a concurretit validational study of the nchs … evaluation and methods research a concurretit...
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DATA EVALUATION AND METHODS RESEARCH
A Concurretit Validational Studyof the NCHSGeneral Well-Being Schedule
A comparative analysis of the concurrent validity of several self-report schedules in predicting interviewer’s assessment ofdepressed mood.
DHEW Publication No. (H RA) 78-1347
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFAREPublic Health Service
Health Resources AdministrationNational Center for Health StatisticsHyattsville, Md. September 1977
Series 2Number 73
Library of CongrassCataloging in Publication Data
Fzio, Anthony F.A concurrent validational study of the NCHS’ general well-being schedule.
(Vital and health statistics: Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research; no. 73)(DHEW publication; (HRA) 78-1 347)
Includes bibliographical references.Supt. of Dec. no.: HE20.6209:2/731. Depression, Mental–Testing. 2. General well-being schedule. I. Title. 11. Series: United
States. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and health statistics: Series 2, Data evalu-ation and methods research; no. 73. III. Series: United States. Dept. of Health, Education,and Welfare. DHEW publication; no. (HRA) 78-1347.RA409.U45 no. 73 [RC537] 312’.07’23s [616.8’52]ISBN 0-8406 -0105-0 77-608139
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. ZU40Z
Stosk No. 017-022-00391.3
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS
DOROTHY P. RICE, Director
ROBERT A. ISRAEL, Deputy Director
JACOB J. FELD W, Ph.D., Associate Director for Analysis
GAIL F. FISHER, Associate Director for the Cooperative Health Statistics System
ELIJAH L. WHITE, Associate Director for Data Systems
JAMES T. BAIRD, JR., Ph.D., Associate Director-for International Statistics
ROBERT C. HUBER, Associate Director for Management
MONROE G. S!IRKEN, Ph. D., Associate Director for Mathematical Statistics
PETER L. HURLEY, Associate Director for Operations
JAMES M. ROBEY, Ph.D., Associate Director for Program Development
PAUL E. LEAVERTON, Ph. D., Associate Director for Research
ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer
DIVISION OF HEALTH EXAMINATION STATISTICS
MICHAEL A. W. HATTWICK, M. D., Director
HAROLD J. DUPUY, Ph.D., Psychological Adviser
LINCOLN OLIVER, Chief, Psychological Statistics Branch
ROBERT S. MURPHY, Chief, Survey P.?anningand Developing Branch
Vital and Health Statistics-Series 2 No. 73
DHEW Publication No. (H RA) 78-1347
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 77-608139
FOREWORD
The National Health Survey Act of 1956provided for the establishment and continuationof National Health Surveys to obtain informa-tion about the health status of the population inthe United States. Subsequent legislative author-ity to collect and make available health statisticsincluding data on the determinants of health iscontained in Public Law 93-353, Section 306(par. (b); item (l)). The responsibility for thedevelopment and conduct of that program isplaced with the National Center for HeaIthStatistics, a research-oriented statistical organiza-tion within the Health Resources Administrationof the Public Health Service. The Health Exami-nation Survey is one of several different pro-grams employed by the National Center forHeaJth Statistics (NCHS) to accomplish theobjectives of the Natiomd Health Survey. It isused to collect data by drawing samples of thecivilian noninstitutionalized population of theUnited States and undertakes to characterize thepopulation under study by means of medical,dental, psychological, and nutritional examina-tions and various tests and measurements.
In addition to the data collected by theexamining, measuring, and testing procedures, awide range of other data are collected concern-ing each of the sample persons examined.Therefore, it is possible to study a variety ofpotential relationships among the examinationfindings.
Psychological components are included inHealth Examination Surveys to provide a morecomplete assessment of the health and well-being of the U.S. population. They are em-bedded in an interdisciplinary approach in thestudy of mental health, psychological relation-ships with medical and nutritional conditions,growth, development, aging, and other aspectsof health.
Examination conditions and competing re-quirements for examination time dictate thateach examination component must be specifi-cally designed to fit within these constraints. Along-range effort is underway to develop specificpsychological examination procedures within an .overall plan of psychological assessments thatcan be employed in the Health ExaminationSurveys. The GeneraJ Well-Being (GWB) sched-ule was developed in the NCHS and, afterpretesting’ on 373 adults, was administered toover 6,900 adults as part of the national studyof the Health and Nutrition Examination Sur-vey, which had begun in April 1971 and wascompleted in October 1975.
The GWB schedule is a self-report instru-ment designed to assess selected aspects ofself-representations of subjective welI-being anddistress. Questions and response options wereformulated to provide indications of thepresence, severity, or frequency of somesymptoms that are generally considered impor-tant in clinical assessments of subjective well-being and distress. A report is being prepared onthe rationale and sclme properties of the GWBscheduIe.
This report presents some findings obtainedfrom a research investigation conducted inde-pendently of the NCHS in terms of funding andof direct participation of its personnel.
The major import of the findings from theanalyses contained in this report are as follows:
The GWB was slightIy better than the otherassessments used in this study in terms ofconcurrent validity in predicting inter-viewers’ ratings of depression among 195college students.
The GWB served as weIl in assessing depres-sive mood and anxiety states as did the other
...Ill
instruments which had been specifically andrigorously designed to measure these psycho-logical conditions.
The extensive comparative analyses of theGWB depression and tension-anxiety sub-scales with other scales included in thisstudy indicated that these subscales seem tomeasure the relevant properties of the
psychological states or conditions for whichthey were designed, thus supporting thecontent meaning of these subscales.
Harold J. Dupuy, Ph.D.Psychological Adviser
Division of Health Examination StatisticsNational Center for Health Statistics
CONTENTS
Foretvord ........................................................ .. ...... ............ .... .. ................................................................. iii
Introduction ..................................................... .............................. ...... .............................. ...... ................. 1
Purpose of the Study ......................................................... ........................................................ ................ 1
Design of the Study .............................................................................. ..................................... ................ 2
Sources of the Major Data Elements ........................................... ............................................................... 3The hlinnesota Mukiphasic Personality Inventory (MMP1) ..... .... ........ ............ ...................................... 3PsycMatic Symptoms Scale (PSS) .......... .............. ..... ....................... ........ ............................................ 4The General Well-Being Schedule (G\VB)...................................... .................. .... .. ............ .. .... ...... ........ 4Personal Interview ..................................................... ........ ................ ...... ........................ ..................... 4
Data Preparation Procedwes . ................................ ............ ............ ...... ............ .. .... .................. ...... ........ .... 5
Demographic Chmacteristics ............... .......................................................................... ............................. 5General Population From Which the Sample Was Dm\vn...... ...... ............ .... ........ .................................. 5The Study Sample ........ ................................................. ............. ......................... ...... ............ ............... 5
Descriptive Psychological Characteristics of Study Sample .............................................. ..... .....................General Well-Being Data .................................................................................................... ...................Personal Interview Data ................................................................................... .................. ...................MMP1 Data ............... .............................................. .......... ............ .................. .... .. .. ..............................Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Data ............... ................ .................. .. .... ........ ............ ..................College Health Questionnaire Data ......................... ..................................................................... ..... .....Psychiatric Symptoms Scale Data ......... .... .. .................. ............ ...... .. .... ...................................... .. ...... ..Personaf Feelings Inventory Data ................................... ................ ...... ...... ...... .............. ......................
66667777
Comparative Validity of the Major Data Elements With Interviewer Ratings of Depression ...................... 7Item-Level Correlations of the GWB and Zung With Interviewer %tinW ........................... .. .. .. .........._. 8Scale Correlations \WIththe Interviewer Ratings ................................. .................................................. 8Intercorrelations Among the Depression, Anxiety, and GWB Scales ................................ .............. ....... 9
Some Content Properties of the G\VB................. ................................................................ ....................... 10Reliability ................. ............................................................................................................................ 10The Meaningfulness of the GWB ................................... ............ ............................................................ I I
‘6 Person Types’’–Cluster and Dk.criminant Analyses ........................... ........................ ..................... .......... 11
Overall Evaluation of the GWB ...... ........................ ............ ...... .............................. ............ .. .......... ........ .... 12
References ..................................... ...................................... ........................................................... ........... 14
List of Detailed TabIes ... ....................... ....... ...................................................................................... ........ 15
Appendix ............ ........................ .. ................ ...... .. ...... .......... .. .... .. ...... .... ...... ........ ...... .. ............................. 30
TEXT FIGURE
1. Mean MMP1 profiles for males and for females ........................................... .......................... ................. 7
v
LIST OF TEXT TABLES
A Product-moment correlations of scales and subscales (in rank order) with interviewer depressionratings, by sex .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. . ... .... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. ..... . .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ........... 9
B. Multiple correlations of Depression and Anxiety scales tith six Gencrsd Well-Being (GWB) subscales,. .zero-ordercorrelationsmth total GWB scale, and mean correlations, by sex . .... .. .. .... .. .... .. . ... .. .. . ... .. .. 10
C. Intemsd consistency coefficients of reliability by sex for GWB and Zung scales .. ... ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... . .. .. 11
SYMBOLS
Data not available ---------------------------------- ---
Category not applicable----— ------------------- . . .
Quantity zero ----------------------------------- -
Quantity more than Obut less than 0.05-–- 0.0
Figure does not meet standards ofreliabilityy or precision-—---—---------—-—- *
1 I
vi
A CONCURRENT VALIDATIONALSTUDY OF THE NCHS
GENERAL WELL-BEING SCHEDULE
Anthony F. Fazio, Ph.D.,a The University of Wisconsin-Alilwaukee
INTRODUCTION
The General Well-Being (GWB) schedule wasan initial effort directed toward the use of ahighly structured instrument for assessing self-representations of subjective well-being and dis-tress. This instrument was developed in 1970 forthe NationaI Center for Health Statistics by Dr.Harold Dupuy,l Psychology Adviser, Division ofHealth Examination Statistics. It was used aspart of a national health examination of 6,931adults aged 25-74 years conducted from April1971 through October 1975. “
Since then, the GWB schedule has been andis being used in several fairly large-scale studies.However, its most important clinical use hasbeen made in the Sacramento, California, Divi-sion of lMental Health by Dr. Daniel W. Edwards.The GWB was initially administered to patientsupon admission to varions mental health pro-grams, weekly thereafter until treatment wasterminated, and again at a 3-month post-treatment followup. About 600 patients partici-pated in the initial phase.
This report presents some findings and evalu-ations of the GWB compared with several otherself-report scales in terms of their concurrentvalidity against interviewer ratings of currentdepression and the intercorrelations among theseseveral scales. These findings were derived from
associate Professor of Psychology and Director ofClinical Psychology of the Department of Psychologyat the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
a study of a sample of 195 college students whoparticipated in a major investigation into waysof assessing depression among college students.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
A simple two-process model of effectivepsychotherapy, interpreted from a problem-solving framework, has been developed along thelines of Andrews’ suggestions for treatment byFazio.s,4 According to this model, patientsmust develop a pc}sitive rapport with the thera-pist in such a way that patients are motivated toengage in therapeutic exercises. For example,with respect to phobias, these exercises wouldinvolve the graduaJ exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli. The exercises are judged to betherapeutic if they effect changes in the under-lying hypothetical psychopathological condition(e.g., extinguish anxiety) and its symptoms (e.g.,avoidance behavior or loss of composure). Inorder to test the generality of the model fromwhich specific treatments for specific problemsare derived, a variety of disorders other thanphobias have to be studied. Phobic reactionshave been studied extensively, however, becauseof the ease with which one can operationallymeasure and quantify the extent of the hypo-thetical underlying construct (i.e., fear) and itsobservable operationally defined symptoms (e.g.,avoidance behavior). The Behavioral AvoidanceTest (BAT), or one of its many variations, hasbeen used extensively in this regards >G Gen-erally, the construct validities of an experimental
1
measure are estimated by the concurrent admin-istration of a variety of other more traditionalassessment devices such as self-report scales offear. 7 However, when attempts are made to in-vestigate other less explicit and more globalpsychological states such as depression, readilyagreed upon operational definitions are notavailable.
The purpose of the major investigation wasto study the interrelationships of a variety ofapproaches and techniques for assessing psycho-logical depression to determine the best set foruse in therapy evaluation studies. In an effort tolocate a variety of assessment devices for de-pression, library searches were undertaken byseveral assistants. Computerized indexes weresearched using a variety of keywords (e.g.,suicide), and researchers known to be interestedin research on depression were contacted. Aliterature search as part of a doctoral disserta-tion by Ray Shipley in this laboratory foundvery few published therapy experiments ondepression in psychology journals. Shipley andFazio8 used the Depression scale (D) of theMinnesota Multiphasic Personalityy Inventory(MMPI) and a rater-judged estimate of voice in-tensity suggested by Hargreaves and Stark-weatherg in a small-scale study. Although theZung Self-Rating Depression Scale 10 was usedinitially, retest scores were judged to be toounstable for our purposes of evaluating changesassociated with short-term psychotherapy. Therater-judged estimates of voice intensity werenot associated with any changes in pretherapyto posttherapy or in treatment versus controlgroups. Only the MMPI D scale revealed anystatistically significant changes in pretherapy toposttherapy depression scores.
During the summer of 1972, 39 collegestudents recruited from summer-session classeswere interviewed in a second attempt to esti-mate the diagnostic utility of voice indicators ofdepression. Again, no statistically significant,meaningful diagnostic indexes were found withthis sample for these behavioral indicators. Forexample, vocal response latency to five neutraland to five stressful interview questions forsubjects who were considered to be depressedand not depressed on the basis of MMPI D scaleT scores.
The next attempt based on two largersamples of college students from the Universityof Wisconsin-Milwaukee was directed in adifferent manner. During the fall of 1972, thefirst sample was given a battery of tests in twosessions approximately 1 week apart. Subse-quently, the second sample was examinecl in thespring of 1973. The battery of tests employed inthose assessments contained several well-knownmeasures of depression, anxiety, and otheraspects of mental health. One instrument ofparticular interest to the principal investigatorAnthony F. Fazio was the General Well-Being(GWB) schedule developed by Dupuy of theNational Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) ofthe Department of Health, Education, and Wel-fare.1 The GWB promised to be of researchvalue because of its psychometric properties(e.g., item response scores of O-5 as opposed toO-1), its rational content structure, its brevity,the possibility of accumulating a large data basefrom which .ngrms could be generated forcomparison, and its use as part of a comprehen-sive Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(HANES) being conducted by NCHS. Since theentire battery of tests and the interview used inthis research were administered within 1, weekfor most subjects, and since no known system-atic or planned form of intervention occurredduring this brief interim period, the concurrentvalidities of the GWB and its various subscaleswere analyzed using the variety of other assess-ment devices also employed.
Another report concerned with the con-current validity and content relevance of theGWB to other tests presently exists. CelesteSimpkins and Frank Burkel I present, amongother items, phi coefficients between a sampleof mental health patients and a sample ofcommunity residents drawn from the samecatchment area for all of the GWB items inaddition to several other scales. This studyreplicates part of their work and extends thenomological network of the GWB into newareas.
DESIGN OF THE STUDY
During the fall of 1972, all college studentsenrolled in introductory psychology classes were
approached with an Interest Inquiry form letter(see the appendix). All participants who re-ported for testing were informed that thequestionnaires had to do with mental healthtesting, that their responses would be keptstrictly confidential, and that an elaborate codehad been devised to keep their answers anony-mous. They were requested to sign an Assuranceof Con~ldentiality Statement and an Authoriza-tion for Release of Academic Records (see theappendix). Later the students were divided intosmaller groups and were asked to complete thebattery of tests as wiU be described below. Thebattery was administered in two parts, eachabout 1-1 Y2 hours in duration and approximately1 week apart. Different tests were given firstbecause of the differences in schedule times formany students. The interview always occurred atthe end of the second session. Of the more than170 students initially responding, 127 of themcompleted all phases of all tests and wereidentified as group 1.
During the spring of 1973, the identicalprocedure was followed. Of the more than 100students who responded, 68 compIeted all testsand were identified as gToup 2. Some of the testsadministered in the fall were not administered inthe spring and vice versa.
SOURCES OF THE MAJOR DATA ELEMENTS
The appendix presents some of the testsused and their appropriate scoring keys for bothgroups 1 and 2. Tests administered to bothgroups are as follows:
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality In-ventory (hihfPI).
The Psychiatric Symptoms Scale (PSS).
The GeneraJ Well-Being schedule (GWB).
Personal interview.
The Minnesota MuitiphasicPersonality Inventory (MMPI)
Devised by Hathaway and hflcKinley 1z thisis a 566-item true-false inventory with 10
clinical scales and 3 validating scales. 18 For eachsubject, 13 scale scores were tabulated from thisparticular inventory which was chosen because itis a “standard” in the field. A brief descriptionof the MMP1 scales follows.
Numberof items
15
64
30
33
60
60
50
60
40
48
Validity scales
(L) Lie-A high score indicates re-sponses that places one in the mostacceptable light socially.
