a cross-cultural analysis of the returns of local...

KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TESTS

The adaptive nature of culture:

A cross-cultural analysis of the returns of

Local Environmental Knowledge

in three indigenous societies

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

2

INDEX

0. General aspects about the Knowledge Tests ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Bolivia

1a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1b. Wild Edibles …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1c. Medicinal Plants …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1d. Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........

2. Cameroon

2a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2b. Wild Edibles …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2c. Medicinal Plants…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2d. Agriculture …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........

3. Indonesia

3a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3b. Wild Edibles ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3c. Medicinal Plants …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3d. Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 3

Page 5

Page 11

Page 17

1

Page 25

Page 30

Page 35

Page 37

Page 42

Page 48

Page 55

Page 56


3

0. General Aspects about the Knowledge & Skills Tests of the LEK Project

The Knowledge & Skills Tests of the LEK Project are country-specific, but cross-culturally comparable, because they follow the same

structure. In this document, you will find the protocols of tests for each country. Each one of which has been elaborated in the native

language on site, following the ethnographic phase fo the LEK Project.

For each of the Knowledge & Skills Tests presented below, the following information applies:

Timing: Administer only once; Hunting & Wild Edibles in Quarter One; Agriculture & Medicinal Plants in Quarter Two.

Sample: Carry out the questionnaire with every adult (16 years and older).

Rationale: These questionnaires are designed to capture the local knowledge and skills of four domains of knowledge: (a) hunting; (b)

medicinal plants; (c) wild edibles; and (d) agriculture

Protocol:

- For domains (a) Hunting; and (b) Wild Edibles, the test is divided in two sections: (i) Knowledge; and (ii) Skills

- For domains (c) Medicinal Plants; and (d) Agriculture, both sections (i) Knowledge and (ii) Skills are merged in the same single

test.


4

1. Bolivia


5

1a. Hunting Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA

Hunting Knowledge Test

Variable name Species

Code Tlk_animals

Question Answer Source Format Coderid:

Idsubjid --- Personal Id number nr

Knw_Hunt_Game1 112002

Teeth identification. ¿De qué animal son

estos dientes?

Naca’ (Cuniculus paca) LEK compilation Text

112002

Knw_Hunt_Game1behav ¿Qué lugar es mejor para cazar naca’? Cerca de ríos y arroyos Hailey (2012) Text

Knw_Hunt_Game2

112017

Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es

esta huella?

Shätij (Dasyprocta

punctata) Cabrera et al. (1995) Text

112017

Knw_Hunt_Game2behav ¿Cuántas crías tiene el shätij?

Usually they have 2 young,

although in captivity there

are records of 3 and 4 young

Decker (2000) Text

Knw_Hunt_Game3

112003

Mandibule identification. ¿De qué animal es

esta quejada?

Chu’ (Nasua nasua) LEK compilation Text

112003

Knw_Hunt_Game3behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el chu’? Abril-junio Emmons (1997)

Gommper & Decker (1998) Text

Knw_Hunt_Game4

112005

Footnail identification. ¿De qué animal son

estas uñas?

Ñej’ (Mazama americana) LEK compilation Text

112005

Knw_Hunt_Game4behav ¿En qué época andan juntos los ñej’?

Apareamiento / cubrir / celo

Todos los meses excepto de

septiembre a octubre.

Hurtado & Jorge (2006), (2007) Text

Knw_Hunt_Game5

112001

Skull identification. ¿De qué animal es esta

cabeza?

Oyoj (Cebus apella) LEK compilation Text

112001

Knw_Hunt_Game5behav ¿Qué otros monos acompañan al oyoj?

Mostly chichi’. Also odo’

and uru’, but NEVER isvara

or other monkeys

Fragaszy et al. (2004) Text


6


Footnail identification. ¿De qué animal son

estas uñas?

Mumujñi (Tayasu pecari) LEK compilation Text

112008

Knw_Hunt_Game6behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el mumujñi? Pico entre julio y agosto March, I.J. (1993) Text

Knw_Hunt_Game7

112016


esta huella?

Shi’ (Tapirus terrestris) Smithsonian Tropical Institute

Database (2012) Text

112016

Knw_Hunt_Game7behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el shi’?

No existe una temporada de

cría; la reproducción ocurre

todo el año

Salas and Kim (2002) Text



esta huella?

O’oyoj (Tamandua

tetradactyla) Engstrom et al. (1999) Text

112014

Knw_Hunt_Game8behav ¿Cuántas crías tiene el o’oyoj? Sólo tienen una cría Hayssen (2011) Text

Knw_Hunt_Game9

112011

Skull identification. ¿De qué animal es esta

cabeza?

Odo’ (Ateles chamek) LEK compilation Text

112011

Knw_Hunt_Game9behav ¿Cada cuántos años puede tener cría el odo’?

At least two years. Inter-

birth periods last about a

year and up to three years.

Symington (1988) Text

Knw_Hunt_Game10

112013


esta huella?

Väsh (Dasypus

novemcinctus) Cabrera et al. (1995) Text

112013

Knw_Hunt_Game10behav ¿Qué animal caza al väsh?

Aparte del hombre, casi no

tienen ningún enemigo

natural.

Hailey (2012) Text


7

Footprint identification

Knw_Hunt_Game2 Knw_Hunt_Game7 Knw_Hunt_Game8 Knw_Hunt_Game10

Sources: In the Hunting Knowledge Test of Bolivia (pages 3-4)


8

Complete Reference List:

BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Penelope jacquacu and Spix’s Guan. Downloaded from www.birdlife.org on 22/11/2013

Cabrera, J.A., Lozano, P.H., Molano Rueda, F. (1995). Mamíferos Macarena. Asociación para la Defensa de la Macarena. Santa Fe de Bogotá: Colombia.

Decker, J. (2000). Dasyprocta punctate. Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 22, 2013.

Emmons, L. (1997) Neotropical Rainforest Mammals; A Field Guide, Second Edition. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, USA.

Engstrom, M.D., Lim, B.K., Reid, F.A. (1999) Guide to the Mammals of Iwokrama. Downloaded from www.iwokrama.org on 22/11/2013

Fragaszy DM, Visalberghi E, Fedigan LM. 2004. The complete capuchin: the biology of the genus Cebus. Cambridge: Cambridge U Pr. 339 p.

Gompper, M.D., Decker, D. (1998) Nasua nasua. Mammalian Species. Number 580.

Hailey (2012) The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine. Accessed the 22th November 2013.

Hayssen, V. (2011). "Tamandua tetradactyla (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)". Mammalian Species 43 (1): 64–74.

Hurtado, G., Jorge, L. (2006) Reproductive biology of female Amazonian brocket. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 3: 171-177.

Hurtado, G., Jorge, L. (2007) Assessing the sustainability of brocket deer hunting in the Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Communal Reserve, northeastern Peru. Conservation – Biological Conservation,

138: 412-420.

March, I.J. (1993) The White-lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari) In: Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos: Status Survey and Action Plan. Edited by W.L.R. Oliver. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Salas, L.A.; Kim, J.B. (2002) Spatial factors and stochasticity in the evaluation of sustainable hunting of tapirs. Conservation Biology, 1: 86-96

Smithsonian Tropical Institute Database (2012) Footprint Collection. Smithsonian Tropical Institute: Washington, USA.

