a cultural content analysis of a senior high school english textbook

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A CULTURAL CONTENT ANALYSIS OF A SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL ENGLISH TEXTBOOK FOR GRADE X

A THESIS

Written as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the graduate education

degree of English language teaching

Written by

Kurnia Citra Dewi

S891408021

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

GRADUATE SCHOOL

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

2016


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Kurnia Citra Dewi. 2016. A Cultural Content Analysis of A Senior High School

English Textbook for Grade X. Consultant: Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd. Co-Consultant:

Dr. Nur Arifah Drajati, M.Pd. Thesis. Surakarta. English Education Magister

Department, Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta.

ABSTRACT

Language is embedded in a particular culture and learners inevitably learn about its

culture while learning a language. The integration of cultural contents in ELT

(English Language Teaching) materials is strongly related to the current status of

English. Being a global and commonest language, many recent theories suggest that

the cultural contents of English materials should not be limited to native English-

speaking countries and should include local cultural contents. To this end, this

research is aimed at investigating the existence of cultural contents in an English

textbook used by Senior High School students grade X in Indonesia, entitled Bahasa

Inggris. To this purpose, the media of cultural presentation, categories of culture, and

aspects of culture were investigated. The method used in this study was content

analysis. Some underlying models proposed by Cortazzi and Jin (1999), Moran

(2001), Yuen (2011), and Xiao (2011) were used as the main framework for

analyzing the textbook. The investigation revealed that: (1) cultural contents were

mostly presented through pictures and reading texts (61%), (2) the dominant aspect of

culture is products (44%), and (3) the presented culture were mostly about source

culture (45%). In summary, the exposures of visible cultural aspects of Indonesian

culture which were presented through pictures and texts dominated the exposures of

culture in Bahasa Inggris. Based on the findings, it is a need for textbook developers

and teachers to provide a more balanced proportion of cultural contents in terms of

the dimensions (products, practices, persons, perspectives) and categories of culture

(source, target, and international target cultures) to help learners develop their

intercultural understanding.

Keywords: language and culture, cultural contents, English textbook


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Kurnia Citra Dewi. 2016. Analisis Budaya pada Buku Teks Bahasa Inggris SMA

(Sekolah Menengah Atas) Kelas X. Tesis. Pembimbing: Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd.

Kopembimbing: Dr. Nur Arifah Drajati, M.Pd. Program Studi Magister Pendidikan

Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sebelas Maret

Surakarta.

ABSTRAK

Bahasa tertanam dalam suatu budaya and pembelajar bahasa tidak dapat terhindarkan

dari proses mempelajari budaya itu sendiri ketika ia sedang mempelajari sebuah

bahasa. Pengintegrasian muatan buadaya dalam materi pengajaran bahasa Inggris

sendiri sangat dipengaruhi oleh status bahasa Inggris dewasa ini. Karena bahasa

Inggris merupakan bahasa global dan bahasa yang paling umum digunakan di seluruh

dunia, banyak teori yang menyatakan bahwa muatan budaya pada materi bahasa

Inggris tidak seharusnya terbatas pada pemaparan budaya dari negara-negara yang

menggunakannya sebagai bahasa ibu dan seharusnya mencakup muatan budaya lokal.

Berdasarkan isu tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi keberadaan

muatan buadaya dalam sebuah buku teks bahasa Inggris yang digunakan siswa SMA

kelas X di Indonesia yang berjudul Bahasa Inggris. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut,

media pemaparan muatan budaya, kategori-kategori budaya, dan aspek-aspek budaya

diinvestigasi dalam penelitian ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini

adalah kajian isi. Beberapa model teori yang dikemukakan oleh Cortazzi dan Jin

(1999), Moran (2001), Yuen (2011), dan Xiao (2012), digunakan dalam studi ini

sebagai kerangka utama dalam proses menganalisa buku teks. Investigasi

menghasilkan temuan sebagai berikut: (1) muatan budaya paling banyak

dipresentasikan melalui gambar dan teks bacaan dengan presentase (61%), (2) aspek

budaya paling dominan adalah products dengan presentase (44%), (3) muatan budaya

yang dipaparkan lebih didominasi oleh budaya sumber/budaya Indonesia dengan

presentase (45%). Pemaparan aspek-aspek budaya Indonesia yang dipresentasikan

melalui objek gambar dan teks bacaan mendominasi paparan muatan budaya dalam

buku teks Bahasa Inggris. Berdasarkan temuan-temuan tersebut, guru dan penulis

buku teks diharapkan untuk menyajikan muatan budaya yang lebih seimbang yang

mencakup dimensi budayanya (products, practices, persons, perspectives) dan

kategori budaya (source, target, dan international target cultures) untuk membantu

siswa mengembangkan pemahaman antar budaya.

Kata kunci: bahasa dan budaya, muatan budaya, buku teks bahasa Inggris


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MOTTOS

Surely, with hardship comes ease, so when you have finished (with your immediate

task), then stand and to your Lord direct (your) longing.

(Q.S. Insyirah, 94: 6-8)

If you are wrong, fix it.

If you fail, try again.

But if you give up,

everything is ended.