(F) Validity-a low score indicatesrational and relatively pertinent re-sponses.
(K) Correction-a high score indicatesdefensiveness that verges upon deliber-ate distortion” in making a more “nor-mal” appearance.
Clinical scales
(Hs) Hypochondriasis-a high scoreindicates abnormaI concern aboutbodily functions. (K-corrected)
(D) Depression–a high score indicatesa symptom complex of depression.
(Hy) Hysteria–a high score indicatesconversion-type hysteria symptomssuch as paralyses. (K-corrected)
(Pal) Psychopathic Deviate-a highscore indicates absence of deep emo-tional response, inability to profitfrom experience, and disregard ofsocial mores. (K-corrected)
(kIf) hlasculinity-Femininity Inter-ests—a high score indicates a deviationof basic interest pattern in the direc-tion of the opposite sex.
(Pa) Paranoia-a high score indicatessuspiciousness, oversensitivity and de-lusions of persecution, with or with-out expansive egoism.
(Pt) Psychasthenia–a high score indi-cates phobic and compulsive behavior.(K-corrected)
3
78 (Se) Schizophrenia–a high score indi-cates bizarre and unusual thoughts orbehavior. (K-corrected)
46 (Ma) Hypomania-a high score indi-cates overproductivity in thought andaction. (K-corrected)
70 (Si) Social Introversion-Extraversion–a high score indicates a tendency towithdraw from social contact withothers.
Psychiatric Symptoms Scale (PSS)
This 45-item true-false scale, constructed byDohrenwend and Crandel,l 3 was derived fromthe Langner Scale used in the Stirling Countyand Midtown Manhattan studies. 14 Additionalitems were suggested by psychiatric personnelassociated with a research project. This scale wasselected for its updated revision of other “stand-ard” tests in the field. For these analyses twosubscales were constructed using the criterionthat 6 out of 8 judges agreed that the item wasrelevant a prz”ori to either anxiety or depressionbut not to both. These two subscales contain 10and 7 items, respectively. The items for eachsubscale are shown separately in the appendix.
General Well-Being Schedule (GWB)
This schedule contains 33 items–the first 14items are 6 response option items, the next 4items are O-10 rating bars, and the last 15 itemsare criterion-type behavioral and self-evaluationitems.1 1--1G Six subscales measure health worry,energy “level, satisfying interesting life, de-pressed-cheerful mood, emotional-behavioralcontrol, and relaxed versus tense-anxious. Theseratings can be obtained as well as an overall totalscale score. The GWB was included in thisinvestigation to “test” the robustness of itsshort, direct, and rational approach to assessingself-representations of depression and tension-anxiety compared with the more generalizedapproaches used in the other assessment instru-ments. (See the appendix for a copy of the GWBand its case record summary sheet for itemresponse scoring. ) The GWB is scored in a
positive direction in that a high score reflects aself-representation of well-being.
Personal interview
A personal interview was conducted witheach subject. This half-hour, face-to-face inter-view took place at the end of the second half ofthe second testing session, 1 week after the firsttesting session. Because of the number of sub-jects and questionnaires involved, many assist-ants participated in the data collection phasesand also conducted the interviews. Demographicdata were requested along with statements ofsatisfaction about proWess toward goals andother pertinent information. In ail, 39 itemswere recorded. After the subject had left, theinterviewer rated the degree of depression, ifany, which was manifested by the subject duringthe interview. The three items used in theseanalyses were age, sex, and the interviewer’srating of depression. A copy of the interviewschedule for group 2 is shown in the appendix.
For group 1, the following additional ques-tionnaires were administered:
The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS) .–This is a 20-item scale, with 4 choiceresponse options for each item, specific topsychological depression. 10 For each subject aconverted raw score for each of the 20 items wastabulated and later converted to a total depres-sion score with a possible range of 25-100. Thisquestionnaire was chosen because it was easy toadminister, short, and contains many items ofclinical interes~ for the assessment of depression(see the appendix).
The College Health Questionnaire (CH@-This is an 82-item multiple-choice test with16 subscales and 2 validating scales. 17 Forthese analyses 3 subscale scores were tabu-Iatcd–current depression, 19 items; past depres-sion, 14 items; and anxiety, 6 items (see theappendix). This questionnaire was chosen be-cause of its apparent relevance to college studentpopulations.
For group 2, the following questionnaire wassubstituted for the SDS and the CHQ:
The Personal Feelings Inventory (PFI).–Thisquestionnaire consists of 2 subscales-anxiety,21 true-false items; and depression, 45 true-falseitems. These 66 items were obtained from Zubin
and Fleissl S andnearly 700 items
were factor analyzed fromfrom the combined Present
State” Examination of Wing et al. (1967)1 g andthe Psychiatric Status Schedule of Spitzer et al.(1970).20 These subscales were used becausethey were reported to be able to discriminateanxiety from depression.
Thus, in all, approximately 800 elements ofinformation were obtained from each subjectwhich were reduced to 91 data elements takenfrom the tests as just described. Because avariety of scales was administered, scale scoresrather than individual items (many of which arescored only as true-false) are the main bases forcomparison.
DATA PREPARATION PROCEDURES
Each subject was assigned an identificationnumber by drawing without replacement from aset of numbers prepared earlier. A code sheetwas kept by the principal investigator in casesubjects had to be recalled at a later time. Afterall testing was completed, the code sheet wasdestroyed, making it impossible to identify anysubject’s responses to the questions. All testswere scored at least twice by independentassistants, after which all scores were transferredto coding sheets for keypunching. Each codingsheet was doublechecked for errors, missingentries, etc. All keypunching was verified andoff-line lists were again checked for errors.Finally, the data were checked using a computerprogram for field limits, number of cases, andother specifications. The principal investigatorpersonally supervised and/or checked every oneof the 91 data eIements for each of the 195subjects in the data base.
The data were arranged by group and sex ofthe subject in two-card records. A machine-readable data file, containing a complete caserecord summary listing of the data set, wasprepared. A coding manual containing the dataelement sources and their scoring, their locationin the data set, etc., also was prepared.
All data analyses were computed by use of aUNIVAC 1106 or 1110, as well as programs fromthe Basic Statistical Package (BSP), which wasdeveloped by the Social Science Research Facil-ity of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
For the purpose of this report, the 91 dataelements were reduced to 74. This reductionreflects the use of sex as a control variable andthe exclusion of the 9 items of question 24 ofthe GWB and 7 interview items. The majorstatistical measure used in this report to showthe degree of association or relationship betweenany two data elements is the product-momentcorrelation coefficient. The degree of associa-tion between any two data elements variespositively with the numerical value of thiscoefficient.
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
General Population From Which theSample Was Drawn
During the fall and the spring semesters of1972-73, the student population at the Univer-sity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee was approximately23,000, mostly young white adults aged 18-25years, of which approximately 57 percent weremale. The subpopulation of students in intro-ductory psychology classes consisted of approxi-mately 60 percent females.
The Study Sample
The sample of 79 males from both semestersmay be characterized by the following data: agein years, ~ = 19.6, SD = 2.4; freshman; hoklinga part-time job; and not on medications.
The sample of 116 females may be charac-terized as: age in years, ~ = 18.9; SD = 2.5;freshman; holding a part-time job; and not onmedications.
Consistent with the data for the introduc-tory psychology classes, 59.5 percent of thesample was female.
While the sex-age characteristics of the studysample appeared to reasonably approximate thesubpopulation, the statistical findings reportedherein, however, are not to be taken as charac-terizing this subpopulation. Furthermore, thepurpose of this report is not to make populationestimates but rather to make comparative analy-ses of the relationships among several measuresof depression. This report thus limits its scope tothese comparative analyses and evaluation ofthese relationships.
5
DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS OF
STUDY SAMPLE
Table 1 contains the summarized data formales, females, and both sexes for each item inthe case record summary listing.
General Well-Being Data
Remembering that the GWB is scored in apositive direction, the average scores for bothsexes indicated that they were:
1. In good spirits.
2. Only a little bothered by nervousness.
3. Generally in firm control of behaviorand feelings.
4. Only a little sad at times but not botheredby it.
5. Under some pressure or stress, but aboutthe usual amount.
6. Fairly happy “with their personal life.
7. Virtually not at all worried about losingcontrol of their mind.
8. Anxious enough to be bothered by it.
9. Often sleeping fairly well.
10. Only a little bothered by illness and pain.
11. Interested in life a good bit of the time.
12. Feeling downhearted and blue only a lit-tle of the time.
13. Feeling emotionally stable a good bit ofthe time.
14. Feeling worn out only a little of the time.
15. Generally not concerned about theirhealth.
16. FeeIing more relaxed than tense.
17. Feeling more energetic than listless.
18. Feeling more cheerful than depressed.
Although the students reported occasionalpersonal problems, they tended neither to havesought help nor to have been concerned abouttheir problems. Very few reported having had anervous breakdown or having had feelings tend-ing towm”d a breakdown. Even fewer had been
clinical patients or had seen professionals forpsychological problems.
Average scores for the six GWB subsca.lesand for the total scale were generally lowerthan those for the sample of community resi-dents in Nashville, Tennessee, as reported. bySimpkins and Burke.11
Personal interview Data
In general, the subjects were young adultsgraduated from public schools, satisfied withtheir living arrangements, and not interested inpsychological therapy. They reported being satis-fied with their girlfriend/boyfriend arrangementsand with the progress they were making towardtheir goals. The interviewers did not find themto be manifestly depressed. Tables 2 and 3present a basis for comparing data fro]m theGWB with the unweighed national sample interms of Dupuy’s tentative descriptive attribu-tion of well-being and distress and the jointdistribution of GWB scores and interviewerratings in the study sample. The GWB mean andmedian scores indicate that the study samplewas at a level of marginal positive well-being andslightly above mild problem-indicative distress.The interviewer ratings placed 36.9 percent, or72 out of 195, of the study sample as showing atleast some concern about their proble:ms orbeing slightly depressed, compared with 40.5percent, or 79 out of 195, who scored at theproblem-indicative or clinically significant dis-tress levels on the GWB.
MMPI Data
The average profiles for males and forfemales are presented in figure 1. For thissample of interviewees, the average MMPI profilemight be interpreted to reflect a little greaterimpulsivity than would be expected normallyand a tendency toward unconventionality inboth thought and behavior.z 1 Whether thesescores characterize college students oIn thiscampus or only students interested in being partof a psychological experiment was not exploredin this report. The D scale (Depression) has amean of 59.0, which is 0.9 of a standarddeviation above “normal” which indicates aslightly depressive affect. There were also 42.6
80
70 [
01 , I I , ! I , t 1
LF K Hs D HY Pd Mf Pa P! Sc Ma St
MMPI SCALE
Figure 1. Mean MMPI profiles for males and for females.
percent who made a score of 60 or higher and21.5 percent who made a score of 70 o; higher,which is 1 and 2 standard deviations above 50.0,respective y.
Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Data
Consistent with the scores on the otherscales, the interviewees reported onIy a littledistress, concern, or depression. The averagetotal converted scores for both sexes (45.0) wassomewhat higher than that reported by Zung forhis “100 normal controls” (33.0) but not ashigh as for his patient population groups (63-90before treatment). Simpkins and Burke reportedmean scores for their community subjects of40.5 for males and 44.4 for females,l 1 com-pared with 42.3 and 46.7 in this sample,respectively. Thus the sample showed a slightlymore depressive affect than these comparisongroups.
College Health Questionnaire Data
Because of several discrepancies in detailsdescribed by the authors of this scale in separatepublications, it is impossible to compare ourfindings with otherwise similar studies.17 Thesedata are presented in table 1 for future compari-sons by other researchers.
Psychiatric Symptoms Scale Data
Published norms do not exist for the uniquesubscales of Depression and Anxiety deveIoped
for this study. No comparisons can be made.Future researchers can score their findings ac-cording to our codes for comparisons.
Personal Feelings inventory Data
Again no published norms are available forcomparisons using the two subscales for Depres-sion and Anxiety. Future researchers can usethese findings for their own comparisons.
In summary, the findings from the inter-viewer ratings, the GWB, MMPI, and Zung scalesindicate that about one-third of the studysample reflected some degree of mild or greaterdepressive affect which was slightly greater thanexpected when compared with other investiga-tors ‘ “normative” findings. However, it is clearthat the study sample distribution of scores onthe depression measures provides a range ofscores sufficiently great enough to allow astatistical determination of association toemerge among the different measures of depres-sion, if there is in fact a definite relationshipamong these measures.
COMPARATIVE VALIDITY OF THE MAJORDATA ELEMENTS WITH INTERVIEWER
RATINGS OF DEPRESSION
The interviewer’s rating of depression isviewed here as an independent criterion againstwhich to assess the concurrent wdidity of thevarious measures of depression and other self-reported data eIements. The interviewer used astructured questionnaire as a stimulus to elicitstructured, semistructured, and open-field re-sponses. The questionnaire did not include anyspecific or expIicit questions about depression oranxiety. After each interview, the interviewerthen made his or her rating of depression on apartially structured sczde of 0-10 and possiblyhigher. A copy of the interview form is shown inthe appendix. Table 3 shows the distribution ofthe ratings for the 195 students in the study.The high skewness of these ratings is apparent inthat 63 percent of the ratings were O or 1, whichreflect a positive or neutral affect, respectively.
This skewness will tend to restrict the numericalvalues of the correlation coefficients for thescales which allow for more positive expressions
7
of well-being such as the GWB and, to someextent, the Zung scale.
Table 4 presents the product-moment corre-lation coefficients and significance levels of 73major data elements with the interviewer ratingsfor males, females, and both sexes separately.Note that negative signs are not shown in thecorrelations except where the relationship wasopposite from expected and for the threevalidity scales of the MMPI and age which areneeded for interpretation. All GWB data ele-ments, since they are scored as positive, wouldhave negative signs; they are not shown since itwould complicate the description of findings.The .01 level or better of statistical significanceis used to describe a significant relationship inthe presentation of findings.
Item-Level Correlations of the GWBand Zung With 1nterviewer Ratings
All 18 items of the GWB total scale weresignificantly correlated with the criterion for thetotal sample; however, only 10 items among themales but 17 items among the females hadsignificant correlations, For the 6 criterial items,all were significant for the total sample, nonewere for males separately while 5 were forfemales separately. It is surprising that thecorrelations among the females were as high asthey were considering the low frequency ofresponse to having had or having felt near anervous breakdown, or having been a clinicalpatient, or having had professional help (4items). The responses to the question reflectingpsychologic problems over the past year weremoderately correlated with the criterion forboth sexes. The social-emotional support itemhad a rather low relationship with the criterionand thus its content may not reflect a dis-tressing aspect in students’ lives in that only 12students reported a lack of such support (op-tions 3,4, and 5 of the original code).
Among the 20 items in the Zung scale only 4items for the total sample, none for males, andonly 8 for females had a significant correlationwith the criterion. Surprisingly, 13 items for themales and 2 items for the females had correla-tions in a negative direction with the criterion,which is opposite to what would be expected.
The highest item correlations with the cri-terion for each sex on the GWB scale-were .44for males (nervousness) and .46 for females (sad,discouraged, hopeless). For the Zung scale thehighest item correlations were .34 for males(losing weight) and .36 females (still enjoy sex).
In general, item-criterion correlations werehigher among females compared with males forboth scales, and notably higher for the GWBitems compared to the Zung items for bothsexes. Age was not significantly correlated withthe criterion for either sex although thlere was aslight tendency for more depressed ratings withhigher age in this college sample.
Scale Correlations With theInterviewer Ratings
Of the 28 scales and subicales (SS) used inthis study, 24 correlated with the criterion at the.01 level or better of significance for the totalsample. However, only 8 scales among malescompared with 20 scales among females werecorrelated at the .01 level or better (table A).
While the Personal Feelings Inventory (PFI)45-item Depression scale had the highest correla-tions with the criterion for both the total groupand males, these data were obtained for only 68students—30 males and 38 females. The GWB18-item total scale and its 2 subscales of cheerfulversus depressed mood (4 items) and emotional-behavioral control (3 items) had the next highestcorrelations for all of the 195 students andgenerally for males and females separately. Ofthe remaining scales, only the 10-item Anxietysubscale of the Psychiatric Symptoms Scale(PSS) and the 4-item GWB subscale of relaxedversus tense-anxious correlated at the .01 levelor better for both males and females separately.Thus, the three very short subscales of the GWBcorrelated with the criterion about as well as orbetter than the many other scales that had manymore items. The 18-item GWB total scale hadthe highest correlations with the criterion whenresponses from the total sample (n = 195) areconsidered. The MMPI Depression scale and theZung Depression scale worked very poorly formales (essentially zero correlations) but moder-ately well for females.