Symington, M. M. (1988). Demography, ranging patterns, and activity budgets of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) in the Manu National Park, Peru. American Journal of

Primatology 15: 45-67.

http://www.birdlife.org/

http://www.iwokrama.org/


9

Hunting Skills Test

Variable Name Question Format Coderid: Date:

Idsubjid

Skill_hunt Do you go/used to go hunting? (if no, skip the

questionnaire)

Yes=1/No=0

Skill_hunt_

Lasthunt

When was the last time you went hunting? 0: never

1:yesterday

2: within the last week

3: within the last mth 4: within the last year

5: over a year ago

Skill_hunt_

Weapon1

Which tool or technique do you most commonly

use for hunting?

Tlk_weapon

Skill_hunt_

Mkweapon1

Do you make your own weapon (answer to

previous question)for hunting forest animals? (if

appropriate, i.e., not for commercial rifle)

Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Skill_hunt_last_

weapon1

When was the last time you went hunting with

(answer to previous question):

0: never

1:yesterday

2: within the last week 3: within the last mth

4: within the last year

5: over a year ago

Skill_hunt_

Weapon2


use for hunting? (second)

Tlk_weapon

Skill_hunt_

Mkweapon2


previous question)for hunting forest animals?

(only if appropriate)

Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Skill_hunt_last_

weapon2

When was the last time you went hunting

with(answer to previous question):

0: never

1:yesterday



5: over a year ago

Skill_hunt_

Weapon3


use for hunting?(third)

Tlk_weapon


10

Skill_hunt_last_

weapon3

When was the last time you went hunting with

(answer to previous question):

0: never

1:yesterday 2: within the last week

3: within the last mth

4: within the last year 5: over a year ago

Skill_hunt_

Mkweapon3


previous question)for hunting forest animals?


Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Skill_hunt_bigga

me

How many tapirs (antas) have you hunted in

your life?

Numerical

Skill_hunt_soun

d

Do you know how to imitate the sound of

animals to track a deer?

Yes=1/No=0


11

1b. Wild Edibles Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA

Wild Edibles Knowledge Test


Code Tlk_wild

edibles

Question Answer Source

Knw_WE1

122007

Picture identification of wild edible 1.

¿Cuál es esta planta?

Ij’sita (Pseudolmedia laevis) Kew Gardens Database

http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropi

key/families/Moraceae.htm

122007

Knw_WE1_Eco ¿En qué tipo de tierra crece ij’sita? Gredosa Libro de Conocimientos Tsimane’

Knw_WE2

122059



Buvei (Canna bangii) Plant Illustrations Database

http://plantillustrations.org/taxa.php?taxon=Canna 122059

Knw_WE2_Eco ¿Qué tiene la hoja de buvei en la

parte de abajo?

Pilosidades de color blanquecino http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canna_bangii

Knw_WE3

122062



Odo’ odo’ (Toulicia reticulata) Plant Systematics Database

http://www.plantsystematics.org/imgs/mha8/r/Me

nispermaceae_Abuta_grandifolia_2360.html 122062

Knw_WE3_Eco ¿Odo’ odo’ es un bejuco o un árbol? Árbol http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=

40&taxon_id=242430222

Knw_WE4

122057



Besej (Trophis racemosa) Discover Life Database

http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Trop

his+racemosa&guide=PA_BCI_Plantae_leaf 122057

Knw_WE4_Eco Cuando florece besej, revienta, ¿qué

será que se lleva el polvo de sus

flores?

El viento [especie anemófila] Lucinda McDade (1994)

Knw_WE5

122012



Ojmero (Paulliniapinnata) Marco Schmidt picture, Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paullinia_pinnat

a_MS_4722.JPG 122012

Knw_WE5_Eco ¿Qué partes de ojmero son

venenosas?

Semillas y hojas www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Paullinia_pin

nata.pdf

Knw_WE6

122058



Bitire (Attalea butyracea) Herbario Nacional de la Universidad de Panamá

http://herbario.up.ac.pa/Herbario/herb/vasculares/

galeria/family/Arecaceae?page=2 122058

Knw_WE6_Eco ¿Cuándo florece bitire? De agosto a octubre; el fruto está de noviembre a http://www.siac.net.co

http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Moraceae.htm

http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Moraceae.htm

http://plantillustrations.org/taxa.php?taxon=Canna

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canna_bangii

http://www.plantsystematics.org/imgs/mha8/r/Menispermaceae_Abuta_grandifolia_2360.html

http://www.plantsystematics.org/imgs/mha8/r/Menispermaceae_Abuta_grandifolia_2360.html

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=40&taxon_id=242430222

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=40&taxon_id=242430222

http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Trophis+racemosa&guide=PA_BCI_Plantae_leaf

http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Trophis+racemosa&guide=PA_BCI_Plantae_leaf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paullinia_pinnata_MS_4722.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paullinia_pinnata_MS_4722.JPG

http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Paullinia_pinnata.pdf

http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Paullinia_pinnata.pdf

http://herbario.up.ac.pa/Herbario/herb/vasculares/galeria/family/Arecaceae?page=2

http://herbario.up.ac.pa/Herbario/herb/vasculares/galeria/family/Arecaceae?page=2

http://www.siac.net.co/


12

abril; la gente colecta de abril a julio.

Knw_WE7

122063



Vishirij (Inga marginata) Flora de Sâo Bento do Sul (SBS) Database

https://sites.google.com/site/florasbs/fabaceae/ing

a-mirim 122063

Knw_WE7_Eco ¿De qué color es la flor de vishirij? Flor blanca INBIO (2012) http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/FMPro?-

DB=UBIpub.fp3&-lay=WebAll&-

Format=/ubi/detail.html&-Op=bw&id=604&-

Find

Knw_WE8

122061



Soroca (Pouteria torta) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/bioinformatics/dfm/met

as/view/22381

122061

Knw_WE8_Eco ¿Qué animal come las hojas de

soroca?

Larvas de mariposa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouteria

Knw_WE9

122060



Moco (Spondias mombin) Peruvian Collection of the Herbarium of Rostlyn,

Czech Republic

http://www.cajovydum.cz/peruanskebyliny/eshop/

23-1-HERBAR-ROSTLIN/478-3-Ubos

122060

Knw_WE9_Eco ¿Se ve alguna vez el moco sin hojas? Es un pequeño árbol caducifolio que pierde las

hojas en la estación seca.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondias_mombin

Knw_WE10

122004

Seed identification of wild edible 12.


Tyutyura (Mauritia flexuosa) LEK Compilation

122004

Knw_WE10_Eco ¿Qué animal hace su nido en el palo

seco de la tyutyura?

Aves grandes, como loros, tucanes, etc. Libro de Plantas Isa (Santa María)

https://sites.google.com/site/florasbs/fabaceae/inga-mirim

https://sites.google.com/site/florasbs/fabaceae/inga-mirim

http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/FMPro?-DB=UBIpub.fp3&-lay=WebAll&-Format=/ubi/detail.html&-Op=bw&id=604&-Find




http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/bioinformatics/dfm/metas/view/22381

http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/bioinformatics/dfm/metas/view/22381

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouteria

http://www.cajovydum.cz/peruanskebyliny/eshop/23-1-HERBAR-ROSTLIN/478-3-Ubos

http://www.cajovydum.cz/peruanskebyliny/eshop/23-1-HERBAR-ROSTLIN/478-3-Ubos

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondias_mombin


13

Wild Edibles picture identification

Knw_WE1 Knw_WE2 Knw_WE3 Knw_WE4 Knw_WE5

Knw_WE6 Knw_WE7 Knw_WE8 Knw_WE9

Sources: In the Wild Edibles Knowledge Test of Bolivia (pages 12-13)


14

Wild Edibles Skills Test

Variable

Code

Species Code

Tlk_wild

edibles

Question Format Coderid: Date:

Idsubjid

Sk_WE1_harv

_last

Ij’sita

(Pseudolmedia

laevis)

When was the last

time you

harvestedij’sita?

