a divided nation: the civil war

A Divided Nation:

The Civil War

What To Expect

Learning Stations Activities

Group Activities

Computer Lab

Cooperative Learning Opportunities

Primary Source Activities

DBQ

PowerPoint with Discussion

Unit Assessment

What I KnowAbout the Civil War

What I Learned About the Civil War

What I Want to Learn About the Civil War

K-W-L The Civil War - TTYN

The Precursor: Westward Expansion

Sectional Conflict - - Very Real and Very Important

Each section wanted expansion

Each wanted new states to be created in its own

image

Senate Balance

Economic Motives

Merchants and Industrialists of Northeast wanted an

expanding market

Free states proved to be a much better market for

their products


Economic Motives

Southern Planters wanted new plantations

Why? Soil on the old plantations no longer viable

year after year of the same crop (poor crop rotation)

Start a new plantation, start over

Better economic opportunities through expansion


TTYN: Describe the term Manifest Destiny

Within this context (westward expansion), it was a

term/ideology promoted by politicians to win popular

support for expansionism


The Opening of China

Opium Wars

America persuades the Chinese Emperor the same

concessions as that of Britain; gave birth to the idea of

enormous wealth as a result of trade w/ China

Led to the projecting of a railroad to the Pacific Coast

Each section wanted the RR to bring Chinese trade its

way

TTYN: How does Manifest Destiny fit into this

equation?

Oregon, Texas, and the Mexican War

Arrival of James Polk as a national figure

Southern Platform (and now Polk’s) – reoccupation of

Oregon and reannexation of Texas

North – “Fifty-four-forty or fight”

Eastern TX introduced cotton and plantation system

TX achieved independence in 1836

TX wanted annexation

Oregon, Texas, and the Mexican War

Polk negotiates with Britain for the Oregon Territory

Enter CA – Remember China and Manifest Destiny

1845 – TX annexed

Mexican War

The Gadsden Purchase

Small Group Activity “The Gadsden Purchase”


and the effects of Manifest

Destiny

Learning Activity: “Bleeding Kansas”

Learning Stations: The Compromise’s

Learning Stations - Working cooperatively, each

group will rotate through the Compromises of the

Civil War

Each student will complete the Compromises of

the Civil War Learning Packet

What Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Missouri Compromise or the Compromise of 1820

Henry Clay

The “Great Conciliator”

The “Great Compromiser”

SEC. 8. And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the state, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever prohibited: Provided always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labour or service as aforesaid.

Missouri Compromise



What was going on…

Westward Expansion

The Industrial North vs. the Agrarian South

First crisis in the North-South sectionalism over the

admission of Missouri

Missouri –Slave State and Maine – Free State =

Balance



Why the Missouri Compromise was important…



Why the Missouri Compromise was important…

For the future, no other slave states should be

admitted in the Louisiana Purchase north of the

southern boundary of Missouri – the 36°30′

East of the line was room for two more slave states

and two free states

Would stabilize the senate

Compromise would become problematic when the

area west was suitable for settlement

Slave and Free Areas after the Missouri Compromise, 1820

“..the Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarm…I

have been among the most sanguine in believing that our

Union would be of long duration. I now doubt it much.”

letter to William Short, April 11, 1820

“…like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with

terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union.”

letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820

Thomas Jefferson’s Opinion




The Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850 is considered a turning point

Shifted the public emphasis from expansion to

preserving the Union

May be considered the first in a chain of events of the

1850’s that led up to the Civil War

Fugitive Slave law was bitterly opposed by many

throughout the North

South remains bitter over the loss of CA as slave state

because there was no place for another slave state



It being desirable, for the peace, concord, and harmony of the Union of these States, to settle and adjust amicably all existing questions of controversy between them arising out of the institution of slavery upon a fair, equitable and just basis: therefore,1. Resolved, That California, with suitable boundaries, ought, upon her application to be admitted as one of the States of this Union, without the imposition by Congress of any restriction in respect to the exclusion or introduction of slavery within those boundaries.2. Resolved, That as slavery does not exist by law, and is not likely to be introduced into any of the territory acquired by the United States from the republic of Mexico…8. Resolved, That Congress has no power to promote or obstruct the trade in slaves between the slaveholding States; but that the admission or exclusion of slaves brought from one into another of them depends exclusively upon their own particular laws.


The Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854 undid the Missouri

Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.

The tension between pro-slavery and free soil factions

over slavery in new territories increased

Stephen Douglas' bill left the Kansas territory open to

the rule of popular sovereignty.


The Kansas-Nebraska Act

In the political arena, arguments between the

Democratic Party, who supported popular sovereignty and

states' rights, and their opposition, the Whigs, heated up

and had lasting effects leading up to the outbreak of the

Civil War.

On the ground, fighting developed in "Bloody Kansas,"

such as John Brown's raid on Pottawattamie Creek

Martyr or Terrorist?

Small Group Reading Activity

John Brown – Martyr or Terrorists

Read the two readings of John Brown

Working cooperatively, respond to the question at

the end of reading #2.

Present your remarks to class

Martyr Terrorist


John Brown’s RaidHarper’s Ferry, VA, October 1859


John Brown’s Raid


“I, John Brown,

am now quite

certain that the

crimes of this

guilty land will

never be purged

away but with

blood.”


Dred Scott

Dred Scott

In March of 1857, the United States Supreme Court,

led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, declared that all

blacks -- slaves as well as free -- were not and could

never become citizens of the United States.

The court also declared the 1820 Missouri

Compromise unconstitutional, thus permiting slavery in

all of the country's territories.

Dred Scott

The case before the court was that of Dred Scott v.

Sanford. Dred Scott, a slave who had lived in the free

state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin

before moving back to the slave state of Missouri, had

appealed to the Supreme Court in hopes of being

granted his freedom.

Taney -- a staunch supporter of slavery and intent on

protecting southerners from northern aggression --

wrote in the Court's majority opinion that, because

Scott was black, he was not a citizen and therefore had

no right to sue.

Dred Scott

Abolitionists were incensed. Although disappointed,

Frederick Douglass, found a bright side to the decision

and announced, "my hopes were never brighter than

now."

TTYN: Why would Douglas suggest such an idea?

For Douglass, the decision would bring slavery to

the attention of the nation and was a step toward

slavery's ultimate destruction.

Dred Scott

TTYN – The Declaration of Independence and the

Constitution, did Taney ignore the basic ideas of each?

Specifically, “all men are created equal.”

He believed that blacks "had no rights which the white

man was bound to respect; and that the negro might

justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit.

He was bought and sold and treated as an ordinary article

of merchandise and traffic, whenever profit could be

made by it."

Dred ScottPublic Reaction

“It is no novelty to find the Supreme Court following the

lead of the Slavery Extension party, to which most of its

members belong. Five of the Judges are slaveholders, and

two of the other four owe their appointments to their facile

ingenuity in making State laws bend to Federal demands

in behalf of "the Southern institution.“

- Editorial in the Albany, New York, Evening Journal, 1857

Dred Scott

The Election of 1860


The presidential Election of 1860 brought these

conflicts to a head with dramatic consequences.

The Democratic Party split into three groups along

regional lines, each vying for control of the party and

each holding different ideas about how to deal with

slavery in the West.

Three camps lined up against Abraham Lincoln, the

nominee of the Republican Party, who advocated that the

West be free of slavery entirely.


Lincoln’s opponents were so deeply divided, he won

with less than forty percent of the popular vote (but with

fifty-nine percent of the Electoral College) and without

taking a single slave state.

Although Lincoln’s election was fair, it nonetheless

pushed the Deep South toward secession.


Lincoln – The Immediate Reason for Secession

Unpopular in the South

Perceived hostility towards slavery

Perceived threat to the institution

Truth – Lincoln was not an extreme abolitionist

He opposed further extension, but had no

intention of interfering with slavery

where it existed

The election – The “straw

that broke the camel’s back”

Secession

South Carolina responded to Lincoln’s election first,

seceding from the Union on December 20, 1860.

This action made front-page news in the North two

days later when Harper’s Weekly featured portraits of the

state’s Congressmen on its cover, titled The Seceding

South Carolina Delegation.