8
Table A. Productwoment correlations of scales and subscales (in rank order) with interviewer depression ratings, by sex
Rankorder
12345678910111213141516171819202122
232425
123
Scale and subscale
PF1–Depression .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. ... . .. .... . . ... ... .... . . .... .. . ... .. .... .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. ... . ......GWB-Total scale .... . . .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... .. ... .. .... .. .. .. . . .... .. .. ... . .. .. .. . ... ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .... . . ... . ... ... .. . ......GWB–(SS) Cheerful versus depressed mood ... ...................................................... ...........................GWB–(SS) Emotional-behavioral control .. .... .. .... .. .... .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... . .PFl.Anxiety ... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... . .... . . .... .. . ... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... .. . .. .. .. ............PSS.Anxiety .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .... .. .. . . .. ... . . .... . .. .. .... ... . .. ... . .. . ... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. . . .............PSS–Depression .. .... . .. .... . . .. .. .. . ... .. .. ....8. .... .. ... .. . ... . ... ... ... .. . .. ... .. . .. ... . .... .. .... . .. ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .....GWB–(SS) Relaxad versus tense, anxious .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . . ... . . .... . . ... .. .. ... . .. ... . ... .. . .. ... .. . ... ...CHQ-Currant Depression ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. . . .. . . .... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .... .. .. .. .. .CHQ-Past Depression .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . . .... . .. ... . . .... . .. .. ... . .. .. .. ... . .. ... .. . ... . . .... .. .... . ... .. .. . ... . ... ... . .. ... .. . .... .GWB–(SS) Satisfying, interesting life . .. .... .. .... . . .... . .. ... .. . ... .. .... . . .... .. . ... . . .... .. ... ... .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .... .GWB–(SS) Energy level ... . .. .... .. . ... .. .... .. . ... . ... .. .. . ... . .. ... .. .. ... . .. .. . .. .... . .... . ... .. .. . ... . ... .. .. .. .. .. . . .... . ..... .. .. .. .Zung-Depression ... .. .. .. ... .. . .... .. .... . . .... .. .... . . .... .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... . . .....GWB–(SS) Free from health worry .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .MMP1-(Pd) Psychopathic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .... . .. .... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .... . . .... .. ... . .. . ... .. . .. ... . ... .. . .... . ... .. .MMPI–(SC) Schizophrenia ... .. .. .. .... .. .... . . .... .. .... ... ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . .. .. . .... .. .... . .. ... .. . .. .. .. ... . ... .. .. .. .. .. . ..... . .... .MMPI-(Hs) Hypochondriasis .. .. . .. . .. ... .. .. ... .. .... .. .... .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... . .. .... .. ... . . .... . . ..... . . ... . ... .. .. . ... .. . ... .. . .....MMPI–(D) Depression .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .... . .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .... . . .... .. .. .. .MMP1–(Pt) Psychasthenia ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... . . ... .. .. ... . .. ... . .. .... .. ... .. . .... . . ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. . .... .MMP1–(Hy) Hysteria .. .. .... . . .. .. .. .... .. ..... .. ... .. .... . . ... ... . ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .... . .. .... .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. . . ... . .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .MMP1–(Ma) Hypomania .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .... ... . ... . . ... .. .. .. ... . .... . . ... . .. ... . ...... .. . ...MMP1–(Pa) Paranoia ... .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... . . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ... . .. .... . .... .MMP1–(Si) Social lntroversion-Extraversion . .. ... . .... .. .... .. .... .. . ... . . .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... . .. .... . .. .. . ... ... .. ..
CHQ–Anxiety .. ... .. .. ... ... . ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .... . . .... .. .... . ... .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. . .... . .. .. .. . .... .. . ... .. .........MMP1–(Mf) Masculinity-Femininity Interests . .. .. .... .. ... . . ... .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .... .
MMPI validity scales
(F) Validity ... .. .. .... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .... .. . ... .. . ... .. .. ... . . .... . .. ... .. . .... .. .. .. . . .... .. . ... .. . ... .. .. ... . .. ... .........
(K) Correction ... . ... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... ... ... .. . ... .. .. ... .. . .... . . ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. . ... .. . .. ... . .... . . ..... . .. .. .. ... . .. ... ...........(L) Lie .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... . ... .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .... .. .. .... . ..... .. .... . .. ............. .....
Icorrelations significant at .01 level.
An overview of these correlations suggeststhat the interviewer ratings of depression actu-ally correlated about as highly with Anxietyscales as with the Depression scales. Thus, eitherthe scales or the interviewers or both failed todifferentiate between these two psychologicalstates. It is also of interest to note the significantcorrelations with the criterion among males ofthe two scales reflecting fear or concern abouthealth and health complaints while these did notsignificantly correlate with the criterion amongfemales.
Intercorrelations Among the Depression,Anxiety, and GWB Scales
Table 5 presents the intercorrelation matrixamong the Depression, Anxiety, GWB scales,
AIEliz-Criterion correlation
1.501,471,441.431,411,4(J1,391,381.361.341.341.311.281.271.261.251.241.211.211.191.181.18
.17
.10
.08
1.341-.21
-.12
1.571.451.361.36
.421.36
.251.35
-.01.03.23.25
-.011.35
.08
.131.33
.05
.14
.17
.14
.01
.12
.02
.07
.13-.01-.21
1.421.481.481.481.421.421.471.401.481.451.391.351.39
.211.371.34
.191.321.27
.21
.211.27
.19
.13
.16
1.451-.30
-.06
and interviewer ratings for males and femalescombined. The correl~tion between the CollegeHealth Questionnaire (CHQ) Current and PastDepression scaIes (.96) shouId be ignored since12 of the 14 items in the Past Depression scaleare also included in the Current Depressionscale; subscale correlations of the GWB with theGWB total scale should also be ignored sinceeach subscale forms a part of the total scale. IngeneraI the intercorrelations among the depres-sion scales, among the anxiety scales, andbetween the two sets of scales are quite high. Noscale seems to be definitely more highly corre-lated with the other scales for either thedepression or anxiety scales. The GWB subscaleof cheerful \rersus depressed mood had anaverage correlation of .63 with the other sixdepression scales and of .54 with the four
9
anxiety scales. The GWB subscale of relaxedversus tense+mxious had an average correlationof .59 with the seven scales of depression and of.63 with the other three scales of anxiety, whilethese two GWB subscales correlated :70. Thus,while these two GWB subscales are highlycorrelated, they were slightly more related totheir respective psychological states as reflectedby other measures of these states.
The GWB subscale of emotional-behavioralcontrol had high average correlations with thedepression scales (.60) and with the anxietyscales (.57).
The GWB total scale had a very high averagecorrelation of .69 with the six independentdepression scales and of .64 with the threeindependent anxiety scales.
In general the seven depression and fouranxiety scales seemed to have measured almostequally well the psychological states they hadbeen constructed to measure; however, none ofthem clearly differentiated depression fromanxiety. The total GWB scale measured depres-sion and anxiety better than the separate scalesmeasured them.
Multiple linear regression equations werecomputed using the six GWB subscales topredict each of the other depression and anxietymeasures to determine the maximum amount ofvariance that could be accounted for in thesemeasures. In table B the results are shown interms of the multiple correlation coefficients
and compared with the simple zero-orderproduct-moment correlations with the GWBtotal scale. The mean multiple correlations (R)indicate that very little was gained by clifferen-tial weighting of the GWB subscales to predict agiven measure above that of the GWB total scalescores. One thing of interest is that the meanmultiple R‘s for males and females are the samewhile there was a slight difference by sex. for thetotal GWB scale. The conclusion drawn fromthis is that the GWB total scale is as predictivefor these various measures as a group for bothsexes as would be differential weighting of thesix GWB subscales.
SOME CONTENT PROPERTIES OF THE GWB
Reliability
The GWB was readministered to 41 st’udentsfrom the original sample about 3 months afterthe first test. The test-retest correlation was .851for the total scale. The mean values of :74.6 forthe first test and 73.0 for the second andstandard deviations of 16.6 for the first test and16.7 for the second were virtually identical.These data indicate that for each of thesestudents the total GWB score was about thesame at these two points in time.
The internal consistency coefficients of reli-abilityy were computed for the 18-item GWBtotal scale and the 20-item Zung scale by use of
Table B. Multiple correlations of Depression and AnxieW scales with six General Well-Being (GWB) subscales, zero-order correlations
with total GWB scele, and mean correlations, by sex
=lI=EDepression and Anxiety scale
Interviewer rating ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ..... . .. .... .. .. .. ... .. ... ... . .... .. . ... .. .. .... .. .. .... . . ..... . .. .... .. . ..... .. . ... ..MMPI–(D) Depression .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... . .. ..... ... ... .. .. .... ... ... .. .. .... . ... .... .Zung.Depression ... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. . .... . ... ... . ... .. .. .. .. .... . .. ... . ... .... .. . .... . .. ... .. ... ... . .. .... .. .. ... ...CHQ–Current Depression .. . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ..... . .. .. ... .... ... . . .... .. .. ... ... ... .. .. .. .... .. ....<.e. ... . .. .. .. .. ..CHQ–Past Depression ... .. .. .. . ... .... . ... .. .. .... .. ..... .. .. .... .. .. .... . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... .. ..CHQ.Anxiety .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .... . .. .... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .... .. .. ... ... .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .....<...PFl– Depression .. .. . ... ... . .... . ... ... . .. ... ... .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .PFl.AnxieW .... .. .. ... .. .. . ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ... ... .. . ..... . .. .. .. .. .... .. . .... .. . ..PSS–A nxi ety ..... .. .. ... . ..,, .. :.,....., .. ... .. .. .... . .. .... .. .. ... ... . .... . .. .... .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .... .. .. .PSS-Depression ... .. .... .. ..... . ... .. . . .. ... .. .. ..... . . .... .. .. .... . . ..... . .. .... .. .. .... .. .... ... . ... ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Mean correlation .. . .... .. .. ... . .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .... . ... .... .. . .. ... .. ... .. . ..... ... . .. . .. .. .. ... . ... ... . ... .. .. ... .. .. ...
izllElzMultiple correlation
.491
.574
.691
.810
.726
.571
.803
.674
.797
.736
.687
.484
.554.739.732.684
.632
.932
.794
.758
.722
.703
.518
.638
.6&
.836.755.557.800.643.817.758
.701
~~Zero-order correla-
.468
.534
.661
.801
.692
.516
.780
.630
.759
.704
.654
tion
.445
.442
.618
.725
.626
.481
.841D
.716
.71’7
.658
.627
.482
.631
.668
.820.707.510.730.538.774.729
.659
10
Table C: Internal consistency coefficients of reliability by sexfor GWB and Zung scales
Scale INum- 1Male I Fe-ber male
Internal consistencycoefficient
Total GWB ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...I
195 .912 .945
Zung ... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .... . .... .. .... .. . .. . 127 .830 .886
item to total scale score correlations for each sexand are shown in table C. The GWB total scalewas somewhat more internally consistent thanthe Zung scale for both sexes while the differ-ences between males and females within scaleswere not very great. The high level of internalconsistency of the 18 GWB total scale itemsindicated that it is a homogeneous scale basicallymeasuring a singular dimension or generalpsychological state in this sample. Thus, thesubscales of the GWB also measured someproperties of this general state and were some-what highly intercorrelated as can be seen intable 6.
Using a different approach, the six subscalesof the GWB were submitted to a cluster analysisalong with the total score and the interviewerrating. The analyses were performed separatelyfor males, females, and both sexes. Although thetotal score was first combined with subscale 5(emotional-behavioral control), the stress valuesfor that subscale and every other combinationsuggested that all of the separate subscales wereat least partialIy independent of each other.
The Meaningfulness of the GWB
Taking into consideration the designatedtitles of the various measures used in this studyas reflecting expressions of psychological statesof depression and anxiety or the absence there-of, the moderate-to-high correlations of theGWB with these measures indicates that itsmajor measurement dimension is also reflectingthese states. It seems reasonable to view each ofthese two states as constituting a dimensional-ized continuum of feelings of distress but notnecessarily extending to a state of well-being.Since the GWB was the only measure in thisstudy which purports to measure a sense ofwell-being and distress, its value in measuring
well-being cannot be assessed herein. However,its capability to measure distress is clearlysupported.
The weakest meaningful property of theGWB seems to be in the differentiation of thetotal scale into the six subscales. However, thisweakness does not Iie in the rational effort todifferentiate a more global concept into itscomponent parts, but rather in the need toinclude more elements of assessment in eachcomponent part so that more reliable measurescan be made of these parts. An intensiveanalyses of the GWB item intercorrelations andtheir correlations with other measures indicatedthat the items in each subscale are most mean-ingfully placed within the designated subscale ifthese six rational subscales are to be used. Forexample, the two items in the health worry orconcern subscale correlated .49 with each otherwhich was higher than either one of themcorrelated with any of the other 16 GWB items.The desideratum is to construct a large numberof items for each subscale and empiricallydetermine the most homogeneous set that wouldalso be least correlated with other subscales.However, even though the GWB subscales inter-correlated fairly highly in this college studentsample, they may well show a more differen-tiated pattern (lower intercorrelations) amongmore severely distressed samples with moreclearly differentiated symptom patterns, such asclinical patients.
The surprisingly high correlations of theGWB items with the other measures of depres-sion and anxiety indicate that the multipleresponse options of these items are properlyordered and form mini-scaIes in their own right(table 7).
“PERSON TYPES’–CLUSTER ANDDISC RIM INANT ANALYSES
A completely different approach was takento explore the possibility that the study samplecould be clustered into several “person types”with respect to the seven measures from theGWB (i.e., the six subscales plus the totaI) andthe interviewer rating. Cluster analyses were runseparately for males and females. Since there areno hard and fast rules regarding the optimum
11
number of groups to be obtained, thefactor associated with putting persons
errorwith
grossly different scores k“ the s~m~ group mustbe weighed against the total number of groupsthat can be meaningfully identified. Five groups
‘ of males and five groups of females seemed to bethe optimum number in this sample. These fivegroups were then submitted to a discriminantanalysis which provided descriptive statistics onhow the eight variables contributed to thedifferential group membership. The followinginterpretation is based on the statistics shown intable 8.
For the males the five groups of intervieweesappeared to differ with respect to overall adjust-ment, interviewer rating, and the energy levelsubscale. These five groups might be described as:high well-being (group 1); about average well-being (group 2); about average well-being butconcerned about their health (group 3); belowaverage well-being (group 4); and distressed,unhappy, and depressed but not severely lackingin energy (group 5).
For the females the five groups of inter-viewees differed with respect to overall adjust-ment, interviewer rating, and subscale scores ashad the males. These five groups might bedescribed as: h~gh well-being (group 1); aboutaverage well-being (group 2); below averagewell-being with somatic concern and low inenergy (group 3); below average well-being withlittle somatic concern (group 4); and generallydistressed, unhappy and depressed (group 5).
OVERALL EVALUATION OF THE GWB
After a great many statistical analyses ofseveral different kinds, what can be said aboutthe utility and validity of the GWB for assessinggeneral well-being? The “hard” reasons forincluding the GWB in this research investigationwere stated earlier in the text (see “Purpose”).In addition, the GWB was “pragmatically profes-sional” when compared with the 566-item true-false MMPI or the relatively new College HealthQuestionnaire with its multiple-choice format.The GWB is well designed, easy to comprehend,and its content coverage is apparent. Since noprevious data existed when this investigation wasstarted in 1972, it was truly an untried instru-
ment and was included because of its manifestproperties. However, did the GWB differentiatethe more depressed students in our sample fromthe less depressed ones? The answer, as reflectedin several criterial measures, is affirmative, It wasclearly better than most of the other measuresfor each sex in its strength of relationship withthe interviewer rating of depression, The totalGWB scale and the two short, 4-item subscalesof depression and tension-anxiety intercorre-Iated as highly with the other more extensivemeasures of these two states as these othermeasures did among themselves. None of thesample persons expressed any trouble either inunderstanding or in responding to the GWBitems—unlike the true-false forced-choice formatof the MMPI-and the, GWB emerged as thesingle most useful instrument in measuring de-pression.
This particular study did not provide areliable way to evaluate the GWB criterialsection items because the sample was too homo-geneous and markedly skewed on these behav-ioral manifestations of psychological distress.Evaluation of some of the GWB items andsubscales was limited also because the criterialmeasures were selected basically to measuredepression and anxiety and not some of theother rational content area built into the GWB.
The major weakness of the GWB seems to bethat the subscales have too few items to ]?rovidecontent homogeneous and reliable sub scales forindividual assessment on these aspects of well-being or disp-ess.
Where does the GWB stand in terms ofcurrent-day relevance? A recent article byCampbellz Z indicates that statistics, national orotherwise, have too long involved monetary andtangible product manifestations of our lives,while if it is the quality of the life experience ofthe population that is of concern, then measureshave to be developed to assess the individual’ssense of well-being. The General Well-Beingschedule seems to have originated before its timebut is now in the right place at the right time topresent coherent and useful data about thesubjective well-being of large cross sections ofour citizenry.