3: Last harvesting season

2: previous to last harvesting

season

1: longer than last two harvesting

seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE1_harv 122061

How did you

harvestij’sita?

Text

Sk_WE2_harv

_last

Buvei (Canna

bangii)

When was the last

time you

harvestedbuvei?



season


seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE2_harv 122059

How did you

harvest buvei?

Text

Sk_WE3_harv

_last

Odo’ odo’

(Abuta

grandifolia)

When was the last

time you harvested

odo’ odo’?



season


seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE3_harv 122062

How did you

harvest odo’ odo’?

Text

Sk_WE4_harv

_last

Besej (Trophis

racemosa)

When was the last

time you

harvestedbesej?



season


seasons

0: Never


15

Sk_WE4_harv 122057

How did you

harvest besej?

Text

Sk_WE5_harv

_last

Ojmero

(Paullinia sp.

i.e., pinnata)

When was the last

time you harvested

ojmero?



season


seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE5_harv 122012

How did you

harvest ojmero?

Text

Sk_WE6_harv

_last

Bitire (Attalea

butyracea /

phallerata)

When was the last

time you harvested

bitire?



season


seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE6_harv 122058

How did you

harvest bitire?

Text

Sk_WE7_harv

_last

Vishirij (Inga

marginata)

When was the last

time you

harvestedvishirij?



season


seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE7_harv 122063

How did you

harvest vishirij?

Text

Sk_WE8_harv

_last

Soroca

(Pouteria

torta)

When was the last

time you

harvestedsoroca?



season


seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE8_harv

122067

How did you

harvest soroca?

Text


16

Sk_WE9_harv

_last

Cojma

(Papilionaceae

)

When was the last

time you harvested

cojma?



season


seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE9_harv 122060

How did you

harvest cojma?

Text

Sk_WE10_har

v_last

Cojnono (Inga

sp.)

When was the last

time you

harvestedcojnono?



season


seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE10_har

v

122065

How did you

harvest cojnono?

Text

Sk_WE11_har

v_last

Inijshi (Inga

sp.)

When was the last

time you

harvestedinijshi?



season


seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE11_har

v

122066

How did you

harvest inijshi?

Sk_WE12_har

v_last

Tyutyura

(Mauritia

flexuosa)

When was the last

time you

harvestedtyutyura?



season


seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE12_har

v

122004

How did you

harvest tyutyura?


17

1c. Medicinal Plants Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA

Protocol for selecting plants and illnesses 1. Generate a list of medicinal plants of the indigenous group combining a) secondary literature and b) results from free listing. Use only items that have

been mentioned by at least two people. The list must be in the indigenous language.

2. Divide the list in 3 groups according to their saliency. Do a stratified random selection of 20 plants from the list, taking about 7 of the most salient plants,

about 7 mid-range (in saliency) plants, and about 7 least salient plants. Include both medicinal and non-medicinal plants. This list of about 20 plants will

be pilot-tested during the first quarter, with about 10 people from communities other than our study communities, after which the list will be reduced to 10

plants that will give you sufficient variation in responses (from very well known to very little known). The list should include two non-medicinal plants.

3. Generate a list of illnesses in the areas from free listings. These illnesses can be both physical and “spiritual” (e.g. ghosts, forest illness, etc), as well as

both diseases (malaria) and “symptoms” (e.g. headache, diarrhoea, etc). This will be used to generate tlk_illness.

4. These data can then be analysed either by consensus or with an answer key based on local expert knowledge, or both.


18

Tbl _medicinal plants

“Which illnesses can be cured with plant XX?” Collect information for the first 3 mentioned illnesses/symptoms.

Date: Coderid: Idsubjid:

PlantName IllnessName MPm_lastu

se

MP_whogiv

e

MP_howprep_1,2,3 MP_howuse MP_harm MP_preg MP_baby MP_ritual Notes

Nombre de la

planta

Nombre de la

enfermedad o

afección

Cuando fue

la última

vez que

utilizaste la

plantaX

para tratar

XX?

Jun’dye

ya’ca’mi

jaque’mo’

pinidye?

Si nunca

“Y alguien

de ha dado

el

tratamiento

?”

Qui buty mi

somin

jämdye mo’

pinidye?

If yes:

Como preparas remedio de X para tratar XX?

Jun buyi buty mi yutye’ mo’ pinidye?

(tick all the ones mentioned)

In ACCESS, enter into three columns and code using

Tlk_medplantprep)

Como utilizas el

remedio?

Jun buyi buty mi

yutye’ mo’

pinidye?

Puede hacer

mal este

remedio si

se usa en

mucha

cantidad?

Me buty mi

yocjin oij

pinidye

tyeitya mi

dai?

Pueden las

embarazada

s tomar este

remedio?

Tupuj buty

tyei in mo

pinidye mo

in pen in

jaja tsi

munsi’in?

Pueden los

bebés y los

niños/as

tomar este

remedio?

Tupuj buty

tyeij in oij

pinidye’

miqui’

munty’in?

Practica algún

ritual o

ceremonia

para tomar

este remedio?

Micdyi buty

mi jam vidyem

jequemi mo

pinidye?

Tlk_plants Tlk_illness 0: never

1:<1 month

ago

2: 2-12

month

3: over 1

year

idsubjid

0 if nobody

grin

d

boil Mix

(plant

s)

Mix

(others)

e.g. if

mixed

with

modern

product

etc)

macer

ated

burn chew direct

use

Internal

use (1)

(drink,

eat,

smoke,

in the

eyes..)

External

use (2)

(on the

skin,

bathe,

smoke

out, rub)

Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No

Punuvacdyes

Punuvacdyes

Punuvacdyes

Vambason

Vambason

Vambason

Macha


19

Macha

Macha

Banana

Banana

Banana

Que’tsejtsej

Que’tsejtse

Que’tsejtse

Tson’sonty

Tson’sonty

Tson’sonty

Ñetas

Ñetas

Ñetas

Yavitus

Yavitus

Yavitus

Mature

Mature

Mature

Arara’

Arara’

Arara’

Jamo’tarara

Jamo’tarara

Jamo’tarara

Buisi

Buisi

Buisi

Tyimujmure

Tyimujmure


20

Tyimujmure

Cravu

Cravu

Cravu

Marva

Marva

Marva

Parta

Parta

Parta


21

1d. Agriculture Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA

Agriculture Knowledge & Skills Test

CODER ID: Answer

Variable name Question Format Traditional common PLANTAIN: Itsidye

Knw_Agr_Sp1_Name [Show plantain Itsidye] What is the name of this variety? Ask them to be as specific as

they can

Tlk_plantain varieties

Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag1 Which is the plantain variety that gives a higher number of fruits? Tlk_plantain varieties

Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag

Right now, how many plantain varieties do you cultivate in your field? Number

Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic

(1,2,3,4,5, respectively)

[Pictures of different plantain fruits] Which of these plantains are ready to be harvested? 1/2/3/4/5 (multiple answer)

Traditional intermediate PLANTAIN: Cojo´

Knw_Agr_Sp2_Name [Show plantain cojo’] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_plantain varieties

Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 Which plantain variety gives fruits earlier? Tlk_plantain varieties

Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 This year, in which type of soil do you have your plantain: clayey or sandy? 1 = clayey

2 = sandy

Skill_Agr_Sp2_Pic

[Picture of 2 plantain field] Which of these two plantain fields resemble more to yours? 1 or 2

Traditional rare YUCCA: Opuntye

Knw_Agr_Sp3_Name [Picture of yucca variety Opuntye] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_yucca varieties

Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag2 Which yucca variety gives a whiter chibé? Tlk_yucca varieties

Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1 Last time you planted yucca, how many branches of yucca did you plant per hole? Number

Skill_Agr_Sp3_Pic

(1,2, respectively)

[Picture of yucca plant] By looking at the colour of these yucca plants, which one do you

think that it is ripe to be eaten/cooked?