Secession

Other slave states followed in short order: Mississippi,

Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

In early February, representatives of those states

gathered in Montgomery, Alabama, to found a new

nation, The Confederate States of America (also known as

the Confederacy), and to name its president, Jefferson

Davis of Mississippi.

Why Secession?

Southern Economic Interests

Long-range threat to the entire economic and social

structure of the South

No. Republicans pushing for a homestead law

Northern Railroad plans

High Tariffs

Sectional balance in the Senate

Secession: An opportunity to bring peace?

Many believed that secession would put the South into

a bargaining position to secure a constitutional

amendment to safeguard Southern interests.

“Better terms outside of the Union than in it”

Peace Convention

Seven Amendments presented

None were put forward

Secession would have to see it through

Causes of the Civil War

Causes

The Civil War - the bloodiest conflict in American history. The

war pitted brother against brother, family against family, and

state against state. In less than a century after the 13 original

colonies celebrated their independence, the Civil War divided

the country along deep economic and ideological fault lines.

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Economic and Social Differences between the North and the South

State versus federal rights

The Abolition Movement


Causes of the Civil War

Learning Activity: “Be a Gamer”

“Be a Gamer” – What Did We Learn

Group Presentations

Civil War Facts

1/2 million people

were killed or

wounded in the

Civil War

60 % of the

fighting took

place in Virginia

Abolitionist Movement

Abolitionist were

people who wanted

to end slavery or get

rid of it.

Frederick Douglass

was a well-known

abolitionist.

“Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will.”

Abolitionist Movement: The Underground Railroad

Was a system

setup to help

slaves (African

Americans)

escape to the

Northern USA or

Canada.

Slaves hid in

barns and houses

Nat Turner

Nat Turner lead a

rebellion against

plantation owners in

1831 and killed 60

people

Jefferson Davis

President for the

South during the

Civil War.

The South’s Capital

was Richmond,

Virginia

Stonewall Jackson

Between late 1860 and early 1861, several Southern U.S. states declared their independence and seceded from the Union.

At first it was Jackson’s desire that Virginia, then his home state, would stay in the Union.

Virginia seceded in the spring of 1861, Jackson showed his support of the Confederacy, choosing to side with his state over the national government.

Stonewall Jackson

He knew that the Valley was the bread basket for the South.

Edinburg produced the most wheat.

Jackson only lost in the Kenstown.

He didn’t use chairs because he believed that standing was good for you.

Robert E. Lee

No man proved a more worthy

opponent to Ulysses S. Grant

than Confederate General Robert

E. Lee.

Supervised the preparation of

coastal defenses along the South

Atlantic seaboard before being

called to Richmond to serve as

military advisor to President

Jefferson Davis.

Robert E. Lee

He assumed command of the Army of Northern

Virginia in May 1862 and immediately embarked on a

series of skillful offensive operations that repelled the

Union forces outside Richmond in the Seven Days

Battles in June and July 1862.

Lee followed this with an offensive drive northward

that culminated in victory at Second Manassas in August

1862.

However, his effort to carry the war across the

Potomac nearly led to disaster when he barely fended

off Union assaults at Antietam.

Robert E. Lee

Retreating back to Virginia, Lee again

displayed deft generalship by checking

Union offensives at Fredericksburg and

Chancellorsville; in the latter battle he

prevailed, despite being outnumbered

two to one

Suffered a major defeat at Gettysburg

on July 13, 1863.

Fort Sumter The first major battle

of the Civil War began

on April 12, 1861.

After 2 days, the North

surrendered to the

South.

No one was killed but

1 soldier who was

killed when a cannon

backfired during the

surrendering

ceremony.

The 1st Manassas or 1st Bull Run, VA

July 21,1861

The general for the

confederates was Stonewall

Jackson & Buearegard.

The general for the Yankees

was McDowell.

The North had 387 soldiers

killed while the South lost 460.

The South won the battle.

2nd Manassas or 2nd Bull Run, VA

August 29-30, 1862

The general for the

Confederate was Stonewall

Jackson.


was John Pope.

The North lost 16,000

soldiers while the South lost

only 9,000

The South won the battle.

Antietam or Sharpsburg, Maryland

September 17, 1862

The general for the

Confederates was Robert E.

Lee.


was McClellan.