Because the GWB is brief, well designed, andrelevant in content, it should be useful in a
12
variety of research and applied settings, such as aquality-of-life index, a mental health statusappraisal, a measure of psychotherapy outcomeevaluation, and a social indicator for measuringpopulation changes in sense of well-being overtime. Accordingly, at a practical action level, itwas recommended and included in a 1976 healthneeds study, invoIving a larger sample of collegestudents (n = 419) attending the University ofWisconsin-Milwaukee. Data collected from this
larger independent sample are very similar to thedata reported here with respect to GWB scalescore means, standard deviations, and othermeasurements. Because of the very large database (n = 6,931) for the GWB from the NCHS’NationaI Health Examination Survey of Adults(1971-1975), meaningful norms can be estab-lished against which individual and special sam-ple comparisons can be made by researchers inmany settings throughout the United States.
000
13
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p., and Isaacs, A. D.: Reliability of a procedure formeasuring and classifying present psychiatric state.Br. J. Psychiatry 113:499, 1967.
20SPitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., Fleiss, J. L., and~Cohen,J.: Psychiatric Status Schedule: A technique for evacua-ting psychopathology and impairment in role function-ing. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 23:41, 1970.
21Gilberstadt, H., ~d Duker, J.: A ~andboo~ for
Clinical and Actuarial MMPI Interpretations, Philadel-phia, W. B. Saunders, Co., 1965.
22Campbell, A.: Subjective measures of well-being.Am. Psychol. 31:117-124, Feb. 1976.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
LIST OF DETAILED TABLES
Means, standard deviations, and score ranges for the major data elements, by sex ... .. .... . . ... .. ... .. . . ... . .... .. .. . ... .. .... .. .. ... . . ..... .. . .... . ..
Evaluative assessment of unweighed national sample based on the General Well-Being (GWB) total scale scores ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .
Number and percent distribution of study sample, by total General Well-Being (GWB) scale score and interviewer depressionrating seal e .. . .... . .. ... ... . ... ... . .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... . . .... .. . ... . . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .... . .. ... . .. ... .. . ... .. . .... .. .. .. .. .. ... ............ ............. ............................ .
Product-moment correlation coefficients of major data elements with interviewer depression rating, and significance levels,by sex .. .... .. . .... . ... ... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... . ... .... . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .... ... . ... . .. ... .. . ... .. .. ... . . ... ... . ... . .. ... . .. .. .. . ..................................................................
I ntercorrelations among the Depression, Anxiety, and GWB scales for combined male and female sample . . . .... .. . .... .. .. .. .. . . .... .. ..
Product-moment correlations of major data elements with General Well-Being (GWB) total scale, subscales, and subscale multi-
ple correlations (R) for total sample .... . ... ... .. . .... . . .... .. . .... ... ... . .. . ... .. .... .. . ... ... . .. ... . .... . .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. ... .. . .... . .. .... .. . .....................
Product-moment correlations of the major data elements with other Depression and Anxiety scales for total sample ..... .... .. .. .. ..
Person-type cluster analyses descriptive statistics, by group type, sex, and scale ... . . .... . . .. . .. ... .... .. . .. .. . ... .. ..... . ... .. .. .. ... . . ..... .. ..... . ..
16
18
19
20
22
23
26
28
15
Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and score ranges for the maior data elemen IV sex
Score rangeMean value Standard deviation
PotentialIternnum-ber
Actual totalMajor data element
TotalFe-
maleFe-
male HighMale Total Male Low High Low
GENERAL WELL-BEING
SCHEDULE (GWB)
Scale itemsl,z
123456789101112131415161718
19
2021222324
25
2627282830
31
32
33
3435
Good spirits ... . ... ... .. . ..... .. . .... .. . .... . .. ...... ... ... ..Newousness ... .. ... ... .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... ..
Firm control of bahavior, emotions .. .. .. .. .... .Sad, discouraged, hopeless .... .. ... ... . .. ..... . . .... .Stress, strain, pressure ... ... . ... ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ....Happy, satisfied with life.., ... ... .. .... . .. .... .. . ... .Afraid of losing mind, or losing control .... .Anxious, worried, upset .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ....
Waking fresh, rested ... .... .. .. .. .. . .. .... ... . ... ... ... .Bothered by bodily disorders ... . .. ... .. .. ... . . .. ..Interesting daily life . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...Downhearted, blue .. ... .. ... . .. .... .. .. . ... .. . .... ... ...Emotionally stable, sure of self .. . ... .. .. ... .. . ...Feeling tired, worn out .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. . ...Health concern, worry . .... ... . ...... .... .. . . ..... . .. ..Relaxed.tense ..... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . .... ... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .Energy level .. . .... ... .. .... . ... ... . .. .... .. .. .... . ... .. .. .. .Depressed-cheerful ..... .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .
2.93.13.74.C2.72.74.33.32.84.03.23.53.53.27.25.46.06.2
3.52.62.92.92.94.7
11.311.9
5.916.715.111,5
72.4
19.2
1.4
2.9
1.7
3.13.83.94.22.82.64.4
3.62.84.33.13.73.83.47.35.76.36.2
3.72.72.92.92.84.5
11.612.5
5.717.215.912.1
75.1
19.6
1.3
2.4
1.6
2.83.53.53.82.72.74.2
3.12.83.93.33.43.33.17.25.25.86.2
3.42.62.92.92,94.8
11.111.6
6.016.3‘f4.511<1
70.5
18.9
1.4
3.21.8
1.01.11.11.21.21.31.21.21.11.11.11.01.21.12.42.42.12.1
1.1
0.70.30.30.41.3
3.23.62.24.55.02.8
16.7
2.5
1.5
2.7
1.8
0.91.11.11.11.31.21.21.11.21.01.10.91.11.12.52.31.92.0
1.00.70.20.3
0.41.2
3.23.31.94.24.82.7
14.8
2.4
1.3
2.52.8
1.01.11.11.21.21.41.21.31.11.21.21.01.21.2
2.42,52.12.2
1.20.70.30.30.41.3
3.13.82.34.7
5.02.8
17.8
2.5
1.5
2.81.9
000000000000000000
111111
000000
0
. . .
0
00
55555555555555
10
101010
533337
15201025
2515
110
. . .
10
107
000000000010(10,
0’0,
10
111111
1314
12
27
16
0
00
55555555555555
10101010
533337
15191025
2515
108
34
8
107
Criterial items1~2
Psychologic problems .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... ..
Felt near nervous breakdown .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ....Had nervous breakdown .. .... .. .. .... .. . .... . .. .... ..Clinical patient ...... .. . .... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... . .. ... ... . .... .Psychologic attention .... . .. .... .. ... ... .. .. .... .. .... .Social-emotional support .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... ..
Subscalesl~2
Freedom from health concern, worry,
or distress .. .. ..... . . .... . ... .... . .. .... ... . .... .. . .... .. . ...Energy level .... .. .. ..... . .. .. .. .. .. .... . . .. ... . .. .... .. .. ...Satisfying, interesting life ... .... . ... .... . ... ... . .. ...Cheerful versus depressed mood ..... .. .. .. .. . . ...Relaxed versus tense, anxious . .. .. .... .. .. .. .. . . ...Emotional-behavioral control ... ... ... .. .. ... . .. ...
GWB total scalez .... . ... ... .. . . ... . .. .... .. ... .... . . ... .
Age .. ... .. .. .... .. .... ... .. ... .. .. .... .. . ..... .. .... ... . .... . . ...
Interviewer depression rating .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .
PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SCALE
(Pss)l
Anxiety ... . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... ...Depression ..... ... . .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . ..
See footnotes at end of table.
16
Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and score ranges for the major data elements, by sex–Con.—
Itemnum-ber
363738
39404142
434445464748
49505152536455565758s606162636465666768
68
707172
Major data element
MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PER-
SONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI)T SCORES1*3
Validity scales
(L) Lie .. ... . .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . .. .. .. .... .. .. . .... .. . ... . .. ...(F) Validity ..... . . .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..(K) Correction ... ... . .... ... . . .... . .. .... . . ..... . .. .. .. . ...
Clinical scalesl
(Hs) Hypochondriasis .. . .. ... .. .. .. . .. ... ... .. .. . .. ....(D) Depression .... ... .. .. .. . ..... .. ... . .. ..... . . ... . ... ...(Hy) Hysteria .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...
(pal) psychopathic ... ... ... . .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .(Mf) Masculinity-Femininity Interests . .... .. .(Pa) Paranoia .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .(Pt) Psychasthenia .... .. .. .. ... . .. ... . .... .... .. .. .. .. ...
(Se) schizophrenia . .. .. .. .. .. ... . .... .. .. .. .. . ... ... . ...(Ma) Hypomania ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..(Si) Social introversion-Extmversion . . ... .. . ...
ZUNG DEPRESSION ITEMS4
Downhearted, blue ..... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .Morning, feel best .. ... .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .Crying spells ... . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .Trouble sleeping .. .. .. ... .. . .... . . .... . .. ... ... . ... . .. ... .Eat as much as usual .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... . . ..Still enjoy sex ... .. ... .. .... . .. .. .. .. .... .. .... . ... .. .. . ....Losing wight ..... . .. .... .. .... . .. .... .. . .... .. . ... .. . .... .Constipated . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Heart beats fast ... ... .. ... . . .... .. .... .. .. ... . ... . .. .. ....Get tired for no reason .. .. .. .. .... . ... .. .. .. .. .. . .....Mind clear as usual .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Easy to do things ... .. ... . ... .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. . ... . .. ... .Restless, can’t keep still .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. . . .. .. .Hopeful about future ... . .... . . .... ... ... .. . ... .. .. ....More irritable than usual .... . .... .. .... .. .. .. .. . .... .Easy to make decisions ... .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .Feel useful and needed .. . .... . ... . .. .. .... .. .... .. .. ..Life is pretty full . .. . .. .. .... . ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...Othars better off if I were dead .... .. .. . ... .. . ... .Still enjoy things .. .. . ... ... . ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Zung total score (SDS) . ..... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....
COLLEGE HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE(CHQ)4
;urrent Depression . .... .. . ..... . .. ... ... .... .. . .. ..... ..‘ast Depression .. ... ... . ... .. . .... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....Anxiety ... .. .. .. ... . .... .. . .... .. . ... .. . .... . .. .... . .. .. .. .. ..
Mean value
Total
47.059.151.6
55.059.058.662.053.158.761.765.061.756.5
1.73.11.41.61.81.61.51.31.41.71.92.12.11.81.72.22.21.81.11.9
45.0
38.928.611.1
Male
48.458.852.9
56.160.859.264.564.157.3
62.765.360.954.8
1.63.31.11.51.31.61.31.21.41.31.72.02.11.61.61.92.21.91.21.9
42.3
36.325.5
9.8
Fe-male
46.059.450.6
54.357.858.260.345.659.761.064.762.257.7
1.83.01.71.62.01.61.61.31.41.92.12.12.22.01.82.42.21.81.11.9
46.7
40.630.511.9
Standard deviation
Total
6.610.6
8.8
10.213.8
8.912.213.010.511.314.311.911.7
0.70.90.70.81.11.00.90.60.60.91.01.11.01.00.81.11.11.00.51.0
11.8
9.68.73.7
Male
7.69.99.4
11.314.2
9.111.6
9.510.512.415.912.511.0
0.80.80.30.80.81.00.60.40.70.60.91.01.20.80.81.01.10.90.61.0
10.2
7.06.52.9
Fe-male
5.611.0
8.3
9.413.4
8.912.3
9.110.410.513.211.612.0
0.70.90.70.81.21.01.00.70.51.01.01.11.01.10.81.11.11.00.41.0
12.4
10.6
9.33.9
Score range
Potential
Low
364427
202824202027
20212125
11111111111111111111
25
1914
6
High
86110
83
118120118119110120
120119108
97
44444444444444444444
100
755625
Actual total
Low
364431
343438282027
26253536
11111111111111111111
28
2215
6
High
739875
103103
86979091
93115
9687
44444444444444444344
81
654821
See footnotes at end of table.
17
Table 1. Means, standard deviatiol
Itemnum-ber
Major data element
I
PERSONAL FEELINGS lNVEN-
TORY (PFI)5
73 Depression .. ... .... . ..... .. .. ... ... . ... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..74 Anxiaty . ... .. ... .... . . .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
lTotal number of students= 195 (79 males, 116 females).2A higher GWB score reflects higher positive well-being.3Scored a~~ording to the revised 1967 manual.4TotzIl number of students = 127 (49 males, 78 females).5Total number of students = 68 (30 males, 38 females).
and score ranges for the major data elements, t
Mean value Standard deviation
Total MaleFe-
Total MaleFe-
male male
10.3 9.8 10.6 7.9 9.0 7.14.8 3.8 5.5 3.8 3.8 3.6
$ex–Con.
Score range
Potential Actual total
Low High Low High
o 45 0 320 21 0 18
Table _2. Evaluative assessment of unweighed national sample based on the General Well-Being (GWB) total scale scores
Descriptive attribution of evaluative assessment of general well-being or distress
Total ... .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ... ... .. . ..... .. .. .. ... .. .... . . .... .. .. ... . ... .... . . ..... .. . ... .. .. .... . .. ..... . . .... .. .. .. .. ... ... ................ ..............
Positive well-being ... .. . ... .. ... ... .. .. .... . ... .. .. ... ... . .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. . ... ... .. ... .. .. ... . .. . ... .. .. .... . .. ... .. . ..... .. .. ...... ............
Euphoric mood ... ... .. ... .. . ..... .. .... .. .. .... .. . .... . .. . .... . .. .... . ... ... .. . .... . .... ... .... ... . . ... ... . ..... . .. ... .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. .........o..c.......c..............Strong positive .. ... ... . .... . .. ..... .. . ... .. . .... .. . ..... .. . ... ... . .... .. .. .... .. .... .... .... . ... ... . .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... ... . .... .. .. ............................ ....Moderately high .... .. .. .... .... .. ... ..... .. .. .. .. . ..... .. . ..... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .. ... ... .... .. .. .... ... ... .. ... .. .. . .... .. .. .... ................................m..Low positive ... .. .. ..... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... ... .. ... ... .. .. ... . .... .. .. ... .. .. .... . . .... ... . .... . ... .. ... . .. .. .... ... .. .. ... . . ..... ... ....... ................................Marginal .. ... ... .. .. ..... . .. .... .. .. ... ... .... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. . . .... . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. . ........m..............................m.cmc.c
Problem-indicative stress .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. .. ... .. . .... .. .. .. ... . ..... .. . ... ... . ... .. .. .... . .. .... . .. ... .. .. .... .. . ... .. ... ... .. .. .... ............
Mild .... . .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .... .. . ... . ... ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... . .. .... . .. .... .. ... ... . .. ... .. . .... . ... .... . .. .................. ............................ .....Moderate ... .. . .... .. .. ... .. .. .... .. . ... ... .. ... . .. ... .. . . ..... . .. ... .. . .... .. .. .... .. . ... .. ... ... .. .. .... ... ... . ... .... . . .... .. .............c..............q........em..<....Severe .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. . .. .. ... .... .. . ..... . .. .. ... .. ... . .. .... .. .. ... .. ... ... .. . ... .. .. .... .. .. .... . .. ... ..................... ..........................
cliniCSillv significant distress . .. . .... .. ..... .. .. ... . .. .... .. . .... . .. .... .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... ..
Mild .. .. ... .. . .... . . ..... ... .... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .... . .. ... . ... ... ... . ... ... .. .. .. . .... .. .. ... ... . .... . . .... .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. ..................... .............................Moderate ... ... .. .. .... .. . ... ... .. ... . .. ..... . . .... .. .. ... .. .. ... ... . .... . .. ... . . .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... . .... .. . ... .. .. .... .. . .... ..c.................................c.........Severe ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .... . ... ... .. . .... .. . .... . ... ... .. .. ... . . ..... ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .... .. . .... . .. ... . .. .. ... . .............................c.m...........<.m......Suicidal risk .. . .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. . .... . .. .... .. .. .. . .... ... .. . .... . .. ... . ... ... .. . .... .. .. ... .. . .... . .. ... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .............. .....................
TotalGWBscore
. . .
. . .
101-11091-100
81-9076-8071-75
. . .
66-7061-6556-60
.,.
51-5541-5026-4000-25
Percentdistri-bution
ofsample
100.0
74.1,—
10.422.722.4
9.59.1
16.3
6.95.44.0
9.6
3.13.52.30.7
NOTES: n = 6,931;~= 80.3; S.D. = 17.7.
18
Table 3. Number and percent distribution of study sample, by total General Well-Being (GWB) scale and interviewer depression rating
GWB score
All students ... .... .. .. .. .. ... ..
Positive well-being .. . . .... . .. .. ..
lol-llo ... ... .. .. ... . ... ... .... ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .91-loo .. .. .. .... .. ... . .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... . .. ... ..81.90 ... . .. ... .. .. ... .. . .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... .. .
76.8 O.. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . ..... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... .71.75 ... .. .... .. .. .. ... ..... . .. ... . ... .... . . .... .. .
Problem-indicative stress .. ... .
66.70 .. .... . .. ... .. .. ... ... .. ... . . .... .. .. ... .. .. ..61.65 .. ... .. . .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. ... . ... .. .56.60 .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... .. . ... .. .. ....