1/2 (multiple answer)

Modern Common MAIZE: Dyurtyi’

Knw_Agr_Sp4_Name [Picture of maize dyurtyi’] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_maize varieties

Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag2 Which variety of maize gives a darker chicha? Tlk_maize varieties


22

Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 This year, where did you cultivate maize: monte alto, bakkan or barbecho? 1 = monte alto

2 = bakkan 3 = barbecho

0 = No cultivate

Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2 If no, have you ever cultivated maize? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp4_Pic

(1,2,3,4, respectively)

[4 pictures of different maize drying under the sun] Which of these maize cobs are

already ready to be processed for making chicha?

1/2/3/4 (multiple answer)

Modern intermediate RICE: Carolina

Knw_Agr_Sp5_Name [Show the rice carolina] Which is this rice variety? Tlk_rice varieties

Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag1 The grains of which rice variety fall more into the ground? Tlk_rice varieties

Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Which rice variety takes longer to cook? Tlk_rice varieties

Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1a Last year, did you build your one pirwa to store the rice? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1c Last year, did you put trunks in your rice fields to separate the varieties so that the seeds

don’t get mixed?

Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp5_Pic [2 pictures of the same rice field in different moments] How many months do you think

that have gone by since the first picture was taken?

Number

Modern Rare MAIZE: Tana’ miqui’ muntyi’ tority’

Knw_Agr_Sp6_Name [Show maize Tana’ miqui’ muntyi’ tority’] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_maize varieties

Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 Which variety of maize is the best to feed the chicken: posha, vishety or yäcäty? 1 = posha

2 = vishety 3 = yäcäty

4 = the same

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 Have you ever prepared pipocas? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Pic [Picture of three fields] In which of these 3 fields would you plant maize? 1/2/3 (multiple answer)

Management

Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_1

(a,b,c, respectively)

What are the names of the plants used to make eyaj (traps for birds in the fields)? Tlk_eyaj


(a,b,c, respectively)

What other crops can be grown together with yucca? Tlk_crops Bolivia


Which is the best wood to make a pirwa (for storing rice in the field)? Tlk_woods pirwa Bolivia

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_1 Which crop dies when fumigated with pesticide? Tlk_crops Bolivia

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_2 To which animal does the petilla resemble more: a cricket, a worm or a cockroach? 1=cricket

2=worm

3=cockroach

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_3 Which quantity of insecticide, do you add for 20 litters of water? 1=1 tapa

2=5 cm


23

Picture Identification

Source: Own elaboration


24

2. Cameroon


25

2a. Hunting Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON


Variable name

Species

Code

Tlk_anim

als

Question Answer Source Format Coderid:

Idsubjid --- Personal Id number nr

Knw_Hunt_Game1

212004

Identification question. How do you

differenciate the Red River Hog of the

Giant Forest Hog?

River River Hog has red

coat, Giant Forest Hog is

black.

The footprint are different

Estes, 2012 Text

Knw_Hunt_Game1behav What does Red River Hogs used to do with

their two long canines?

They dig the ground to get

roots and tubers Estes, 2012 Text

Knw_Hunt_Game2

212027

sound identification. What animal do you

hear?

Seko (Pan troglodytes) Sound from : Gautier-Hion A. et

al.1999 Text

212027

Knw_Hunt_Game2behav Does the Chimpanzee eat termites ? If yes,

how does he do ?

He uses a wood stick or a

leaf inserted in the termite

mound

Estes, 2012 Text

Knw_Hunt_Game3

212017

Picture identification. What animal do you

see on this picture?

Gbe (Cricetomys emini) Kingdon, 1997 Text

112003

Knw_Hunt_Game3behav Does the Gambian Rat live the day or at

the night time? It is strictly noctural Kingdon, 1997 Text



recognize the old male of elephant? He is solitary Estes, 2012 ; Kingdon, 1997 Text

Knw_Hunt_Game4behav How do the mother elephant guide her The very Young elephant ADW Text


26

offspring? stay in a 5 meters

perimeters of the mother

all the time.

Knw_Hunt_Game5

212007



Mbongo (Tragelaphus

eurycerus) Kingdon, 1997 Text

212007

Knw_Hunt_Game5behav Where does the bongo used to live?

In opening in the forest

where it can find sunlight,

bushes, herbs and

bamboos.

Bongos both feed and

depend for cover on the

bushes, herbs and bamboo

found in these forested

regions

Estes, 2012 : 185

ADW Text

Knw_Hunt_Game6

212013



Bemba (Cephalophus

sylvicultor) Kingdon, 1997 Text

212013

Knw_Hunt_Game6behav Where does the Bemba use to rest during

the day ?

It regularly used resting

places under fallen trees, in

dense undergrowth, or in

root forms

ADW Text

Knw_Hunt_Game7

212023



Mboka (Nandinia binotata)

Depierre & Vivien, 2012 Text

212023

Knw_Hunt_Game7behav Where does the nandinia give birth?

In a hole of a tree, or fallen

tree, of leaf tangles on the

ground

Estes, 2012 Text


27

Knw_Hunt_Game8

212015


recognize the coat of the water chevrotain?

It has white stains on its

fur. Estes, 2012 Text

Knw_Hunt_Game8behav What does the water chevrotain do when it

is pursue?

It dives in closest river,

stream Estes, 2012 Text

Knw_Hunt_Game9

213010

Sound identification. What animal do you

hear ?

Mango (Ceratogymna

atrata)

Sound from : “African bird

Songs” gave by Dr. Bobo

Kadiri, University of Dschang,

Cameroon.

Text

215010

Knw_Hunt_Game9behav Where does the Hornbill give birth ?

They reproduce at rainy

season, they give birth in a

cavity, up on a big tree

(>3m diameter)

Kemp, 1995 Text

Knw_Hunt_Game10

212020


hear ?

Yoka (Dendrohyrax

dorsalis) Kingdon, 1997 Text

212020

Knw_Hunt_Game10behav At what time does the Tree hyraxe shoot ?

At dry season, during the

full night night.

After the night fall.

Estes, 2012

ADW Text

Knw_Hunt_Game11

212028


hear ?

Kalu (Colobus guereza) Sound from : Gautier-Hion A. et

al.1999 Text

212028

Knw_Hunt_Game11behav How do you differentiate male and female?

the apparent sexual

dimorphism is behavioral,

or can be heard.

The male is slightly bigger

than the female

Estes, 2012

ADW Text


28

Animal identification from pictures

Knw_Hunt_Game3 Knw_Hunt_Game6 Knw_Hunt_Game7

Sources: In the Hunting Knowledge Test of Cameroon


Animal Diversity Web (ADW), University of Michigan Museum of Zoology : http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu

DEPIERRE, D. & VIVIEN, J. 2012. Mammifères sauvages du Cameroun. Nguila Kerou. 316 pages.

ESTES, R., D. 2012. The Behavior of African Mammals. The University of California Press.

GAUTIER-HION, A. COLYN, M. GAUTIER, J.-P. 1999. Histoire Naturelle des Primates d’Afrique Centrale. Ecofac. (with CD)

KEMP, A. 1995. Bird Families of the World: The Hornbills Bucerotiformes.. New York: Oxford University Press.

