we have made this very project, so that if such a kind of system is used then at least it may be able to sense the shifting or rotation and accordingly necessary conditions can be undertaken.

11.FUTURE EXPECTS

The future expects of barrel shifter is that it minimizes the area and power delay of the circuit. Area and delay estimates, based on synthesis of structural level VHDL, indicate that data‐reversal barrel shifters have less area than two's complement or one's complement barrel shifters and that mask‐based data‐reversal barrel shifters have less delay than the other designs. As the operand size increases, the delay of the shifters increases as O(log(n)) and their area increases as O (n log(n)). In to the future expectation we attach a overflow detection logic, so the data should not be waste.

12.REFERENCES

1.www.quora.com

2.www.wikipedia.com

3.Electroincs Engineer's Reference Books by FF Mazda

4.Switching Theory by William Howard

5.Computer Organization and Architecture by William Stallings

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