Clinically significant stress ...
51.55 .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. . .. ... . .... . .. .... . .41-50 ... .. .. .. .. .... .. . .... .. . ... . .... ... . .. .. .. .. .26-40 .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. ..... . .. .. .. ... .0025 ... .. ... .. .. .. ... . .... .. . ... . .. ..... . .. .. .. .. .
Mean GWB score ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .... .Standard deviation ..... .. . .... . ... .. . ... ...
scale
Percent Depression rating scaledistri- Totalbution 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I
100.0 195 63
59.6 116 49
2.6 5 310.3 20 821.0 41 1715.4 30 1110.3 20 10
22.5 44 11
9.7 19 37.7 15 55.1 10 3
17.9 35 4
8.7 17 44.6 9 -4.6 9 -
. . . 72.4 78.4
. . . 16.7 13.2
60 42
42 20
1 18 3
13 913 5
7 2
11 13
4 75 42 2
6 9
4 41 31 2
76.0 69.613.8 15.3
15
3
21
3
3
9
432
57.717.0
Number
6
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
11
66.815.8
5 2 1 1 - -
- . .
. . .- - .- - .. - .. . .
3 1 - - - -
1 - - - - -
1 - - - - -1 1 - - - -
2 1 1 1 - -
. . -1 - - - - -1 1 1 1 - -
. . .
51.8 45.0 40.0 31.0 - -14.3 - 12.0 - -
19
Table 4. Product-moment correlation coefficients of major date elements with interviewer depression rating, and significance levels, by
Itemnum-ber
123456789101112131415161718
192021222324
2526
z2830
31
32
33
3435
363738
sex
Major data element
GENERAL WELL-BEING SCHEDULE (GWB)
Scale items
Good spirits ... .. ... ... .. . .. ..... .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ... .... .. ... .. .. . .. ...... . ... ...Newousness ... . .. .... .. .. .. ...... ... ..... .. ... ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. . ..... .. .. .... .. .. ..
Firm control of behavior, emotions .... .. .... .. .. . .. ..... . .... ... .. .. ..... .... . .... .. .. .... .. ....Sad, discouraged, hopeless .. .. .. .... .. .. . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .... .. ... .... . .. .. .... .. ..Stress, strain, pressure ..... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .... . ... ..... ... . ... ... ... .... .. .Happy, satisfied with life ..... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .Afraid of losing mind, or losing control .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ....Anxious, worriad, upset .. .. ..... .. . ...... ... . ..... .. .. .. .. .. ... ..... . ... .... . ... ..... .. .. ..... .. . .....Waking fresh, rested ..... .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. . . .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. ....Bothared by bodily disorders ... .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. ...... . ... .... .. . .. ... .. .. ....Interesting daily life ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... ... . .. .... . ... ..Downhearted, blue .. ... . .... .... .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .... ... ... .... .. . ... ..... . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .Emotionally stabla, sure of self .. ... . ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ..... . .. .. .... .. ..Feeling tired, worn out ..... .. . ... .... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ... ... .. .... .. ..Health concern, worW ... .... .... .. .... ... ... .. .. .. .. .... .. ... ... ... .. ... .. .. .. ..... . .. .... .. .. .. . .... . .Relaxad.tense ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .... ... . .... .... .. .... .. .. . .... ... .. .... .. .. ..... ... . ..... .. .. .... ..Energy level .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. ... ... ..Depressed-cheerful ... .... .. .. ...... .. .. ..... .. ... ..... . .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .... ... . .. ... ... . ..... ... . ....
Criterial itams
Psychologic problems ...... .. .. . ..... .. . ... .... .. .. ...... . . ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. ... ... . ..... .. .. ...... . ..Felt near nervous breakdown ..... ... .. ... .. .. . ...... . .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. . .... . .. ...... .. .. ..... ...Had nervous breakdown .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .Clinical patient .. ... . .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ... . .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..... . .. .. .... .. .. .... .Psychologic attention ... .. .. .. .... .. . ..... . ... ..... . .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. . .... ... .. .. . ... .. .. .. ....Social-emotional wpport .. ... ... .... ..... . .. ...... . .. ...... .. ... .. .. .. . ...... .. .. ... .. .. ..... .. .. .. ...
Subscalas
Freedom from health concern, worry, distress ..... . .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .... .. ... .... ... .. . ..Energy level ... .. ... ..... . ... .... .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..... .. . .. .... .. .. .... .. .. . .... ... .. .... .... ...... .. .Satisfying, interesting life .. . . .. .... .. .... ... ... .. ..... .. . .. .... .. .. ..... .. .. .... .... .. ... .... .. ... ... .Cheerful versus deprassed mood .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... ...Relaxed versus tense, anxious feeling ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ..... . .. .. .... .. .. ......Emotional-behavioral control . .. ..... .. . .. .... .. ... ... .. .. . ..... .. ... .... ... .. ..... . .. ..... .. .. .....
GWB total scale .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ... . .. .. .... .... .. ..
Interviewer depression rating ..... .... .... .. .. .. ... ... .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. ... .... . .... .. . ..
PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SCALE (PSS)
AnxieW ...... .. . ...... . .. .. .... .. .. . ... .... .. .. ... ... .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. . .. ....... .. . ..... .. .. ....... . ..Depression . ... .. ..... ... .. ...... .. .. ... ... ... ...... . .. .. ... . ... ....... . .. ..... .. .. ...... .. .. ..... .. .. ....... ..
MINNESOTA MU LTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI}
Validity scales
(L) Lie ... .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. ..... . .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .(F) Validity ..... .... ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ... ... .(K) Correction ..... .. .... .. .. . ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... ... . ...... . ... .. ... ... .. .... .. ... ..... .. .. .... .
Correlation coeffi-cient
343538392628343328292939332420322738
302525281819
273134443843
47
15
. . .
4039
-1234
-21
2B4431271525303124371331240730292235
260112210815
352523363536
45
22
. . .
3625
-2113
-01
383043463330373530263944393314333040
323931322522
213539484048
48
12
. . .
4247
-0645
-30
Significance level
.000
.000
.000,000,000.000.000.000.060.000.000.000.000.001.005.000.000.000
.000
.001
.001
.000
.010
.008
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.031
,..
.000
.000
.083
.000
.003
.012
.000
.006.016.197.027.007.005.031.001.267.005.032.540.008.009.046.002
.021
.955
.307
.065
.474
.196
.002
.028
.044
.001
.002
.001
.000
.053
. . .
.001
.025
.066
.251
.397
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.001
.006
.000
.000
.000
.000
.132
.001
.001
.000
.001
.000
.001
.001
.00B
.016
.021
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
,184
...
.000
.000
.516
.000
.002
20
Table 4. Product-moment correlation coefficients of major data elements with interviewer depression rating, and significance levels, by
Item
bar
39404142434445464748
49505152535455!565758s806162836465686788
69
707172
7374
Major data elements
sex—Con.
Clinical scales
(Hs) Hypochondriasis .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
(D) Depression .... .. .. .... .. ..... . .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. ... . .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...(Hy) Hysteria ..... .. .. .... .. . ... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. . ... .. .... .. ..
(Pal) Psychopathic .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... . . .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. . ...(Mf) Masculinity-Femininity Interests ..... .. .... .. .. .... .. . .... . .. ... .. . .. .. .. . ... .. .. .... .. ..(Pa) Paranoia .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... . . .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .... .. ..
(Pt) Psychasthenia .... .. ... .... .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. ... .. . .... . .. .... .. .. .... .. ... ... ..... . .. .. ... . .... .. ...
(Se) Schizophrenia .... .. ... .. .. ... ... . .. ..... . .. .... .. .. .... ... ... ... ..... .. .. .. . . .... .. .. .. ... . ... . ... ..(Ma) Hypomania ...... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... ... . .. .. .. . ... . .. .... . ... .. . .. .... .. . ...(Si) Social lntroversion-Extraversion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. . ... . . .... .. .. ... . .. .... . . ....
ZUNG DEPRESSION ITEMS
Downhearted, blue .... .. .. ... .. . .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... . . .... . .. .... .. . .... .. .... .. . ... ... . ...Morning, feel best . .... .. .. . .... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... . .... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Crying spel Is. ..... ... . .... .. .. ... . .. ..... . .. . ... .. . ... .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. ... ... . ... .. .. .... . . ... . .. .... .. . ... .Trouble sleeping .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. ... .. ... .. .Eat as much as usual .. . .. .. .. .. . ..... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. . .... .. . ... .. .. ... .. .. .... . .. .. .. .. .... . .. ... . .. ....Still enjoy sex . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .... .. ..... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. . ... .. .. .. .....\..Losing weight .. ... ...... ... .... . ... .... . . ...... ... ... .. .. ... . .. .... . . .... .. .. .. .. ... .... . . .... .. . ... . .. . ....Constipated . ... .. .... .... . . ..... .. . .... .. . .... .. .. .... . .. .. ... . .... .. . ..... . .. .. .. ... ... . .. .... . .. ... . ... .. ..Heart beats fast .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .... .. . .... . .. .... . . .. ... . .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ....Get tired for no reason .. .. ... . ... .. ... ... .. .. ... ... .... .. . .... .. . ... .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... . .. .. ... ... .. .Mind clear as usual . .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. ... ... .. ... . .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .... .... .. ..Easy to do things ... ... . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . . .... .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .Restless, can’t keep still . .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ... ... . ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. . ..... .Hopeful about future ..... . .. .... .. . .... .. . .... .. .. .. .. .. .... . . ..... . .. . ... .. . ... ... . .... . . .. .. .. .. .... .More irritable than usual . ... ... .. .. .... . . .... .. . .. .. ... ... ... . .... ... ... .. . .... ... . ... ... .... . .. .... ..Easy to make decisions . .. .. . ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. ... . .. . ... .. . ... .. ...... ..Feel useful and needed ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... ..Life is pretty fuil .. ... . .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .... ... . ... ... .. .. .. . . .. .... ..Others better off if I were dead ... .. .. .... .. ... ... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ... . .. . .... . .Still enjoy things .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... ..
Zung total score (SDS) . ... .... .. ... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .... . .. ... . .. .... .. . .... ... .... . ..
COLLEGE HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE (CHQ)
Current Depression ...... .. . .... . .. .. .. .. .. .... . ... .... .. . .... . . ... .. .. .... .. ... .. ... .... .. .... .. . .... .. . .Past Depression ... . .. .. .. .. .... ... .. .... . .. .... .. .. .. ... . .... .. . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... . . .... .. .. .... . . ..Anxiety .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... . .. ... .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. ... . .. ... .. .. .... . .. ..
PERSONAL FEELINGS INVENTORY (PFI)
Depression ..... . ... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. . .... ... . ... .. .. ... ... . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . ... .. . .... .. .. .... .. ...Anxiety ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... .. . .... .. . ... .. .. .... .. ...... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...
Correlation coeffi-cient
24211926081821251817
1907170513180509031621072622251022151517
28
363410
5041
33051708070114131412
-13-08-17-11-05-20
34-lo
14-02-07-08
1914050108
-07-06-08
-01
-010302
5742
19322137162727342119
341524111936
-0415
-042033133124331328243028
39
484513
4242
Total
I
Male I Fe-male
Significance level
.001
.003
.008
.000
.290
.014
.003
.001
.010
.018
.033
.404
.062
.603
.131
.043
.552
.291
.754:081.016.442.004.014.006.254.012.102.700.055
.002
.000
.000
.243
.000
.001
.003
.683
.141
.489
.544
.917
.210
.250
.203
.282
.381
.560
.237
.465
.754
.158
.018
.506
.347
.902
.636
.554
.188
.346
.750
.946
.552
.641
.692
.579
.934
.980
.812
.877
.001
.019
.045
.001
.027
.000
.088
.003
.004
.000
.024
.037
.002
.182
.032
.337
.095
.001
.720
.192
.726
.082
.003
.245
.006
.032
.003
.242
.011
.036
.008
.001
.000
.000
.268
.008
.008
NOTE: Decimal omitted before correlation coefficients.
%
21
Table 5. Intercorrelat!ons amom te D,=
(3)
!Ss, c.
(4)—
72504065
39432645
415042
2853
6095
—
4nx——
151—
66
;
5156
:
615552
26
66
20127—
(,an.
(6)
IWB—
(7)
es f_
6)—
;678
1)$6
)3%lo
)618
15;8—
con
(9)
>ed m.
I1OI
3 am.
(11)
malf.
(12)
nple . . ..(1I—
44392128363450
3B401041
433431
2747
9:—
Scales and subscdes (2 I—
705062715867
70603751
697264
2587
4195
(131 (14) (15)
4179
3195
(16)—
.,,56
2195
(17)
. .
76196
—
—Depression
1. Interviewer depression rating .,,.,,,.,,.,,,.,,,,.,,2, GWB–Cheerful versus depressed mood,,,,.,,,3. PSS-Depression...,,...,,,.,,..,,.,,,,.,.,,..,.,,..,,,.,.4, MMP1– Depression ... ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ..5. Zung-Depressio" .. .. ... .... ... .. . .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ..6, CHQ-Current Depression,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,.,,,....,7. CHQ–Past Depression .,,.,,,,,.,.,,,,..,,,,,,,,.,,,..,8. PFl-D@ression .,,,..,,,,.,,,,,.,,,,,,.,,...,.,.,,,,.,.,,
Anxiety
9. GWB-Relaxed versus tense.anxio.s..,,,.,..,,,10. PSS-Anxiety,,.,..,.,.,.,,,,.,,,,.,.,,,,,,,,.,.,,,,.,,.,,,11. CHQ-AnxieW .,.,,.,,,.,..,.,,..,,..,,,.,.,.,,.,,,.,,,,.,12. PF1–Anxiety . .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ..... .. .. .. .... ... ... .
Other GWB
13. Emotional-behaviorel control .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ..14. Satisfy ing, interesting life,,,,.,,,,,.,.,,,,..,.,.,,,,.15. Energy level,.,.,.,,,,.,,,., . ... .. .... ... .. .. .. ..... ... .... .16. Freedom from hea!th concern, worry,or
distress,,., .. .... .. .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... ....17. Total scale.. .. ... ... .. .. .... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ..
Number of items per scale or wbscales ,,.,.,,Number in sample .,..,,,.,...,,.,.,..,.,..,,..,.,,.,...
5363716578
59654265
645252
2970
7195
.,.;
6978
(y
644767
4480
19127—
. .(1)
6175
:
573359
44
69
14127
765162
645256
4888
4195
72BO
624354
4976
10195
,,.(1)
452444
3452
6127
583746
3863
2168
5553
3379
3195
.,.48
1671
2195
lScales not taken together by the same students,
NOTE: Decinmt omitted before correlation coefficients
22
Table 6. Product-moment correlations of major data elements with
—
Itemnum-ber
123456789101112131415161718
19
2021222324
25
2627282930
31
32
33
3435
ple corre
Major data element
GENERAL WELL-BEINGSCHEDULE (GWB)
Scale items
Good spirits ... .. ... ... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. ....Newousness .. .. ... ... .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .
Firm control of behavior, emotions .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .Sad, discouraged, hopeless .. .... .... .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .... .Stress, strain, pressure ... .... . .. ..... . .. ... .. . ... . .. ... .. .. .. ..
Happy, satisfied with life ... .. .... .. .. .. .. . .. ... . . .... .. .. ... .Afraid losing mind, or losing control ... .. .. .. .. .. .... . .Anxious, worried, upset ... .. .. .. .. . ..... .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .Waking fresh, rested ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .Bothered by bodily disorders ... .. ... .. . .... .. ... . .. ... ... .Interesting daily life .. ... . ... . . .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... . . .Downhearted, blue .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . . ..Emotionally stable, sure of self .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .Feeling tired, worn out . .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . . ...Health concern, worry ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ..Reiaxed.tense ... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. .. .Energy level .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .Depressed-cheerful . ... ... .. .. .. . ... .... .. .... .. .... . .. ... . ... .. .
Criterial items
%ychologic problems ... .. ... . .. ... ... .. ... . .. .... .. ... .. .. .. ..Felt near nervous breakdown ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...Had nervous breakdown .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . ..JIinical patient .... . .. .. ... . ... .. .. .... . .. ... .. . ... .. .. ... . .. .... ..%ychologic attention ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... . . .Social-emotional support .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Su bscal es
Freedom from health concern, worry, or distress..Energy level ... .. .. .... . .. ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .... . . ... .Satisfying, interesting life .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .:heerful varsus depressed mood .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .<elaxed versus tense-anxious .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. . . .... .
~motional-behavioral control ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... . . ... ..
SWB total scale .. .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. ... .. .. ... . . .. . ... .... . .. ... .. .
~ge .. .. . ... .. .. ... . . .... ... . ... .. .. ... .. . .... . .. ... .. . .. .. . . ... .. .. ... .. .
Interviewer depression rating ... ... .. .. . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .
PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SCALE (PSS)
Anxiety .... .. .. .. ... . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .Depression .. . ..... . . .... .. . ... . .. .... . .. ... . ... .. .. . .... .. . . .. .. . ... .
ions (/
Totalscale
736765726864527560525777766748776978
494712251726
567971B7B879
. . .
-13
-47
7670
eneral Well-Being (GWB) total scale, subscales, and subscale multi-‘or total samole
GWB subscale
Healthcon-cern
orworry
14352129381230372B751619294594453121
373420302918
“41”16254833
56
01
-27
4929
Energy
tevel
593645415143284579414254557733538B62
433205170922
41
. . .48645B53
79
-10
-31
5452
Satis-fying,inter-esting
I ife
644044503887354739198564543412454768
222402130723
1648. . .725255
71
-20
-34
4352
Cheer-fu I ver-sus de-pressed
83555979536941
674728
::685019596092
403410190923
25
6472
. . .7069
87
-16
-44
6070
Re-laxedversustense
567852627547408147434164645543904660
3848
07171215
48
585270
. . .64
88
-05
-38
7659
Emo-tional-behav-ioralcon-trol
57548269495177
6236404265834724
514753
454311231824
3353556964
. . .
79
-13
-43
6264
Sub-5calenulti-pl eR
84798284768B808380778689857995918993
5562
125343232
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
123
-49
8074
l~o~ sig~ificantat .01 level.
23
Table 6. Product-moment correlations of major data elements with General Well-Being (GWB) total scale, subscales, and subscaie multi-
Itemnum-ber
363738
39404142434445464746
49
505152535455
56575858606162636465E6768
69
lN(
ple correlation (R) for total sample–Cok
Major data element
MINNESOTA MULTI PHASIC PERSONALITYINVENTORY (MMPI ) T SCORES
Validity scales
(L) Lie ..... .. . ..... .. . ... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. . ..... . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ..(F) ValidiW .... .. . .. .... . .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... ... . .... .(K) Correction ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... ..
Clinical scales
(Hs) Hypochondriasis ..... .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... ... . ... . .. .... .(D) Depression ... .. .... . ..... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ... ..(Hy) Hysteria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..(Pal) Psychopathic .. .. .. .... . .. ...... ... ... . .. ... .. .. . ... . . ..... .(Mf) Masculinity-Femininity Interests .. .. .. ... . .. .... .(Pa) Paranoia ... .. . .... .. .. .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .... .. .... ..(Pt) Psychasthenia .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... . .... .. .... .(Se) Schizophrenia .... .. ... .. .. ... .. . .... .. .. ... ... . .... . .. .... .(Ma) Hypomania ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..(Si) Social lntroversion-Extraversion . .... .. .. .. .. .. ....
ZUNG DEPRESSION ITEMS
Downhearted, blue..., . .... . .. ... .... . ..... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .... .Morning, feel best .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . . .... .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. . .....Crying spells ... .. . .. ..... .. . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .Trouble sleeping ..... .. .. .... .. .. ... .. .. .... . .. .... . ... ... .. ..... .Eat as much as usual .. .. .. .... . ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....Still enjoy sex ... . ... ... .. .. .. ..... . ..... .. . .... . .. .... ... .... . .. ....Losing weight ... .. ..... . .. . .. .. ... .. .. . .. ... .. . . ... .. ... .... .. .... .
Constipated .. .... .. .. .... . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... .. ... ... .. . ... .Heart beats fast ... .... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ....Get tired for no reason ... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .Mind clear as usual .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... ...!.. ... . ... .. . ....Easy to do things .. .... .. .. ... ... .. .... .. . ... .. . . ... ... . .... . .. ...Restless, can’t keep still ... ... ..... .. . ..... . .. ... . .. . ... .. .. ...Hopeful about future ... .... .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. ... . .. ...More irritable than usual .. .. .. .... .. .. .... . . .... .. .. .... . . .. .Easy to make decisions .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ..Feel useful and needed .. .... .. . ..... . . .... .. .. .. ... . .... .. ....
Life is pretty full ... .. .... . . .... .. .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... .. .... .. .. ..Others better off if I were dead .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .Still enjoy things ... .. .... .. .... .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ..
Zung total score (SDS) . ..... ... ..... .. .. .. .. .. .... . .. ... .. .. ..
ignificant at .01 level.
Totalscale
24–56
49
405339460136
45531644
5201392732311125154346423647
3340
56412537
66
Health
con-cern
orworry
21-40
33
33283133003219352215
1705231618060808132413142806241219120219
26
Energylevel
23-45
43
324229340315
32381336
360829331423
011807452441253733345026
z
52
GWE subscale
Satis-
fying,inter-esting
I ife
09-38
25
25503039
-121839361141
4903220825310930053641351646153248582427
55
Cheer-ful ver-sus de-pressed
17-46
40
31503243012842440742
5201371630350919113645412854273853422932
62
Re-laxedversustense
25-43
44
33392931043639431635
380133202720112913274433353026354228
;
51
Emo-
tional-behav-
ioralcon-trol
13-53
39
3241333602
3339522736
6303332734311312223645342845213645283439
61
Sub-scale
nuiti-pleR
30-60
52
42574352
120
4547564347
5911541393838
119
40125
5053463958374359583941
69
24
Table 6. Product-moment correlations of major data elements with General Well-Being (GWB) total scale, subscales, and subscale multi-
Itemnum-ber
707172
73
74
ple correlation
Major data element
COLLEGE HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE(CHQ)
Current Depression .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .Past Depression .... . ... ... . . .. .... . ... . .. ... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ..Anxiety . .. .... .. .. .. .. . . ..... . .. ... . . .... .. . .... . . .. . . .. .... . .. .. . .. ..
PERSONAL FEELINGS INVENTORY (PFI)
Depression .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. . .. . .. .... .. . ... . .. ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .Anxiety ... .. ... .. . ... . .. .... .. .. ... .. .... . . .... .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
; (R) f
Totalscale
806952
78
63
total sample–Con.
IGWB subscale I
Haalthcon-cern
orworry
444434
46
38
Energy
Ievel
675944
7046
Satis-fying,inter-
estingI ife
473324
5437
Chaer-ful ver-sus de-pressed
Re-laxedversustense
715837
6751
696151
6662
Emo-tional-behav-ioralcon-trol
645745
6356
Sub-scale
multi-ple
R
817357
80
67
NOTE: Decimals omitted before correlation coefficients.
25
Table7. Product-moment correlations of themajor data elements with other Depression and Anxiety scales fortotal sample
Iternnum-ber
;34567891011
12131415161718
192021222324
25
2627282830
31
32
33
3435
Major data element
GENERAL WELL-BEING SCHEDUL=(GWB)
Scale items
Good spirits .... .. .. ... . .. .... ... . .... .. .. ... .. .... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .Newousnass ... .. .. ..... . .. .... .. .. .. ... .. .... .. . ... ... . .... .. .. .... ..
Firm control of behavior, emotions .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. ..Sad, discouraged, hopeless .. ... .. . .. ... . .. ... .. ... .. .... .... ..Stress, strain, pressure ..... . .. ... .. .. .... . .. ..... . . .... .. .. ... . .Happy, satisfied with life .. .. ..... . .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .... . .. .... .Afraid losing mind, or losing control ..... .. .. .... .. .. .. .Anxious, worriad, upset ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . . .. ..Waking fresh, rested ... .. .... .. . ..... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . ....8othered by bodily disorders ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ..Interesting daily life ..... .. .... . . .. ... . .. .... ... ... .. ... ... .. .. ..Downhearted, blue .. .... .. .. ... . ... ... .. .. .... . .. ... .. .. ... ... .. .
Emotionally stable, sure of self .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ..Fael ing tired, worn out .. .. .. .... . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. ..Health concern, worry ... .. . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .Relaxed.tense .... .. .... . .. .... . .. ... ... .. .... . . .... .. .. ... ... . ... .. .Energy level .. .. .. .. ..... . .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. ..Depressed-cheerful .. .. . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .... .. .. .... ... ... ..
Criterial items
Psychologic prOblems ... . .... . .. ... .... . ... ... . .... . .. ... .. .. .. .Felt naar nervous breakdown ... .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .... .. ....Had nervous breakdown .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .Clinical patient .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .?sychologic attention ... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ..social-emotional support .... .. .. .... .. . ... .. . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ..
Subscales
Freedom from health concern, worry, or distress ...
Energy lavel .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Satisfying, interesting life .. ... .. ... ... .. . ... .. .. ... ... .. .. .. ..Cheerful versus depressed mood .. ... .. ... ... . ... . ... .... . .Relaxed versus tense, anxious ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ..
Emotional-behavioral control ... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GWB total scale score .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .... . . .. .. ... . .... .. .... .. .
Intewiewer depression rating .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... .
PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SCALE (PSS)
PsychiatricSymptoms
Scale(Pss)
Anx-iety
506745565141466543483155
615042674449
485318232323
49
5443
607662
76
–02
40
“65
De-pres-sion
5352507246474959373745
65
554321444655
383918191831
29
5252705964
70
10
39
65. . .
MMPI
De-pres-sion
393721432141393233284644
413322374046
192315171531
284250503941
53
04
21
4353
.
Zung
De-pres-sion
494346563247514841365058553914434854
343107212131
26
5255625161
66
-05
28
5663
College HealthQuestionnaire
(CHQ)
Cur-rentde-
pres-sion
6058526850395267524742
6557
6035555357
494912211626
446747716964
80
02
36
7871
Pastda-
pression
4952475944284862464928
5948
5535464343
514515221822
44
5933586157
69
01
34
7565
Anx-iet y
3636383340233449273418
3240
3629433729
4145
09171205
344424375145
52
-02
10
7242
PersonalFeelings
I nvsmtory
(PFJ)
De-pres-sion
56574557424134535946536266
6138616055
473306041027
46
7054676663
78
08
50
7878
Anx-iety
445240454131374534463350
57472B603939
592609091226
3B4637516258
63
-06
41
8065
26
Table 7. Product-moment correlations of the maior data elements with other Depression and Anxiety scales for total sample–Con.
Iternnum-ber
363738
39404142434445464748
495051525354
5556575858606162636465%6768
68
707172
Major data element
MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITYINVENTORY (MMPI) T SCORES
Validity scales
(L) Lie .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. ..
(F) Validity ... .. ... ... . ... ... . .... . . .... . . .... . .. ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . ..(K) Correction .... .. .. ... .. .. ... . .. .. ... .. ... . . .... .. . ... .. . ... .. . ..
Clinical scales
(Hs) Hypochondriasis .. .. ... .. . .. .. . . .... . . .... .. .... .. .. .. .. . ..(D) Depression ... .. .. ... . .. .... . . .... .. .... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .(Hy) Hysteria ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..(Pal) Psychopathic .... . .. ... .. . ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
(Mf) Masculinity-Femininity Interests . .. .. .. . . .... .. ...(Pa) Paranoia .... .. . ... . . ... ... .. . ... .. .. .. ... ... . . .. .... .. .. .. .. . ...(Pt) Psychasthenia ... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. . ... .. .. ... . .. .. .
(Se) Schizophrenia .. ... ... .. . ... .. .. .... . . .... . . ... ... ..... . .. .. .(Ma) Hypomania ..... . .. ... ... ... ... .... . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ....(Si) Social lntroversion-Extraversion . .. .... . ... .. .. . ...
ZUNG DEPRESSION ITEMS
Downhearted, blue ... ... ... .. .... . .. .... . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .Morning, feel best .... . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . ... ... . ... .. . ... .. . ....Crying spells .... .. . .. .. . .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .Trouble sleeping .... .. .. .. .... .. ... . .. .... .. ... ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .Eat as much as usual . ..... . ... .. .. . ... .. . .... . .. ... .. . ... .. . .. ..Still enjoy sex .. .. .. ... .. . .... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . ... .. .. ... . .. .... .. ... .Losing weight ..... . ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .... .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. ...Constipated . .... .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .... .Heart beats fast .. .. ... . .. .... . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. ....Get tired for no reason .. .. .. .. ... . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. . . ... . .. .... .Mind clear as usual .. .. .... . .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. ... . . ... ..Easy to do things .. .. . .. .... .. . ... .. .. .... .. ... .. . .... .. . ... .. .. .. .Restless, can’t keep still ... .. .. .. .. .... . . .... .. .. .. . . .... .. .... .Hopeful about future .... .. . ... .. .. .... .. .... . .. ... .. .... ... ... .More irritable than usual ... .. .. .. .. . .. . ... .. . .... .. . ... .. .. .. .Easy to make decisions . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. ..Feel useful and needed ... .. . ... .. . ... .. .. ... . .. .... .. ... .. . .. ..Life is pretty full .. .. .. .. .... .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ..Others better off if I were dead ... .. . .... . .. .. .. .... .. .. ...Still enjoy things .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... . . ... .. . .. ..
Zung total score (SDS) . .. .. . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . ....
COLLEGE HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE (CHQ)
Current Depression . ... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .... . . .... . .. .... . . .. ... . ...Past Depression .. .. ... . . ..... .. .. .. ... . .... . . .... . .. .. .. .. ... . .. ...Anxiety .. .... .. .... .. .. ... . .. .... . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .... .. . ...
PsychiatricSymptoms
Scale
(Pss)
Anx-iety
-2362
-58
39433138024241543041
430143353129112615374232413229
3046281229
56
787572
De-pres-sion
-1460
-53
30532741094152552251
58-10
3918254110181747453733463939
52382630
63
716542
MMPI
De-pres-sion
-0259
-37
44
.41.5511326662
-0565
5814271327301834234247483057314759573549
72
504026
Zung
De-pres-sion
–1362
-50
51724646
-073857640863
6614523452513239276562644767465873613963
. . .
665946
College HealthQues~onnaire
(CHQ)
Cur-rentde-
sion
-2362
-60
40503442
-074042551751
50-05
493331341429143944363842434255352932
66
“9663
Pastde-
pres-sion
-2158
-59
36403136
-124336502545
44-08
513530281727153438293731444045242526
59
96
.65
Anx-iety
-2646
-51
31262112
-182730392441
320238432112
1612203631292226253827130520
46
6365
. . .
PersonalFeelings
Inventory(PFI)
De-pres-sion
-4160
-63
27652442102460593454
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Anx-iety
-3156
-52
25452240
-073753583646
. . .
. . .
. . .,... . .. . .
. . .
.,.
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .,.,. . ..,.. . .. . .. . .
. . .
.,.
. . .
. . .
27
Table 7. Prodqct-moment correlations of the major data elements with other Depression and Anxiety scales for total sample–Con.
r
t
MMPI Zung
De- De-pres- pres-sion sion
65 . . .
PsychiatricSymptoms
Scale(Pss)
I
College HaalthPersonal
QuestionnaireFeelings
(CHQ)I rwentory
(PFI)
Iternnum-ber
Cur-rentda-
pres-sion
Major data element
+1Pastde- Anx-
De-
pres- ietyprae.
sionsion
. . . . . . . . ,,
. . . . . . 66
Anx-De-
pres-iet y
sion
Anx-iet y
.
I PERSONAL FEELINGS INVENTORY (PFI)
73 Depression .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... ... ... .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ... .. . ..74 Anxiety ..... .... . ... .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . ... .. .. . ..
78 7880 65
66. . .
. . .
. . .
NOTE: Decimals omitted before correlation coefficients.
Table 8. Pel descriptive statistics, by group type, sex, and scalem-type cluster analys
Group 5Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4Sex and scale
J?
. . .
n SD
.—z SD
—
. . .
x.
nn
25
.
. . .
.,,
. . .. .. .
.. ..
39
.
.,.. .
,,,,..
,...,.
SD SD SDn n.—
Male—
Total . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . ,..
Free from health worry .,., . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . .
Energy level .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . ... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .Satisfying, interesting life..., .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .Cheerful versus depressed mood..,.., . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .Relaxed versus tense, anxious .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. ..Emotional -&havioral control .,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,..,Total GWB .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. ..Interviewer depression rating .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. ..
Female
Total .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . .
Free from health worry .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . .Energy level .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. ..
21
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .,..
. .
.
30
.
.,.
. .
. .
. . .
.,..
8 22.
. .
. . .
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
23
.
. . .,..
. . ..
,..
. .
,,.
3
. .,,.. .. . ..,.
. ..
13
.
. . .
. . .
. . .
. ..
. . .
. . .
. .
12.712.2
5.317.415.912,5
76.00.66
,..
. . . . . .. . -—-— .
1.2.3.4.5.
6.7.B.
1.2.
13.515,4
6.720.720.2
14.0
90.51,00
.,.
1.7
2.21.62,72,81.2
8.10,86
.
1.22.31.32.72.31.1
6.71.1
1.61.81.7
2.23.31.97.80.66
,..
6.910.9
7.418.6
13.6
12.770.1
1.6
,..
1.44.01.22.23.3
1.07.90.66
.
10,7
10,34.4
14,1
13,510,4
63.41.6
. . .
2.92.91.33.13.72.5
6.81.0
. .
7.6‘10.3
3.37.34.7
4.737,3
5.6
7.22.12.54.9
3.5
2.18.31.1
. .