KINGDON, J. 1997. Field Guide toAfrican Mammals. A&C Blach Publishers.

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/


29

Hunting Skills Test Skill_hunt Do you go/used to go hunting? (if no, skip the questionnaire) Yes=1/No=0

Skill_hunt_Lasthunt When was the last time you went hunting? 0: never

1:yesterday



5: over a year ago

Skill_hunt_Weapon1 Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? Tlk_weapon

Skill_hunt_Mkweapon1 Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest

animals? (if appropriate, not for commercial rifle)

Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Skill_hunt_last_weapon1 When was the last time you went hunting with (answer to previous question): 0: never

1:yesterday



5: over a year ago

Skill_hunt_Weapon2 Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? (second) Tlk_weapon


animals? (only if appropriate)

Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Skill_hunt_last_weapon2 When was the last time you went hunting with(answer to previous question): 0: never 1:yesterday


3: within the last mth 4: within the last year

5: over a year ago

Skill_hunt_Weapon3 Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting?(third) Tlk_weapon


1:yesterday 2: within the last week



5: over a year ago


animals? (only if appropriate)

Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Skill_hunt_biggame How many Wild boar (Potamochoerus porcus)have you hunted in your life? Numerical

Skill_hunt_sound Do you know how to imitate the sound of duiker to track it? Yes=1/No=0


30

2b. Wild Edibles Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON



Code

Tlk_wild

edibles

Question Answer Source

Knw_WE1

222006

Stem identification

Dioscorea semperflorens èsumà

222006

Knw_WE1_Eco How can you see that èsumà tuber is

mature, ready to eat?

When the leaves become red/yellow Dounias, 1996.

Knw_WE2

222074

Picture identification

Baillonella toxisperma mabE

222074

Knw_WE2_Eco Which insect could we find in mabE kernel ?

Edulu - Carpophilus sp.

Plenderleith & Brown, 2000

Knw_WE4

222051


Panda oleosa kanà

222051

Knw_WE4_Eco Which animal eats kanà fruits ? Boko, tende, sende All the squirels (notably Protoxerus stranger and

Epixerus ebii)

Thorington et al., 2012

Vander Wall, 1990

Knw_WE5

222113

bark identification

Anonidium mannii ngbé

222113

Knw_WE5_Eco Does ngbé give fruits every year? No, not every year. http://www.skyfieldtropical.com/encyclopedia/jun

glesop/

Knw_WE6

231002

How do you make the difference

between mòlèngi hives and

mopapele hives ?

Nothing in the literature

Knw_WE6_Eco Where are mòlèngi bees making

their hive ?


http://www.skyfieldtropical.com/encyclopedia/junglesop/

http://www.skyfieldtropical.com/encyclopedia/junglesop/


31

Knw_WE7

222043

bark identification

Ricinodendron heudelotii gObO

222043

Knw_WE7_Eco When is gObO flowering? From march to may Eyog Matig O., Ndoye O., Kengue J. & Awano

A., 2006. Les

fruitiers forestiers comestibles du Cameroun.

Cotonou:

IPGRI/SAFORGEN/IRAD/CIFOR

Knw_WE8

222129

bark identification

Alchornea cordifolia pO

222129

Knw_WE8_Eco Which insect eatspOfruits? Alchornea cordifolia is a preferred feed plant of

the desert locust Zonocerus variegatus.

http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Alchornea

%20cordifolia_En.htm

Knw_WE9

222085


Elaeis guineensis mbilà

222085

Knw_WE9_Eco Where does mbilà used to grow ? In riverine forests or in freshwater swamps. It

cannot thrive in primeval forests and does not

regenerate in high secondary forests

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energ

y/elaeis_guineensis.html

Knw_WE10

232004


n.det. mòndùngùlE

232004

Knw_WE10_Eco Does mòndùngùlEgrow all the year

?

Nothing in the literature ; only known that

mushroom easily grow during rains

Knw_WE11

231001


n.det. dandu

231000

Knw_WE11_Eco When does dandu produce the most

?


http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Alchornea%20cordifolia_En.htm

http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Alchornea%20cordifolia_En.htm

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/elaeis_guineensis.html

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/elaeis_guineensis.html


32

Wild Edibles bark and picture identification

Knw_WE 5 / 7 / 8 Knw_WE2

Knw_WE4 Knw_WE

Sources: In the Wild Edibles Knowledge Test of Cameroon


33


Variable Code Species Code

Tlk_wild edibles

Question Format Coderid: Date:

Idsubjid

Sk_WE1_harv_last Dioscorea

semperflorens

When was the last time you

harvested Dioscorea

semperflorens?


2: previous to last harvesting season

1: longer than last two harvesting seasons

0: Never

Sk_WE1_harv 222006 How did you harvest Dioscorea

semperflorens?

Text

Sk_WE2_harv_last Baillonella

toxisperma


harvested Baillonella

toxisperma?




0: Never

Sk_WE2_harv 222074

Do you know exactly where to

find a tree of Baillonella

toxisperma?

Text

Sk_WE3_harv_last Panda oleosa When was the last time you

harvested Panda oleosa ?




0: Never

Sk_WE3_harv 222051 Do you used to break Panda

oleosa nuts?

Text

Sk_WE5_harv_last Anonidium

mannii


harvested Anonidium mannii?




0: Never

Sk_WE5_harv 222113


find a tree of Anonidium

mannii?

Text

Sk_WE6_harv_last (meliponini tribe

honey)


harvested mòlèngi?




0: Never

Sk_WE6_harv 231002

How did you harvest mòlèngi? Text


34

Sk_WE7_harv_last Ricinodendron

heudelotii


harvested Ricinodendron

heudelotii?




0: Never

Sk_WE7_harv 222043


find a tree of Ricinodendron

heudelotii?

Text

Sk_WE8_harv_last Alchornea

cordifolia


harvested Alchornea cordifolia?




0: Never

Sk_WE8_harv

122067


find a tree of Alchornea

cordifolia?

Text

Sk_WE9_harv_last Elaeis

guineensis


harvested Elaeis guineensis?




0: Never

Sk_WE9_harv 222085

Where does the Elaeis

guineensis used to grow ?

Text

Sk_WE10_harv_last

Undetermined

mushroom


harvested mundungule ?




0: Never

Sk_WE10_harv 222119 In which places/surface do the

mundungule grow ?

Text

Sk_WE11_harv_last (meliponini tribe

honey)


harvested dandu?




0: Never

Sk_WE11_harv 232004

How did you harvest dandu? Text


35

2c. Medicinal Plants Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON

Protocol for selecting plants and illnesses 5. Generate a list of medicinal plants of the indigenous group combining a) secondary literature and b) results from free listing. Use only items that have

been mentioned by at least two people. Thelistmust be in the indigenous language.

6. Divide the list in 3 groups according to their saliency. Do a stratified random selection of 20 plants from the list, taking about 7 of the most salient plants,

about 7 mid-range (in saliency) plants, and about 7 least salient plants. Include both medicinal and non-medicinal plants. This list of about 20 plants will

be pilot-tested during the first quarter, with about 10 people from communities other than our study communities, after which the list will be reduced to 10

plants that will give you sufficient variation in responses (from very well known to very little known). The list shouldinclude two non-medicinal plants.

7. Generate a list of illnesses in the areas from free listings. These illnesses can be both physical and “spiritual” (e.g. ghosts, forest illness, etc), as well as

both diseases (malaria) and “symptoms” (e.g. headache, diarrhea, etc). This will be used to generate tlk_illness.

These data can then be analyzed either by consensus or with an answer key based on local expert knowledge, or both.