(Unknown)

If you can’t fly, then run,

If you can’t run, then walk,

If you can’t walk, then crawl,

but whatever you do,

you have to keep moving forward.

(Martin Luther King Jr.)


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DEDICATIONS

This thesis is specially dedicated to:

My beloved Father and Mother

(Sudjono, S.Pd and Sri Hadi Whayuni, S.Pd.)

My beloved elder and younger brothers

(Aan Galih Wicaksana, S.Pd and Bripda Satria Aji Laksana)

My lecturers

My beloved one

(dr. Hilmy Pradiksa)

My beloved friends

(Team A Magister of English Education 2014)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ‘aalamiin, all praises belong to Allah SWT, the

Almighty and the Most Merciful, whose blessing, guidance, and mercy have

strengthened me along the hard path of my life so that I can finally finish my thesis

entitled “A Cultural Content Analysis of A Senior High School English Textbook

for Grade X”. In this opportunity, the writer would like to thank all of those who

have supported and guided in the process of writing this thesis. The completion of

this thesis is indeed supported by a lot of help. Therefore, she would like to offer her

highest appreciation to:

1. the writer’s beloved parents; Sudjono, S.Pd., and Sri Hadi Wahyuni, S.Pd., for

their endless loves, cares, prayers, sacrifices, and supports, the writer’s

siblings; my elder brother, mas Galih, and my younger brother, Ajik, who

have given me loves, prayers, and supports, and Hilmy for his cares and

supports when the writer is in ups and downs and for being there when she

needs at the most,

2. Prof. Dr. Joko Nurkamto, M.Pd., as the Dean of Teacher Training and

Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University,

3. Dr. Ngadiso, M. Pd. as the Head of English Education Department of

Graduate School Sebelas Maret University,

4. the first consultant, Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd., for his patience, guidance, advice,

solutions, and his best proofreading in the completion of this thesis and the

co-consultant, Dr. Nur Arifah Drajati M.Pd., for her kind words, quality hours

of consultation, and motivation,

5. the author of Bahasa Inggris for grade X students for her time of interview

and some English teachers who participated in this research


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6. friends of English Education Graduate program in academic year 2014/2015

in Sebelas Maret University, especially Team A for all the joy and sorrow.

Thanks for the suggestions and supports.

7. Those who cannot be mentioned one by one in favor of supporting the

researcher to accomplish this thesis.

May Allah bless you all.

Surakarta, July 2016

Kurnia Citra Dewi


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

COVER ……………………………………………………….……… i

APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………….…… ii

LEGITIMATION ……………………………………………….…… iii

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………….……...... iv

ABSTRAK ………………………………………………….…………. v

PRONOUNCEMENT ………………………………………………… vi

MOTTO ……………………………………………………………….. vii

DEDICATIONS……………………………………………….………. viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………….……….. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………….…………. xi

LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………….. xiv

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………….………… xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………. xviii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study …………………………….………… 1

B. Problem Statements ……..………………………….…………… 7

C. The Purpose of the Study ………………………….…………… 7

D. The Benefit of the Study ………………………………………. 7

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Literature Review ………………………………..……………. 9

1. Language and Culture

a. The Nature of Culture .………………..……………… 9

b. Types of Culture ……………………………………… 10

c. The Relation between Language and Culture …..………. 14

2. Culture and Foreign Language teaching and Learning


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a. The Role of Culture in Foreign

Language Teaching and Learning ………………………. 15

b. Culture in EFL Teaching in Indonesia ………………….. 16

3. Textbook and Culture

a. The Notion of Textbook …………...…………………… 19

b. The Role of Textbook in Foreign

Language Teaching and Learning ……………………… 19

c. Cultural Contents in EFL Textbooks …………………… 21

d. English textbook in Senior High Schools ………………. 26

4. Textbook Analysis

a. The Need to Analyze Textbook ………………………. 27

b. Criteria for analyzing Cultural Contents in EFL Textbook

1) Categories of Culture ………………………….. 29

2) Dimensions of Culture …………………………….. 31

3) Media of Culture presentation ………………… 38

B. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………. 41

C. Rationale ………………………………………………………… 44

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design ………………………………………………. 46

B. Research Setting ………………………………………………. 48

C. Data and Data Source …..…………………………………….. 48

D. Techniques of Collecting Data………………………………… 50

1. Data Collecting Techniques ……………………………… 50

2. Data Collecting Instrument ……………………………… 51

E. Unit of Analysis ………………………………………………. 54

F. Techniques of Analyzing the Data …………………………… 55

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Findings

1. Media of Culture Presentation .…………………………… 60


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2. Aspects of Culture ………………………………………... 72

3. Categories of Culture ………………………………..……. 86

B. Discussion …………………………………………………… 106

CHAPTER V CONCLUSSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND

SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions ………………………………………………… 111