. .
. .
. . .
. .. . .
11. . . . -—-— .
13,615,0
7.719.618.913,1
88,10,92
10,512.4
6.418.0
16.012,775,9
0.73
2.42.01.92.62.61.05.40.83
7.48.1
6.217.813,8
9.8
53.11,3
2.82,3
1.11.53.12.1
3.71.5
11.09.34.5
12.79.0B.8
55.32.0
2.12.51.62.02.B1.7
5.20.83
7.96.5
2.47.27.8
6.428.1
3.2-—
4.2
2.3
1.32.53.32.0
6.41.9
,,... ..
.,.
. .
. .
. .
3. Satisfying, interesting life .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .4. Cheerful versus depressed mood...,., .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .5. Relaxed versus tense, anxious ..,,.,,,,.,..,.,,,,.,.,,.6. Emotional-behavioral control .,.,,...,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,7. Total GW8 ... . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. ..
8. Intewiewer depression rating .,.,,.,.,..,.,.,..,,,.,,.,
NOTES: )1 = number of students: A7= mea”; SD = standard deviation.
28
APPENDIX
CONTENTS
Interest Inquiry and Debriefing ......................................................................... .............. .......... .................Thank-You Letter ........................ .............................................................................................................Assurance of Confidentiality Statement and Authorization for Release of Academic Records .......... ........Subscale Items
Psychiatric Symptoms Scale (PSS) ........................................................................................................General Well-Being Schedule (GWB) .......... .................... .... ............................................ .......................General Well-Being Case Record Summary Sheet ...................... .................... .................. ......................Group 2 Subject Interview Fom ............................ ...... ...................................... .................. ...... ..........Therapist Rating ........................... ................................................................................... .....................Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) .............................................. ..............................................-College Health Questionnaire Items (CHQ) ........ .... ........ .................... .......... .............. ...... .....................Personal Feelings Inventory (PFI) ........................................ ............ .............. .... ........ ...... .................... .
303132
3334383943444550
INTEREST INQUIRY AND DEBRIEFING
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH - 1020
Anyone wishing to participate in a program dealing with testing and/or
treatment of psychological problems (e.g., depression, anxiety) may sign up
for any day Monday through Thursday between 8:30 A.M. and 2:30 P.M. Each
session must consist of a two hour block of time. Experimental credit will
be given for your participation, with further appointments and credit op-
tional. Your participation is voluntary, of course. We guarantee any infor-
mation you provide will be kept strictly confidential through an elaborate
numerical system. Due to the limited size of the project everyone cannot
be accepted for consideration.
If you are interested in this project, print your name, address, phone
number, hours you can be reached at that phone number, and the day and
hours you will participate. Be certain to include this information below
and on the attached 4 x 6 card.
If none of the times listed above are suitable, enter in days and
times that you would like to participate; you will be contacted and an
appointment will be made.
ADDRESS
PHONE HOURS YOU CAN BE REACHED
DAY AND TWO HOUR BLOCK OF
Please report to Sandburg
TIME
W102O at the time you indicated above. Keep
this sheet and give the filled out 4 x 6 card to tne assistant.
Thank you for your cooperation.
A. F. Fazio
THANK-YOU LETTER
Uunl THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN–MILWAUKEE / MILWAUKEE. WISCONSIN 53201
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
PHONE: (414) 963-4746 June 29, 1973
Dear Participant:
Thank you very much for your participation in our project dealing withpsychological testing (in Sandburg Tower West 1020). Al1 participants wererequested to return for additional testing -- not because anyone was “dif-ferent,” but because we were interested in many kinds of tests.
In general, our testing permitted us to establish norms for these testsand to estimate which tests correlated with which other tests. The normsare described as having been obtained from “normal college students.” Ofcourse, all the data are anonymous and identification lists are destroyedafter the last testing contact.
If this experience has disappointed you regarding “psychological test-ing” or “clinical psychology” or “counseling,” please be advised that notall testing programs or counseling services are conducted in the samemanner.
In no case was any test or other procedure used which would have anynegative consequence - - other than to bore you! Hopefully, you had anopportunity to see what psychological tests, some used nationally, are like.
If you have any additional questions, please contactme at 963-4710.
Thank you, again, very much for your cooperation and interest.
Sincerely,
Anthony F. Fazio, Ph.D.Associate Professor
31
ASSURANCE OF CONFIDENTIALITY STATEMENTAND AUTHORIZATION FOR RELEASE OF ACADEMIC RECORDS
ASSURANCEOF CONFIDENTIALITYSTATEMENT
I understand that all information which would permit identificationof the individual will be held strictly confidential, will be used onlyby persons engaged in and for the purposes of the survey, and will notbe disclosed or released to others for any other purposes.
Signature Date —
AUTHORIZATIONFOR RELEASE OF ACADEMIC RECORDS
I authorize release ofmy academic records (e.g., grade point average,courses dropped, honors seminars) for use by Dr. Fazio in this particularsurvey, and I understand that these records will not be used for any otherpurpose and will be kept strictly confidential.
Signature Date
Dr. A. F. Fazio
32
PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SCALE (PSS)
Please answer each item with respect to its being True or False for youduring the present or past month. (Score: number marked True).
Depression Scale (7 items)
5*
13.
17.
24.
25.
26.
39.
You sometimes can’t help wondering if anything is worthwhile anymore.
Nothing ever turns out for you the way you want it
You have had periods of days, weeks or months whencare of things because you couldn’t “get going.”
Most of the time you wish you were dead.
You have periods of feeling blue or depressed thatdaily activities,
to.
you couldn’t take
interfere with your
In general, would you say that most of the time you were in very lowspirits.
Do you feel somewhat apart or alone even among friends.
Anxiety Scale (10 items)
1. Are you ever bothered by nervousness, i.e., by being irritable,fidgety or tense--would you say often.
3. You are worried about sex matters.
4. You have personal worries that get you down physically, i.e., makeyou physically ill.
7. You have periods of such great restlessness that you cannot sit longin a chair.
8. You feel anxiety about something or someone almost all of the time.
22. Do you ever have any trouble in getting to sleep or staying asleep--would you say often.
33. You have special thoughts that keep bothering you.
34. You have special fears that keep bothering you.
44. You have often taken sleeping pills or other drugs to calm your nerves.
45. Are you the worrying type--you know, a worrier.
33
GENERAL WELL-BEING SCHEDULE (GWB)
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH sERVICEHEALTH SERVICES AND MENTAL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
N4T10NAL CENTER FOR HEALTH 57 AT IS TICS
HEALTH AND NuTRITION ExAMINATION SURVEY
GENERAL WELL-BEING
a. Name (Lost, first, middle) b. Deck No.—
c. Sample No. d. Sex e. Age1 C] Male
171 —. –.. 2 ~_l Female — --
READ – This section of the examination contains questions about how you feel and how things hove been —going with you. For each question, mark (X) the answer which best applies to yau.
,1. How have yau been feeling in genera!? (DURING
—
1. ~ @ 1 ~ In excellent spiritsTHE PAST MONTH) I
2 n In very good spiritsII sn In good spirits mostl YII 4~ I have been up and down in spirits a lotII
5G In low spirits mostlyII a U In very low spirits
—2. Have you been bothered by nervousness ar yaur 2. \ @ I ❑ Extremely so -- to the point where I
“nerves”? (DURING THE PAST MONTH) could not work or take care of thingsI
I 2 n Very much so
I 3@ Quite a bitI
4 ~ Some -- enough to bather meII 5~ A littleII 6 ~’ Not at all
3. Hove yau been in firm central af yaur behavior, 3. ~ @ I ~ Yes, definitely sothoughts, emations OR feelings? (DURING THE IPAST MONTH) I z ❑ ‘f’es, for the most part
I! 3 ❑ Generally soI
40 Not too wellI1 ~ ~ No, and I am somewhat disturbedI
6 ~ No, and I am very disturbedI
4. Have you felt so sad, discouraged, hopeless, ar A. ~ 1 C Extremely so -- to the point that I havehod so many problems that you wandered if I just about given upanything was worthwhile? (DURING THE PAST I
MONTH) 2 ~ Very much soI1
3~ Quite a bit!II 41_J Some-- enough to bother me
50A little bitI1 6~Not at allIII
5. Hove you been under or felt you were under any 5.1@l CYes -- almost more than I could bearstrain, stress, or pressure? (DURING THE PAST IMONTH)
or standI1I 2n Yes-- quite a bit of pressureI
3 n yes -- some - more than usualI
40 Yes -- some - but about usualI
5n Yes- a littleI
6DN0t at ailI
34
I
6. How happy, satisfied, or pleased have you 6. ~ @ I ~ Extremely happy - could not have been
been with your personal life? (DURING THE I more satisfied or pleasedPAST MONTH)
2D Very happy/
sO Fairly happy
; 40 Satisfied --pleasedI
5~ Somewhat dissatisfiedI.5 ~ Very dissatisfied
I
7. Have you hod any reason to wonder if you 7. @l~Not at allwere losing your mind, or losing control over rthe way you act, talk, think, feel, or of yaur
ZU Only a little
memory? (DURING THE PAST MONTH)1I 3U Some -- but not enough to be concerned
or wcwri ed about1I 40 Some and I have been a little concerned11
5 ❑ some and 1 am quite concernedII G ❑ Yes. very much so and I am very concernedI
8. Have you been anxious, worried, or upset? 8 ~ @1 ❑ :::~;;:~- ‘0 ‘he point ‘f being ‘ick(DUIWNG THE PAST MONTH)
I2 c Very much so
1I 3~ Quite a bitII
4 ❑ some -- enough to bother meII s~ A little bit11 ~~Noratal[I
9. Have you been waking up fresh and rested? ;09. ~ 009 I c Every day(DURING THE PAST MONTH) 2 ~ Most every day
I3 ~ Fairly often
II 4 fJ Less than half the time
1 5 ~ RarelyI1 6 ~ None of the time
—
10. Hove you been bathered by any illness, bodily 10. ~ @ I ~All theumedisorder, pains, or fears about yaur health? I
(DUR/NG THE PAST MONTH)2 ~ Most of the timeI
13 ~ A good bit of the time!4 ~ Some of the time(
11 s ~ A Ilttle of the time1 G ~j None of the t!me
11. Has your daily life been full of things that were 11. \ @ 1~, AIl therlmeinteresting to you? (DURING THE PAST MONTH) [
2 ~_ Most of the time
1 3 1 A good brt of the t!me1 —1 4 ~ Some of the timeI
s~ A Ilttle of the time1[ 6 ~ None of the time11
12. Have you felt down-hearted and blue? (DURING 12. ~ @ I ~ All of the timeTHE PAST MONTH) 1
21 Most of the timeII1 _ A good blt of the time3—
14 ~ Some of the timeI
I5 ~, A little of the time
1G ~ None of the time
I
35
.
—13. Have you been feeling emotionally stable ,013.! 013 I DAII of the time
and sure of yourself? (DURING ‘HE PASTMONTH)
2 ~ Most of the timeI
3 ~ A good bit of the timeI4 ~ Solne of the time
Is ~ A Iit.tle of the time
I6 ~ None of the time
I
14. Have you felt tired, worn out, used-up, or
—
t n All of the time .exhausted? (DURING THE PAST MONTH) I 2 ~ Most of the time
I 3 a A good bit of the time1I 4 ❑ Some of the timeI
so A little of the timeII 6 ❑ None of the time
—I For each of the four scales below, note that theI
words at each end of thq O to 10 scale describeI opposite feelings. Circle any number along the
bar which seems closest to how YOU have gen-1 erolly felt DURING THE PAST MONTH.II
15. Haw concerned or worried about your HEALTH 15.~@ 0 1 2 3 4 !5 6 7 8 9 1(have you been? (DURING THE PAST MONTH) 1 II
I}
I Not VeryI concerned concern sd
at al II! —
16. How RELAXED or TENSE have you been? 16.~@ O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10(DURING THE PAST MONTH) I
I u—1-l-u-u-l-L-JI Very VeryI relaxed tenseI
17. How much ENERGY, PEP, VITALITY have 17. ;@o123456789~you felt? (DURING THE PAST MONTH)
II L~II No energy Very1 AT ALL,1 ENERGETIC,I listless dynamic1
1
18. How DEPRESSED or CHEERFUL18”~@o’’’.45’lo’lohave you been? (DURING THE PAST MONTH) I
II1 Very Very
I depressed cheerful
19. Have you had severe enough personal,emotional, behavior, or mental prablems
19. ~ @ I ❑ Yes, and I did seek professional help
that you felt you needed help DURINGz O Yes, but I did not seek professional
1 helpTHE PAST YEAR? 1
I 3 ❑ I have had (or have now) severeI personal problems, but have not felt1
i needed professional help~ ~ I have had very few personal problemsI
of any serious concernII1
5 ~ I have not been bothered at all bypersonal problems during the past year
I1 —
36
20. Hav* you ●vor felt that you woro going tohave, or woro closa to hoving, a rrorvausbroakdawn?
20.~@lOyes -- during the past yearI 2 ❑ Yes -- more than a year agoI 31__JNo1
21. Havo you cvor had a nervous 21. \@l DYes -- during the past yearbreakdown? I 2 a Yes -- more than a year ago
I 30N0
I1
22. Have you ever been a patient (or outpatiorrt) 22. /@ 10 Yes -- during the past yearat a mental hospital, a mentrsl health ward ofa hospital, or o mwrtol health clinic, for any
I 2u Yes-- more than a year agoI
personal, emotional, behavior, or mental problem.’ : 3DN0
23. Hove you ever seen a psychiatrist, psychology st, 23. l@ll_J Yes -- during the past yearor psychoanalyst about any personal,
I z ❑ ‘fes -- more than a year agoemotional, behavior, or mental problemconcerning yourself? I 3UN0,
24. Have you talked with or had any connection ;with any of the following about some personal,emotional, behavior, mental problem, worries, I
or “nerves” CONCERNING YOURSELF DURING ~THE PAST YEAR?
a. Regular medical doctor(except for definite physicalconditions or routine check-ups) . . . . . . . . .
b. Brain or nerve specialist . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. Nurse (except for routine. .
medlcalcandltlons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d. Lawyer (except for routineIegal services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e. Police ( except for simpletraffic violations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f. Clergyman, minister, priest,rabbi, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g. Marriage Counselor.....,.. . . . . . . . . .
h. Social Worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i. Other farmal assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
j@,nYes 2UN0
;0&, 027 I ❑ yes 2GN0
g.pmy” 2DN0
h.\@ lCl y.= 2DN0
i. ~ @ I 0 Yes – What kind?1i
I1 2DN0
25. Do you discuss yaur problems with any members 25. ~ @ I ❑ Yes - and itheIps a lotof your family or friends? I 2 aYes - and it helps some.
; s ❑ Yes - but it does not help at allI
4 ~ No - I do not have anyone I can talk; with about my problemsI 5 a No - no one cares to hear about myI prablems
; 6 D No - I do not care to talk about myproblems with anyone
;I 7 n No - I do not have any problems
I
37
GENERAL WELL-BEING CASE RECORD SUMMARY SHEET
,.,,.
II(V7I—
1,
2.
3.
+.
5.
6.
.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
1f?.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Ill \Ll
A DJ[lST.VENT lNI)IcA T’ORS
Dcscriptwn S<<Jri,, q-
C.m,d spirits *I2 3456**543210
Nervousness
Firm control of
behavior, emcmons
Sad. discouraged,
hopeless
Stress. strain,pressure
FI?.ppy, satisfied
with life
Afraid losing mind,
or loss of control
Anxious, worried,
Upsc[
Waking fresh,
rested
Bothered by
bodily disorders
Interesting daily
life
Downhearted, blue
Emotionally stable,
sure of self
Feeling tired,wornout
RATING SCALES
Health concern. wonv
1 23456012345
123456543210
123456ol~345
123456012345
123456543210
123456
543210
123456fJl~345
123456
543210
123456
012345
123456
543210
12~456
012345
123456
543210
123456012345
01”23” 45678910109876543210
Relaxed.Tense012345678910
109876543210
Energy levelO 1 2 3 45 6 7 89 10
Depressed-CheerfulO 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sum of sub3cales
Total Adjustment
Adi
%~z!
i.?—
—
.—
—
—
—
(l’} (2)
Fa[—
—
—
—
(4)
)rs
.
—
—
—
——
(5)
* - actual rcmponse
—
** - codedwalws NOTE: High scores indicative ofgood or positive adjustment
SITUATIONAL–BEHAVIORAL
INDICATORS
19. P$yc’holomc ProlA’ms
20. I“clt nww nt’nous br,mkdown
21. Had nwvuus hrcakdown22. Clinical paticm
23. Psycholnfic attn.
24. Othrr contach rdlrctitwps}ch, problctm:
J. IScfl]l.w !.1.1).
b. l{r.iin-m.mc SPW.c. ?iurw
d. l~w.xcrc. P,,licc
f. Clmmg. M.trri*gc Counwlor
b. Soci.d W’orkcri. Otht’r formal contact
25. S,>ci<zl.fi~ln<,ti[>ttal Support
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.