Date: Coderid: Idsubjid:

PlantName IllnessNam

e

MP_lastuse MP_whogiv

e

MP_howprep_1,2,3 MP_howuse MP_ha

rm

MP_p

reg

MP_baby MP_ritual Notes

Name of

Plant

Name of

Illness

When was

the last

time you

use plant X

to treat

illness XX?

If never

“has

someone

given to

you the

treatment?

”

If yes:

How do you prepare plant X for illness

XX?


In ACCESS, enter into three columns and code

using Tlk_medplantprep)

How do you use it?

If culture-specific use not

known in “English

language”, then write use in

local indigenous language

and explain in notes

In ACCESS, code 1 or 2 Is t

hep

rep

arat

ion

har

mfu

l if

tak

en

in o

ver

do

ses?

A

re p

reg

nan

t

wo

man

all

ow

ed

to t

ake

this

pre

par

atio

n?

Are

bab

ies

and

yo

ung

ch

ild

ren

allo

wed

to

tak

e

this

pre

par

atio

n?

Is there any ritual

or ceremony to be

performed during

application? (abstinence,songs..etc

). In notes, describe

the ritual/practice

Tlk_plants Tlk_illness 0: never

1:<1 month

ago

2: 2-12 month

3: over 1 year

idsubjid

0 if nobody;

code

tlk_actors if

outside

village

gri

nd

bo

il

Mix

wit

h

pla

nts

Mix

w

ith

oth

ers.

(e.

g.

mo

den

pro

du

ct)

mac

erat

e

bu

rn

chew

dir

ect

use

Internal use

(1) (drink,

eat, smoke, in

the eyes..)

External use

(2) (on the

skin, bathe,

smoke out,

rub)

Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No,

gùgà Illness1

gùgà Illness2

gùgà Illness3


36

bòyo Illness1

bòyo Illness2

bòyo Illness3

Ngolù Illness1

Ngolù Illness2

Ngolù Illness3

bOsO Illness1

bOsO Illness2

bOsO Illness3

kàngà Illness1

kàngà Illness2

kàngà Illness3

ngOyO Illness1

ngOyO Illness2

ngOyO Illness3

adjadjo Illness1

adjadjo Illness2

adjadjo Illness3

bòlòngo Illness1

bòlòngo Illness2

bòlòngo Illness3

bambu Illness1

bambu Illness2

bambu Illness3

bOtO Illness1

bOtO Illness2

bOtO Illness3


37

2d. Agriculture Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON


Traditional common: PLANTAIN Knw_Agr_Sp1_Name Name of the variety show a cutting Gno'o Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag1

Which variety does ripen the fastest? Gno'o

Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag2

How do you do to ripen the regime? Cut it and keep it on the grid

Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag1 What do you do with the mu-ndo ? To protect the family when a person dies, it is hold on the

door of the house Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag2 How many varieties do you have in your plot? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic1a Will those plantains produce well? Yes Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic1b Why?

Traditional intermediate: MANIOC Knw_Agr_Sp2_Name Name of the variety ? tuber Minbour Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 How many cassava's cutting do you in the same place ? 2 or 3 Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 What can cassava's leaves cure ? To cure pregnant women / burns Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 If you plant this tuber here, where do you plant the other ? show the place

and take the distance the respondent gives

No true answer : TEK

Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 How many varieties do you have in your plot ? list

No true answer: personal investment

Skill_Agr_Sp2_pic Are those plants ready to be harvested ? Yes

Traditional rare: SAPA Knw_Agr_Sp3_Name Name of the variety. tuber sapa Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag1 When is the best moment to plant this yam ? The same moment as the other, from march to may Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag2 Do you use this yam to cure something ? What ? To cure pregnant women

Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1a Did you plant this yam in your plot this year ? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1b If "no", when was the last time you planted it ? Why ? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1c If "yes", did it produce well ? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp3_pic Look at this picture, is this a good productivity for sapa ? No


38

Modern common: CACAO Knw_Agr_Sp4_Name Name of the variety ? Selectionné Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 How many time does this cacao live ?

3-4 years

Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag2

Name of the fungicidefor the cacao ? Ridomine, Plantomine, Nordose, Cocobre, Etrofolan,

Anticapside Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 Do you know how to cut trees of cacao ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2a Do you have a plot of cacao ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2b If "yes", how many years did it produce ?

No true answer : Personal investment

Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2c If "yes", did you already sell cacao ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp4_pic Is it ready to be harvested ? Yes

Modern intermediate: MEBUTA Knw_Agr_Sp5_Name Name of the variety. tuber Mebuta Rouge / du village Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag1 How many varieties do you know ? No true answer : Personal investment

Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Which variety does ripen the fastest ? Rouge

Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1a Did you plant sweet potatoes this year ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1b If "no", when was the last time you planted it ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1c If "yes", when did you plant it ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Which varieties do you have in your plot ?


Skill_Agr_Sp5_pic Do you think it is possible to plant sweet potatoes in this plot ? Yes Skill_Agr_Sp5_pic

Why ?

Modern rare: ARACHIDE Knw_Agr_Sp6_Name Name of the variety. Fruit

Arachide du village

Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 Near to which plant is it impossible to plant groundnuts?


Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag2 Why do groundnut become sick ?


Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag Did you plant groundnuts this year?

Yes / No


39

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag If "no", when was the last time you planted it ?


Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag If "yes", which are the other plant in your plot ? No true answer : Personal investment

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag2 Did you already sell groundnuts ?


Skill_Agr_Sp6_pic

Is it possible to plant groundnuts in this plot ? No true answer : Personal investment

Management Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_1 What is the best way for productivity: to burn before or after having

planted plantain and cassava ?

Before

Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_2 When is the best moment to open a new plot ? At the begining of the dry season

Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_3 Which wild trees are important for the productivity of the plot ? No true answer : TEK

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_1 How many plantains did you plant this year ? No true answer : Personal investment

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_2 What is the best distance to leave between cassava and plantain ? (show

the distance)


Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_3 What do you do to protect your plot against the predators ? No true answer : Personal investment


40

Picture Identification (Source: Own elaboration)

Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic1aSkill_Agr_Sp2_picSkill_Agr_Sp3_pic

Knw_Agr_Sp4_NameSkill_Agr_Sp5_picSkill_Agr_Sp6_pic


41

3. Indonesia


42

3.1. Hunting Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA


Variable name Question Answer Format

Knw_Hunt_Game1 Source: original picture LEK

Footprint identification. Do you know which animal produces, footprint?

Bavui (Susbarbatus) Tlk_Animals


Footprint identification

Telau (Muntiacus spp.) Tlk_Animals

Knw_Hunt_Game3 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 126. Do you know the name of this

animal?

Ketan (Arctictisbinturong) Tlk_Animals


animal?

Munin (Paradoxurushermaphroditus) Tlk_Animals

Knw_Hunt_Game5 Source:http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=332&Bird_Im

age_ID=40369&Bird_Family_ID=&p=1, modified

Animal identification

Pecaku (Bucerosvigil) Tlk_Animals


Feces identification

Bowang (Helarctosmalayanus) Tlk_Animals

Knw_Hunt_Game7 Source:http://www.arkive.org/great-argus/argusianus-argus/

Animal identification

Owei (Argusianusargus) Tlk_Animals


animal?

Megah (Ratufaaffinis) Tlk_Animals


animal?

Angan (Pagumalarvata) Tlk_Animals


animal?