B. Suggestions …………………………………………………. 112

REFERENCES …………………………………………………….. 115


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 2.1 A descriptive text Representing Source Culture

taken from Bahasa Inggris Semester I …………..….. 23

Figure 2.2 A descriptive text Representing Target Culture

taken from Bahasa Inggris Semester I ………… …… 21

Figure 2.3 A descriptive text Representing International Target

Culture taken from Bahasa Inggris Semester II ……. 25

Figure 2.4 Cultural Aspects: Products taken from Bahasa Inggris

Semester I ……………………………………………… 37

Figure 2.5 Cultural Aspects: Persons taken from Bahasa Inggris

Semester II ……………………………………………. 37

Figure 2.6 Cultural Aspects: Practices taken from

Bahasa Inggris textbook Semester I ………………… 37

Figure 2.7 Cultural Aspects: Perspectives taken from

Bahasa Inggris textbook Semester I ………………… 37

Figure 3.1 Covers and Table of Contents of Bahasa Inggris …… 49

Figure 3.2 A Sample of Coding

(Bahasa Inggris, Semester II, page 9) ………………… 58

Figure 4.1 Questionnaire Sheet Showing Media of

Cultural Presentation of Teacher 1 ……………………. 60

Figure 4.2 Questionnaire Sheet Showing Media of

Cultural Presentation of Teacher 2 …………………….. 61

Figure 4.3 Questionnaire Sheet Showing the most used forms

of Media of Cultural Presentation from Teacher 1……. 70

Figure 4.4 Questionnaire Sheet Showing the most used forms

of Media of Cultural Presentation from Teacher 2 …… 70


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Figure 4.5 A Quotation of an Interview between the Researcher (R)

and the Textbook Writer (W) about Media of Cultural

Presentation …………………………………………... 70

Figure 4.6 The Questionnaire Sheet Showing Cultural Aspects

Presented in the Textbook from Teacher 1…………… 72

Figure 4.7 The Order of The Exposure of Categories of Culture

from Teacher 1 ……………………………………….. 87

Figure 4.8 The Order of The Exposure of Categories of Culture

from Teacher 3 ……………………………………….. 87


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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 2.1 Coding guidelines for the nine themes of

big “C” culture (Xiao, 2010: 39) …………………….. 12

Table 2.2 Coding guidelines for the nine themes of

little “c” culture (adopted from Xiao, 2010: 40) ……. 13

Table 2.3 Main Categories of Culture Adopted

from Xiao (2010: 37) ………………………………… 31

Table 2.4 A brief Summary of the Five Aspects of Culture

(Moran, 2001) …………………………………………. 35

Table 2.5 Media of Cultural Representation

(Dehbozorgi, Amalsaleh, and Kafipour, 2014: 72) …… 39

Table 2.6 The Framework of the Instrument for Evaluating

Bahasa Inggris ………………………………………… 45

Table 3.1 The Criteria for Analyzing Cultural Contents in

Bahasa Inggris : Media of Cultural Presentation ……. 52

Table 3.2 Criteria for Analyzing Cultural Contents in

Bahasa Inggris: Themes for Aspects of Culture …….. 52

Table 3.3 Criteria for Analyzing Cultural Contents in

Bahasa Inggris: Categories of Culture ……………….. 53

Table 3.4 Checklist 1: Categories of Culture presented in

Audio-Visual Media …………………………………... 57

Table 3.5 Checklist 2: Aspects of Culture presented in

Audio-Visual Media …………………………………… 57

Table 3.6 Checklist 3: Categories of Culture presented in

Textual Media …………………………………………. 57

Table 3.7 Checklist 4: Aspects of Culture presented in

Textual Media ………………………………………. 58


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Table 4.1 Some Examples of Audio-Visual Media presenting

Cultural Loads ……………………………………….. 62

Table 4.2 Some Examples of Textual Media Containing

Cultural Loads ………………………………………. 66

Table 4.3 The Detailed Distribution of Audio-Visual and

Textual Media in Each Chapter of Bahasa Inggris … 68

Table 4.4 The Distribution of Dimension of Culture in

Bahasa Inggris ………………………………………. 73

Table 4.5 Some Examples of Products Containing

Cultural Contents in Bahasa Inggris ………………….. 75

Table 4.6 Some Examples of Persons Containing

Cultural Loads in Bahasa Inggris ……………………. 78

Table 4.7 Some Examples of Practices Containing

Cultural Loads in Bahasa Inggris ……………………. 81

Table 4.8 Some Examples of Perspectives Containing

Cultural Loads in Bahasa Inggris ……………………… 84

Table 4.9 Some Examples of a Case in which One Source of Data

Represents More Than One Categories of Culture …. 88

Table 4.10 The Distribution of Categories of Culture ………….. 93

Table 4.11 Some Examples of Cultural Contents Representing

Source Culture in Bahasa Inggris …………………… 95

Table 4.12 Some Examples of Culture Free in Bahasa Inggris …. 99

Table 4.13 Some Examples of cultural contents representing

target culture in Bahasa Inggris ………………………. 101

Table 4.14 Some Examples of Cultural Contents Representing

International Target Culture in Bahasa Inggris ……… 104


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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 : The Blueprint/Guidelines of the Instruments

Appendix 2 : Questionnaire of Teacher 1




Appendix 6 : Interview Transcripts with the Author of the textbook

Appendix 7 : The Result of Textbook Analysis

a cultural content analysis of a senior high school english textbook

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