The Bloodiest One Day Battle in American History

Over 23,000 soldiers were killed, wounded or missing

after twelve hours of savage combat on September 17,

1862.

The Battle of Antietam ended the Confederate Army of

Northern Virginia's first invasion into the North and led to

Abraham Lincoln's issuance of the preliminary

Emancipation Proclamation.

The Battle took place in Farmer Miller’s cornfield.

The battle is known as the Single bloodiest day in the Civil War.

23,500 men were killed in the Bloody lane.

The name of the bridge where the confederates held the Yankees for 4 hours is called, Burnside.

The south used rocks when they ran out of ammunition.

South won the battle.


Battle Of Fredericksburg

Dec. 13-15, 1862

The general for the Confederates was Robert E. Lee

The general for the Yankees was Burnside.

The North had 122,000 soldiers while the South had 78,500

9,000 Union soldiers

were killed while only

1,500 Southern soldiers

were killed.

The South won the

battle.

Lee said, “It is well that

was is so horrible, else

we should grow too fond

of it.’

Battle Of Fredericksburg

The Turning Point

Thinking about our time discussing the Revolutionary War (Remember that??)

Which battle during the Revolutionary War is considered the turning point?

The Battle of Saratoga

Every war has a turning point and the Civil War is no different.

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) is widely considered

to be the turning point of the American Civil War

The Battle of Gettysburg

The Turning Point

For three grueling days, Union Soldiers and Confederate Soldiers

staged one of the bloodiest battles of the war. The South, led by

General Robert E. Lee, and supported by 75,000 Confederate Soldiers

would ultimately suffer an emotional, physical, and spiritually draining

loss against General George Meade and his 97,000 Union Soldiers.

Lee would never again attempt an offensive operation of such

proportions. Although the war was to continue for two more horrible

years, the Confederacy would never recover from the losses of

Gettysburg.

The Battle of Gettysburg

The Gettysburg Address

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met here on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But in a larger sense we can not dedicate - we can not consecrate - we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled, here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but can never forget what they did here.

It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have, thus far, so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.


"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought

forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in

liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men

are created equal.

“….that we here highly resolve that these dead shall

not have died in vain; that this nation, under God,

shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this

government of the people, by the people, and for the

people, shall not perish from the earth.“

- Abraham Lincoln


Gettysburg Address Meaning

Lincoln's speech puts the Civil War in perspective as a test of

the success of the American Revolution. The nation founded

on equality was in the midst of a war to determine whether

such a nation could continue to exist. He said that they were

gathered to formally dedicate ground hallowed by the men,

American citizens, who died there, but his speech turned the

event into a rededication of the living to the war effort to

preserve a nation of freedom.

So, What does the Gettysburg Address ell Us?

Sherman’s March to the Sea

November 15 until December 21, 1864, Union

General William T. Sherman led some 60,000 soldiers

on a 285-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah,

Georgia.

The Goal of this “March to the Sea” was to frighten

Georgia’s civilian population into abandoning the

Confederate cause.

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Sherman’s soldiers did not destroy any of the towns

in their path, but they stole food and livestock and

burned the houses and barns of people who tried to

fight back.

The Yankees were “not only fighting hostile armies,

but a hostile people,” Sherman explained; as a result,

they needed to “make old and young, rich and poor,

feel the hard hand of war.”

William Tecumseh Sherman

April 9, 1865 Lee

surrenders to

Ulysses S. Grant

at Appomattox,

court house,

Virginia.

Appomattox Court House

A Slave Advertisement

The Issue of Slavery

Slave Auction House

Atlanta, Georgia (1865)

Gang Labor

Enslaved Dock Workers

Alexandria Virginia (1860)

A Pro-Slavery Lithograph (1850)

The Emancipation Proclamation

In 1862 and 1863, Lincoln delivered the ultimate death

blow to slavery. First, 1862, Lincoln issued an executive

order, which suggested that any Confederate State that

did not return to the Union by Jan. 1, 1863 - freedom

would be granted to all the slaves within those states.

Then, on Jan 1, 1863, after no state took Lincoln up on his

offer, Lincoln unleashed the ultimate blow – declaring that

all slaves in every state are now free.