Kuyat (Macacafascicularis) Tlk_Animals

Knw_Hunt_Game1

behav

What is the nest of bavui made of? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007,

http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41772/0,

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/sit

e/accounts/information/Sus_barbatus.html

#behavior)bitten/torn off saplings and

Text

http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=332&Bird_Image_ID=40369&Bird_Family_ID=&p=1


http://www.arkive.org/great-argus/argusianus-argus/

http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41772/0


43

Variable name Question Answer Format

shrubs)

Knw_Hunt_Game2

behav

Is telau more active during the day or the night? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)during

the day

Text

Knw_Hunt_Game3

behav

What is ketan’s main food? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)ripe

fruits / figs

Text

Knw_Hunt_Game4

behav

Is munin more active during the day or the night? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)during

the night

Text

Knw_Hunt_Game5

behav

In general, how many pecaku live together? (Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmeted_Ho

rnbill, accessed date 2012/07/01) pairs

Number

Knw_Hunt_Game6

behav

Where do bowang build their nests? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)in tall

trees

Text

Knw_Hunt_Game7

behav

Where do owei make their nests? (Source: www.arkive.ort/great-

argus/argusianus-argus/#text=Biology,

accessed date 22-07-12)in trees at night

Text

Knw_Hunt_Game8

behav

Do megah often go down from the trees? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007) no, only

for going from one tree to another

Text

Knw_Hunt_Game9

behav

Where do angan sleep? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007) in tree

holes and forks in big trees

Text

Knw_Hunt_Game10be

hav

Can you see kuyat in small trees? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007) yes,

unlike other monkeys

Text

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmeted_Hornbill

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmeted_Hornbill

http://www.arkive.ort/great-argus/argusianus-argus/#text=Biology

http://www.arkive.ort/great-argus/argusianus-argus/#text=Biology


44

Picture Identification

Sources: In the Hunting Knowledge Test of Indonesia


45


Payne, J., Francis, C. M.& K. Phillipps 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. Sabah Society (with WWF Malaysia), Kota Kinabalu.

Kawanishi, K., Gumal, M. & Oliver, W. 2008. Sus barbatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,


Animal Diversity Web, University Michigan

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_barbatus.html#behavior,accessed date 22/07/2012

http://www.arkive.org/bearded-pig/sus-barbatus/, accessed date 22/07/2012

http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=332&Bird_Image_ID=40369&Bird_Family_ID=&p=1, accessed date 22/07/2012


http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_barbatus.html#behavior

http://www.arkive.org/bearded-pig/sus-barbatus/



46

Hunting Skills Test

Variable Name Question Format

Skill_hunt Do you go/used to go hunting? (if no, skip the questionnaire) Yes=1/No=0

Skill_hunt_

Lasthunt

When was the last time you went hunting? 0: never

1:yesterday




5: over a year ago

Skill_hunt_

Weapon1

Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? Tlk_weapon

Skill_hunt_

Mkweapon1

Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest animals?

(if appropriate, i.e., not for commercial rifle)

Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A


1:yesterday




5: over a year ago

Skill_hunt_

Weapon2

Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? (second) Tlk_weapon

Skill_hunt_

Mkweapon2

Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest animals?


Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Skill_hunt_last_weapon2 When was the last time you went hunting with(answer to previous question): 0: never

1:yesterday




5: over a year ago


47

Variable Name Question Format

Skill_hunt_

Weapon3

Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting?(third) Tlk_weapon


1:yesterday




5: over a year ago

Skill_hunt_biggame How many sun bears (bowang) have you hunted in your life? Numerical

Skill_hunt_sound Do you know how to imitate the sound of animals to track a deer(payou)? Yes=1/No=0

Skill_Poison_last When was the last time you prepared poison for blowpipe? 0: never

1: < 1 month ago

2: 2-12 months ago

3: > 1 year ago


48

3.2. Wild Edibles Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA


Variable name Question Format

Knw_WE1 Picture identification of torai (Baccaurea macrocarpa)

(Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/adaduitokla/6074237871/in/set-72157627002948962)

Text

Knw_WE1_Eco Where does the torai fruit grow on the tree?

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccaurea_macrocarpa, female trees bear fruit directly on the trunk

and large branches)

Text

Knw_WE2 Picture identification of mesalin(Xanthophyllum obscurum)

Source: http://asianplant.net/

Text

Knw_WE2_Eco Can mesalin grow in jakau (fallow)? (Source: http://211.114.21.20/tropicalplant/html/print.jsp?rno=815,

primary forest)

Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Knw_WE3 Picture identification of buno (Garcinia mangostana)

Source: http://www.mangosteen.com/historyandfolklore.htm

Text

Knw_WE3_Eco Upon postharvest of buno fruit, how do you know if the fruit is reap, does the fruit hardens or softens?

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana, softens)

softens=1/hardens=0/ -8:

N/A

Knw_WE4 Picture identification of buaabung (Nephelium rambutan-ake)

Source: http://asianplant.net/

Text

Knw_WE4_Eco Where does the bua abung tree usually grow? (Source: http://www.asianplant.net/, alluvial sites and along

rivers and streams)

Text

Knw_WE5 Picture identification of va’it (Nephelium maingayi)

Source:http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Bio-Diversity-Databases/Gallery.aspx?page=124

Text

Knw_WE5_Eco Does va’it tree grow along rivers and streams? (Source: http://www.asianplant.net/, alluvial (swamps) sites

and along rivers and streams)

Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Knw_WE6 Picture identification of jema (Arenga undulatifolia)

Source: http://www.biolib.cz/en/image/id31921/

Text

https://www.flickr.com/photos/adaduitokla/6074237871/in/set-72157627002948962

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccaurea_macrocarpa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_%28botany%29

http://211.114.21.20/tropicalplant/html/print.jsp?rno=815

http://www.mangosteen.com/historyandfolklore.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana

http://www.asianplant.net/

http://www.asianplant.net/


49

Variable name Question Format

Knw_WE6_Eco Does the jema tree need a lot of sun? (Source: http://www.photomazza.com/?Arenga-undulatifolia, under

full sun or slight shade)

Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Knw_WE7 Picture identification of kelepren (Baccaurea bracteata)

Source: http://www.asianplant.net/

Text

Knw_WE7_Eco Can kelepren tree grow on sandy soil? (Source: Puri 2001, sandy soils) Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Knw_WE8 Picture identification of lepou (Baccaurea lanceolata)

Source: http://www.asianplant.net/

Text

Knw_WE8_Eco Where does the lepou fruit grow on the tree? (Source:

http://www.asianplant.net/Phyllanthaceae/Baccaurea_lanceolata.htm, bark of tree)

Text

Knw_WE9 Picture identification ofhulung (Eugeissona utilis)

Source:http://www.pacsoa.org.au/wiki/Eugeissona_utilis

Text

Knw_WE9_Eco Can hulung tree grow on slopes? (Source: Puri 2001, poor soil, ridge tops, slopes) Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Knw_WE10 Picture identification of riu (Garcinia laterifolia)