Yrs-helps a iO1
Yc$.helps someYes-but no helpNtvhavc no oncNo.no on,, mrcsNo-do not cm! m talk
No-do not bavc prnbk’ms
]~345
123123123123
s’,! .\’()
1 2I 2
1 ,J
1 21 !s
12I 21 212
Rrcodr
64
;
357
—--- ____ _____ _____ _____ -— -- .--— ---- -— ---
38
GROUP 2 SUBJECT INTERVIEW FORM
Good morning (afternoon) . . . . . how are you today? (Pause)
I’d like to thank you for coming and participating in this projecto (pause)Before I begin, I’d like to read to you this statement of confidentiality. (Read)If you understand and agree to this, please sign the statement. Thank you.
Sex
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1 ‘M 2F=
What is your present age and year in school?
Age: (actual age scored)
Year: 1 2
From what kind
Public (1) ;
34
of school did you graduate:
Parochial (2) ; Private (3)
How many credit hours are you taking this semester?
Are you presently employed? If so, how many hours per week {on the average)do you work?
Employed: 1 = Yes 2 = NO
Number of hours:
What is the source of support for your education?
Do you consider yourself to be a religious person? (If so, what is yourreligion?) How strong are your beliefs?
Religion:
Background:
Strength:
What is your marital status?
Married_ Single Divorced Separated Widowed
Are you satisfied with this status? If not, why?
(If married) How many children do you have?
39
9. (If single] Do you havea girlfriend (boyfriend)?
10. On the average, how often do you see this person per week?
11. Are you satisfied with the arrangement? If not, why?
2 = Yes 1 = No
12. What are your present living arrangements? (at home with parents,dorm, etc.?)
13. Do you like it that way? If not, why?
2=Yes l=No
14. How well do you get along with your mother?
15. How well do you get along with your father?
16. How well do you get along with your brothers and sisters? (If badly withanyone - ask: Can you please explain this more fully?)
17. Are you satisfied with these relationships? If not, why?
18. Are you presently taking any medication? If so, what type and for whatreason?
1 = No 2 = Antidepressant
19. Was this medication prescribed by a physician?
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Are you taking any street drugs? If so, what type and how often?
Have you ever received any psychological treatment? If so, when, for howlong, and for what reasons?
2 =No I=Yes
Would you say that you are making satisfactory progress toward your futuregoals? If not, why?
2 =Yes l=No
Could you please describe one positive event in your life that you’represently conscious of; a pleasant condition or circumstance that you’rehappy about. How positive? On a scale from O (least positive) to 20(more positive).
Please describe a negative event; an unpleasant condition or circumstancethat you find discouraging or uncomfortable. How negative? On a scalefrom O (least stressful) to 20 (more stressful).
As you see yourself, what are some of your weak ersonality traits?What things about yourself might cause you troub e in coping with yourenvironment?
Now please list some of your strong personality traits: Things aboutyourself that benefit you in your daily life.
What circumstances (i.e., external events) do you feel interfere or actas obstacles towards obtaining
Do you have any problems whichnagging or persistent problemsamount of your thought-time?
satisfaction in-your life?
seem to interfere with your present life,which seem to occupy an annoyingly large
a. How does this concern interfere? (loss of sleep, preoccupied, can’teat, etc.)
b. Can you estimate how many hours per week you are bothered by thisproblem?
c. To what extent has this problem interfered with your life? (forcedto drop classes, etc.) Try to rate it from O (not at all) to 20(interferes extensively).
29. What other things may be of concern to you at this time?
30. Would you like to talk to someone free of charge about your concerns?
If yes: O.K. (fine). However, because of the large number of peoplebeing interviewed, we cannot guarantee that all individualswill be able to be seen. If we are able to include you, youwill be contacted most likely in the next couple of weeks.Until then, thank you very much for your participation in theproject, thus far.
If no: Thank you very much for your participation in this project.
42
THERAPIST RATING
The depression rating scale ranges from 0-10. Examples of some classification
criterion are below:
O- Person seems pleasant and satisfied with his or her life at the present time.
1- Person is neither happy or depressed. This is the neutral category.
2- Person shows concern with his or her problems and is slightly depressed.
3-
4-
5- Person appears unhappy and is distressed with his or her life problems.
6-
7-
8- Person explicitly communicates distress and a desire for assistance.
9-
10- Person has a hopeless, helpless attitude and extemporaneously displays
extreme distress and shows no insight as to how he or she can deal with
his or her problems.
Persons who exhibit behavior more severe than this can be given a higher score.
43
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
ZUNG SELF-RATING DEPRESSION SCALE (SDS)
Please answer these items as they pertain to you now.
Response options and response values*
Some Good MostA littleof the of the part of of theTime Time the Time Time
I feel down-hearted and blue.
Morning is when I feel best.
I have crying spells or feel like it.
I have trouble sleeping at night.
I eat as much as I used to.
I still enjoy sex.
I notice that I am losing weight.
I have trouble with constipation.
My heart beats faster than usual.
I get tired for no reason.
My mind is as clear as it used to be.
I find it easy to do things I used to.
I am restless and can’t keep still,
I feel hopeful about the future.
I am more irritable than usual.
I find it easy to make decisions.
I feel that I am useful and needed.
My life is pretty full.
I feel that others would be better offif I were dead.
I still enjoy the things I used to.
1 2
4 3
1 2
1 2
4 3
4 3
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
4 3
4 3
1 2
4 3
1 2
4 3
4 3
4 3
1 2
4 3
3 4
2 1
3 4
3 4
2 1
2 1
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
2 1
2 1
3 4
2 1,
3 4
2 1
2 1
2 1
3 4
2 1
*The sum of these values are converted to a 25-100 score scale by dividingthe raw score values by.80.
44
COLLEGE HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS (CHQ)
“Lately” or recently refers to the past six months; “past” more than sixmonths. Read the questions closely and literally notice modifying words.(Item response score values are shown for each item as numbered.)
Current Depression (7 items)
4. How has your mood been recently?quite elated
1: happier than usualaverage
:: somewhat low5. quite low
10. Compared to usual, when you wake up recently, are you able to face theday or do you have to push yourself to get started?4* push a lot3. push a little2. no trouble getting started1. get started much more easily than usual
Have you maintained your normal social interest and activities recently,.
27.or have you avoided being with people (not counting times when youwanted to study)?4.3.2.1.
38. Have
definitely avoided peoplesomewhat avoided peopleabout the same as alwaysmuch easier to be with people than usual
You recently felt that you have let either your Parents, Yourselfsor others down in a major way?2. yes1. no
59. How does the future look to you now?really black
i: a little bad3. about average2. better than usual1. fabulous
61. Compared to usual how has your energy been recently?1. really great--more than I need!
good--about average$: somewhat less energy than usual4. quite a bit less than usual
45
68. Have you recently tended to be more critical of yourself than usual?3. a lot more2. some more1. not really
Past Depression (2 items)
22. Have you had periods of feeling more irritable than usual?4. frequent periods of irritability lasting two weeks or more3. -t periods lasting a shorter time2. occasional periods of irritability lasting two weeks or more1. no striking periods of feeling more irritable than usual
60. Has there ever been a period of time when your mood was low, apathetic,or depressed but only for a few days at a time?4. often3. sometimes2. rarely1. never
Current and Past Depression Items in Common (12 items)
1. Was there ever a time when you had unusual or severe trouble concentratingon schoolwork?
;:
::
5. Havefall1.2.
::
13. Have
noyes, but only in the pastyes~just recentlyyes, in the past and recently too
you had periods when it seemed to take a longer time than usual toasleep at night?
&s, but only in the pastyes, just recentlyyes, in the past and recently too
you had periods in your life when you had thoughts of harmingyourself?1. no
yes, but on-lyin the past5: yes, just recently4. yes, in the past and recently too
46
15. Haveback1.
::4.
17. Have
you ever had trouble waking up too early without being able to goto sleep?noyes, but only in the pastyes, just recentlyyes, in the past and recently too
there been periods of more than a day or so in your life when yourappetite was unusually poor?
no;: yes, but only in the past
yes, just recently:: yes, in the past and recently too
26. Have you ever been bothered by your sleep being less refreshing than usualfor more than a day or two at a time?1. no
yes, but only in the past:: yes, just recently4. yes, in the past and recently too
30. Have you ever been bothered by periods in your life when you would sleeptoo much or want to sleep more than usual during the day?
L &s, but only in the pastyes, just recently
:: yes, in the past and recently too
39. Have there been times when you felt (even if momentarily) that you mightbe better off dead?1. no2. yes, but only in the past
yes, just recently;: yes, in the past and recently too
46. Have you had periods in your life when you felt like crying more than usual?1. no2. yes, but only in the past3* yes, just recently4. yes, in the past and recently too
48. Have you had periods (lasting two weeks or more) when you felt more tiredthan usual, no matter how much sleep you were getting?1. no2. yes, but only in the past
yes, just recently:: yes, in the past and recently too
47
55. If you ever tried to harm yourself physically, when did it happen?1.2.
::
63. Havedown1.
::4.
doesn’t apply.
tried it in the pasttried it just recentlytried it in the past and just recently
you had periods (lastingmore than two weeks) of being low, depressed,in the dumps, or blue?noyes, but only in the pastyes, just recentlyyes, in the past and recently too
Anxiety (6 items)
21. Have you felt your heart pounding orfearful, tense, or .iitter.yeven when
beating fast and at the same timethe situation .Youwere in was not
a stressful one (as-in ma_kinga speech, etc.)? -no
L yes, but only in the past3. yes, just recently4. yes, in the past and recently too
25. Do you have marked fears of certain situations like being in a closedplace, standing on heights, being in crowds, going outside, or intothe dark to such an extent that sometimes it makes .YOUavoid doinqthings you would otherwise like to do?
;: ~&, but only in the past3. yes, just recently4. yes, in the past and recently too
49. Have you had “attacks” of being “short of breath” or unablebreath, and at the same time felt fearful or jittery?1.2.
;:
54. Haveeven
1:3.4.5.
to catch your
yes, but only in the pastyes, just recentlyyes, in the past and recently too
.YOU had marked feelirm of weakness, tiredness, or fati!me when doing~ small amount of exeFcise?
~&, most of my life, but haven’t soughtyes, most ofmy life, and have consultedyes, occasionallyalmost never
medical advicea doctor about
about itit
48
56. Are you ever sointerferes with3. often
tense, worried or upset before or during exams that ityour performance on the test?
2. occasionally1. never
73. Have you had painful or uncomfortable sensations in your chest that makeyou question whether you might have heart trouble or a heart attack?1. no2. yes, but only in the past
yes, just recently:: yes, in the past and recently too
49
PERSONAL FEELINGS INVENTORY (PFI)
The Personal Feelings Inventory was presented as a list of true-fallse
questions in which the Depression and Anxiety subscales were mixed. The only
instructions to the subject were “Please answer these items as they pertain to
you now.”
(“True” responses scored)
Depression subscale (45 items)
1. I
2. I
3. I
5. I
6. I
8. I
10. I
11. I
have less interest than usual in things.
have difficulty concentrating.
am often sad or depressed.
feel depressed most of the time.
have trouble giving attention to ordinary routine.
have felt life wasn’t worth living.
have difficulty coming to a conclusion or decision.
feel overwhelmed with life.
12. My thoughts dwell on a few troubles.
14. I have kept up very few interests.
15. Little if anything interests me.
17. I
19. I
20. I
21. I
23. I
24. I
spend less time at usual recreational activities.
feel miserable or unhappy.
can’t concentrate when reading.
am bothered by feelings of inadequacy.
have too little energy.
can’t concentrate on movies or T.V. programs.
50
26. I
28. I
29. I
30. I
32, I
33. I
35. I
tend to depreciate or criticize myself.
don’t seem to smile anymore.
enjoy almost nothing.
enjoy doing little if anything.
have had difficulty with my memory lately.
keep losing my train of thought.
think aboutmy death.
37. Mythoughts get muddled.
38. I have trouble remembering something I have just read or heard.
39. I seem to be slowed down in thinking.
41, I spend time sitting around or in bed.
42. Recently I’ve been thinking of ending it all.
44. Mymemory is impaired.
46. Mymovements are sloweddown.
47. I
48. I
50. I
51. I
53. I
55. I
57. I
58. I
59. I
61. I
can’t make up my mind.
have thoughts about killing myself.
feel slowed down.
am discouraged about the future.
have lost interest in work.
can’t concentrate on what people are saying.
feel worthless.
have little interest in movies or T.V.
spend almost no time at recreation.
feel ill at ease with people in general.
62. Myfuture is bleak.
64. I
65. I
66. I
get angry with myself.
have a diminished appetite.
feel slowed down in my thinking.
Anxiety Subscale (21 items)
4.
7.
9.
13.
16.
18.
22,
25.
27.
31 ●
34.
I have been uneasy or anxious in the past month.
I have tried to avoid one or more situations in the past month.
I tremble; my hands are shaky; I feel weak at the knees.
Myhands are sweating and clammy.
I feel hot and cold, and blush or get pale readily.
I have butterflies or a sinking feeling in my stomach.
Myheart pounds or flutters when I am uneasy or panicky.
I have fear of a particular object or situation.
I have a dry or coated mouth.
Myfears prevent me from participating in some activities.
I have dizziness, faintness, and/or giddiness.
36. I.have difficulty in getting my breath, and have a choking, tightness inmy chest.
40. I
43. I
45. I
49. I
52. I
54. I
have attacks of fear or panic and feel I have to do something to end it.
am uneasy when I go out alone or stay home alone.
avoid going out alone or staying home alone.
am uneasy when
am uneasy when
avoid being in
in an enclosed space.
in crowds.
crowds.
52
56. I get attacks of sudden fear or panic.
60. I avoid being in an enclosed space.
63. I continually feel afraid of things.
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINT04GOFFCE 1977-260.937:31
53
f
Series 1.
Serli?s 2.
Sera”es3.
Series 4.
VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS PUBLICATIONS SERIES
Formerly Public Health Sewi”ce &blication No. 1000
Programs and Collection “%cedures. –Reports which describe the general programs of the Nationaltiter for Health Statistics and its offices and divisions, &ta collection methods used, definitions, andother material necessaxy for understanding the data.
Data Evaluation and Methodi Research. –Studies of new statistical methodology including experimentaltats of new survey method~, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical techniques,objective evaluations of reliability of collected &ta, contibutiom to statistical theory.
Analytical Studies. –Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies baaed on vital and healthstatistics, camying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series.
Documents and Committee Reports. –Final reports of maior committees concerned with vital and
/
health statistics, and documents such as recom-men&d mo~el vital registration laws and revised birthand death certificates.
Series 10. Data from tlke Health Interview Survey .-Statistiu on illness; accidental injuries; disability; use ofhospital, medical, dental, and other services; and other health-related topics, based on data collected ina continuing national household iriterview survey.
Sera”es11. Data j%om the Health E @nation Survey .-Data from direct examin7
ation, testing, and measurementof national samples of th “ civihan, noninstitutioticd population provide the basis for two types ofreports: (1] estimates of the medicdly defined prevalence of ~ecific diseases in the United States andthe distributions of the populkon with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological charac-teristics; and (2) analysis of relationships among the various measurements without reference to anexplicit fiite universe of persons.
Series 12. Data ji-om the Znstitution&tied Population Surveys. –Discontinued effective 1975. Future reports fromthese surveys will be in Series 13.
Series 13. Data on Health Resources Utilization.-Sttitia on the utktion of health manpower and facilitiesproviding long-term care, ambulatory care, hospital care, and family planning services.
Series 14. Data on Health Resources: Manpower and FkiMies. –Statistia on the numbers, geographic distrib-ution, and charactaistia of health resources including physiaans, dentists, nurses, other health occu-pations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities.
Serr”es20. Data on Mortality.-V~ statistia on m~lty other than as included in regular annual or monthlyreports. Special analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables; geographic and timeseries analyses; and ttatistia on characteristics of deaths not available from the vital records, based onsample surveys of those records.
Sert”es 21. Data on Natality, Marriage, and Divorce. –Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce otherthan as included in regular annurd or monthly reports. Special analyses by demographic variables;geographic and time series analyses; studies of fertility; and statistics on characteristic .of births notavailable from the vital records, baaed on sample mrveys of those records.
Series 22. Data from the National Mortulity and Natdity Surveys. –Discontinued effective 1975. Future reportsfrom these sample surveys based on vital records will be included in Series 20 and 21, respectively.
Series 23. Data j%om the Nati”onal Survey of Famiiy Growth. –Statistics on fertility, family formation and disso-lution, family planning, and related maternal and infant health topics derived from a biennial survey ofa nationwide probability sample of ever-married women 1544 years of age.
Eor a list of titles of reports published in these series, write to: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Center for Health Statistics
Public Health Service, HRAHyattsville, Md. 20782