The proclamation declared, "all persons held as slaves

within any States, or designated part of the State, the

people whereof shall be in rebellion against the United

States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free."

The Emancipation Proclamation had almost no

immediate effect, since it was impossible for the Federal

government to implement it in those regions where it

actually applied -- namely the states in rebellion that were

not under Federal control.


Despite the lack of any immediate impact on the

slaves, the proclamation represented a shift in the

attitudes of the North towards its war objectives, where

merely reuniting the nation would no longer become the

sole outcome. It represented the first step toward the

ultimate abolition of slavery in the United States.


A Diplomatic Move

Goal – keep Britain neutral

Remember, from the beginning, Lincoln was reluctant

to make slavery the key issue. Why?

Would drive the border slave states into secession

Once Military possessions were in the hands of the

Union Army, Lincoln throws down the hammer – the

Emancipation Proclamation


Lincoln knew that the Queen and working population

were anti-slavery

Introducing the slavery issue would make it impractical

for the British Gov’t to come to the aid of the Confederacy

TTYN – Do you believe that Lincoln finally came to his

senses regarding slavery or was the Emancipation

Proclamation driven by diplomatic purposes?

Jan. 1861 – South Carolina, the first state

to secede from the Union

Mar. 1861 – Lincoln inaugurated

Apr. 1861 – Fort Sumter attacked

Apr. 1862 – Battle of Shiloh (24K Troops

killed)

Jan. 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation

Jul. 1 1863 – Battle of Gettysburg

Jul. 19, 1863 – Gettysburg Address

Nov. 1864 – Sherman’s March to the Sea

Nov. 1864 – Lincoln re-elected

Apr. 9, 1865 – The South surrenders

Apr. 14, 1865 – Lincoln assassinated

The Civil War Timeline

Civil War Facts•Of the 364,000 on the Union side who lost their lives, a third were killed or died of wounds and two-thirds died of disease

•Approximately 130,000 freed slaves became Union soldiers during the war.

•According to the U. S. Census, the population of the United States in 1860 numbered 31,443,321 persons. Of these, approximately 23,000,000 were in the 22 Northern states and 9,000,000 in the 11 Southern states. Of the latter total, 3,500,000 were slaves.

•At one time or another, the Northern armies numbered 2,100,000 soldiers. The Southern armies were considerably smaller. The total dead on both sides was about 500,000.•The Union Army consisted of between 2.5 to 2.7 million men while the Confederate forces had 750,000 to 1.2 million men.

•The Union Army lost approximately 360,000 men during the war. Only 110,070 of these men were listed as having been killed in battles. The remainder were listed as having died of disease or other causes.

•The Confederate forces lost approximately 258,000 men with 94,000 listed as having died in battles while 164,000 were listed as having died of disease or other causes. The figures of the Confederate's will never be known for sure because many records were either lost or destroyed.

Learning Activity: DBQ

Unit Assessment:

Two-Day Event

Day One

Multiple Choice

Short Answer IDs

Day Two

Thematic Essay

Unit Assessment:

Day Two: Thematic Essay

Thematic Essay Prompts: You will be offered one of

the following prompts to respond to:

Option 1:

Throughout the history of the United States, Presidents have made

important decisions in an effort to solve crucial problems.

From your study of United States history and the Civil War, identify

two important Presidential decisions that Abraham Lincoln made.

For each decision identified:

State one goal the President hoped to accomplish by making

the decision

Discuss the historical circumstances surrounding the

Presidential decision

Describe the extent to which the decision achieved the

President's original goal

Discuss one immediate or one long-term effect of the decision

on United States history

Option 2:

During the Antebellum period, there were multiple attempts to stave

of secession and maintain the unity of the United States.

From your study of the United States history and the Civil War,

identify two important compromises made in order to maintain the

unity of the United States.

For each compromise identified:

State one goal the compromise hoped to accomplish• Discuss

the historical circumstances surrounding the compromise

Describe the extent to which the compromise achieved the

original goal

Discuss one immediate or one long-term effect of the

compromise

a divided nation: the civil war

Documents

mexican war polk

westward expansion ttyn

purchase of tx

civil war ttynthe precursor

oregon territory

context westward expansion

new states

china trade