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/23942469@N08/2273088488/

Text

Knw_WE10_Eco Does riu grow on high mountain? (Source: Puri 2001, lowland and hill primary forest 2000m) Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

http://www.photomazza.com/?Arenga-undulatifolia

http://www.asianplant.net/Phyllanthaceae/Baccaurea_lanceolata.htm


50

Wild Edibles picture identification


51

Sources: In the Wild Edibles Knowledge Test of Indonesia


52


Tbl_Wild Edibles Skills

Variable Code Question Format

Sk_WE1_harv_last When was the last time you harvested torai? 1: Yesterday

2: Within the last week

3: Within the last month


5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago

6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago

7: Never

Sk_WE1_harv How did you harvest torai? Text

Sk_WE2_harv_last When was the last time you harvested mesalin? 1: Yesterday






7: Never

Sk_WE2_harv How did you harvest mesalin? Text

Sk_WE3_harv_last When was the last time you harvested buno? 1: Yesterday






7: Never

Sk_WE3_harv How did you harvest buno? Text

Sk_WE4_harv_last When was the last time you harvested bua abung? 1: Yesterday



53






7: Never

Sk_WE4_harv How did you harvest bua abung? Text

Sk_WE5_harv_last When was the last time you harvested va’it? 1: Yesterday






7: Never

Sk_WE5_harv How did you harvest va’it? Text

Sk_WE6_harv_last When was the last time you harvested oro jema? 1: Yesterday






7: Never

Sk_WE6_harv How did you harvest oro jema? Text

Sk_WE7_harv_last When was the last time you harvested kelepren? 1: Yesterday






7: Never

Sk_WE7_harv How did you harvest kelepren? Text


54


Sk_WE8_harv_last

When was the last time you harvested lepou? 1: Yesterday






7: Never

Sk_WE8_harv How did you harvest lepou? Text

Sk_WE9_harv_last When was the last time you harvested oro hulung? 1: Yesterday






7: Never

Sk_WE9_harv How did you harvest oro hulung? Text

Sk_WE10_harv_last When was the last time you harvested riu? 1: Yesterday






7: Never

Sk_WE10_harv How did you harvest riu? Text

Skill_Sagoo_Last When was the last time you prepared sago out of palms like jema or vulung? 0: never

1: < 1 month ago

2: 2-12 months ago

3: > 1 year ago


55

3.3. Medicinal Plants Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA

Tbl _medicinal plants


1-Kevouan 2-Kecaliu 3-Mecout 4-Kelalai 5-Tata 6-Tevela 7-Upa Lengot 8-Nyaman ula belang 9-Bangi 10-Arau

322105 322103 322113 322112 322106 322088 322046 322117 322123 322171

1. PlantName IllnessName MP_lastuse MP_whogive MP_howprep_1,2,3 MP_howuse MP_harm MP_preg MP_baby MP_ritual

Name of Plant Name of

Illness

When was the

last time you

use plant X to treat illness

XX?

If never “has

someone

given to you the

treatment?”

If yes:

How do you prepare plant X for illness XX?


In ACCESS, enter into three columns and code using

Tlk_medplantprep)

How do you use it? (write

the way of use) If culture-

specific use not known in “English language”, then

write use in local

indigenous language and explain in notes

In ACCESS, code 1 or 2

Is the

preparation

harmful if taken in

overdoses?

Are pregnant

woman

allowed to take this

preparation?

Are babies and

young children

allowed to take this preparation?

Is there any ritual or

ceremony to be

performed during application?

(abstinence,songs..etc)

. In notes, describe the ritual/practice

Tlk_plants Tlk_illness 0: never 1:<1 month ago

2: 2-12 month

3: over 1 year

idsubjid 0 if nobody

grind boil Mix (plants)

Mix

(others)

e.g. if

mixed with

modern

product

etc)

macerated

burn chew direct use

Internal use (1)

(drink,

eat, smoke, in

the eyes.)

External use (2) (on the skin,

bathe, smoke

out, rub)

Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No


56

3.4. Agricultural Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA


Variable name Question Format Source

Traditional common PADDY

Knw_Agr_Sp1_Name [Show rice grain Pare Empang] What is the name of this

variety?

Text

Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag1 Which variety of paddy is more resistant to drought: Pare

Turi, Pare Ubok or PareEmpang?

Text

Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag2 This year, how many varieties of paddy did you plant in your

field?

Text

Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag

Which paddy variety is longer to cook: Pare Turi, Pare Ubok

or PareEmpang?

Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic

[Picture of paddy field] Is the harvest of this field going to be

good this year?

Text Original picture LEK

Traditional intermediate TARO

Knw_Agr_Sp2_Name [Picture of taro variety] What is the name of this plant? Text Original picture LEK

Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 For the variety of taro I showed you on the picture, how long

does it take from planting to harvesting?

Text

Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 [Pictures of 3 different varieties]Of these 3 varieties, the stem

of which variety can be eaten?

1/2/3/-9 (multiple answer) Original picture LEK

Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1a Do you have taro planted now? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1b If “No”, Have you ever planted taro? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1c When was the last time you planted taro? 1:last year

2: within the last two year

3: within the last 3-5 year

4: over a 5 years ago

5: never

Skill_Agr_Sp2_Pic

[Picture of taro field] Is it a good time to harvest taro based on

this picture?

Text Original picture LEK


57


Traditional rare CORN

Knw_Agr_Sp3_Name [Picture of corn] What is the name of this variety? Text Original picture LEK

Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag1 How many fruit can you get in one plant of Jelai Ubok? Number

Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag2 For Jelai Ubok, how long does it take from planting to

harvesting?

Text

Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1a Do you have corn planted now? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1b If “No”, have you ever planted corn? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1c When was the last time you planted corn? 1:last year




5: never

Skill_Agr_Sp3_Pic [Picture of corn field] Is the field ready to be harvested? Yes/No Original picture LEK

Modern Common COFFEE

Knw_Agr_Sp4_Name [Show coffee grain] What is the specific name of this variety? Text

Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 Is there anything you can do to get more fruits from a coffee

tree?

Text

Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag2 Do the young coffee plants grow better with direct sun or under

the shade?

Text

Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 For the coffee plants you have now, did you plant the seedlings

under the sun or under the shade?

Text

Skill_Agr_Sp4_Pic [6 pictures of different coffee fruit on the tree] Which fruit are

ready to be harvest?

1/2/3/4/5/6 (multiple answer) Original picture LEK

Modern intermediate COCOA

Knw_Agr_Sp5_Name [Picture of 2 different cocoa tree, one from Indonesia and one

from Amazon] Which one is grown here?

1 or 2 or -9 http://asiatradingonline.com/cocoa.htm

Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag1 What do you do to get more cocoa fruit? Text

Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Have you ever sold cocoa seeds? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1a Do you have cocoa planted now? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1b If “No”, have you ever planted cocoa? Yes/No


58


Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1c When was the last time you planted cocoa? 1:last year




5: never

Skill_Agr_Sp5_Pic [Pictures pruned and un-pruned tree] Which of these trees will

give more fruit?

Text LEK original pictures

Modern Rare (RED SMALL) ONION

Knw_Agr_Sp6_Name [Picture of onion plant] What is the specific name of this plant? Text http://www.sorotnews.com/berita/view/masa-

panen-harga-bawang.1498.html

Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 How do you prepare the soil to plant onions? Text

Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag2 What part of the onion do you plant? Text

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1a Do you have onion planted now? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1b If “No”, have you ever planted onion? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1c If “Yes”, could you harvest some onion? Yes/No

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1d When was the last time you planted onion? 1:last year




5: never

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Pic [Picture of onion field (with flowers)] Do you harvest the onion

before or after it is flowering like the picture?

Text http://sensiblesurvival.files.wordpress.com/2

011/04/wild2bonion2bflower.jpg

Management

Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_

1

How can you tell the land (soil) is bad for opening a

field/ladang?

Text

Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_

2

What plants can be grown together with cassava? Text

Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_

3

(The Kenyah plant when the moon is bulan awai/full moon),

what is the best moon to plant cassava?

Text

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_ What is the right dosage to use herbicide (basmilang brand) for Text


59


1 paddy?

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_

2

Do you know any name of fertilizer in Malinau? Text

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_

3

Do you know the price of 1 kg coffee seed in Malinau? Text


60

Agriculture picture identification


61

Sources: In the Agriculture Knowledge Test of Indonesia

a cross-cultural analysis of the returns of local...

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