Review: Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9Chapter 61. Ritual bloodletting was crucial to Maya rituals because

a. it pleased their god Indra.b. the flow of blood terrified their enemies.c. it was associated with rain and agriculture. d. they had copied the technique from the earlier Aztecs.e. blood was considered a taboo.

2. The staple food of Mesoamerica wasa. squash.b. beans.c. fish.d. maize. e. potato.

3. Agriculture had spread through Mesoamerica bya. 30,000 B.C.E.b. 20,000 B.C.E.c. 10,000 B.C.E.d. 2000 B.C.E. e. 500 C.E.

4. The first society of Mesoamerica, which founded traditions followed by all later societies, was thea. Maya.b. Olmec. c. Teotihuacan.d. Mochica.e. Aztec.

5. The term Olmec meansa. the “lords.”b. the “masters of the middle earth.”c. the “rubber people.” d. the “wanderers.”e. the “noble people.”

6. The first ceremonial center of the Olmecs wasa. San Lorenzo. b. La Venta.c. Teotihuacan.d. Kaminaljuyu.e. Tikal.

7. The Olmec common peoplea. labored regularly on behalf of the Olmec elite. b. were exclusively the subject of human sacrifice.c. lived alongside the elite in the major ceremonial centers.d. lived a much more privileged life than their European counterparts did.e. enjoyed a basic democracy.

8. The most characteristic artistic creations of the Olmecs werea. pyramids.b. elaborate murals.c. temples.d. ziggurats covered with a limestone finish.e. colossal human heads sculpted from basalt.

9. The Olmec ceremonial centers of San Lorenzo and La Venta were destroyed bya. earthquakes.b. the Maya.c. the Teotihuacan.

d. the Olmecs themselves. e. volcanic eruptions that trapped the survivors and left distinctive archaeological records.

10. The Olmecs traded extensively in all of the following items excepta. horses. b. jade.c. obsidian.d. small works of art.e. animal skins.

11. All Mesoamerican societies used calendars derived ultimately from thea. Maya.b. Mochica.c. Olmecs. d. Aztecs.e. Incas.

12. The first ceremonial center of the Maya wasa. Tikal.b. San Lorenzo.c. Mochica.d. Kaminaljuyu. e. Tres Zapotes.

13. The most important political center of the Mayan realm at its height wasa. Kaminaljuyu.b. Teotihuacan.c. Tikal. d. Chavin.e. San Lorenzo

14. Which of the following devices did the ancient Maya build in order to trap silt carried by the numerous rivers passing through the Mesoamerican lowlands?

a. damsb. massive irrigation projectsc. terraces d. primitive water purification filterse. moats

15. In the ninth century C.E., a loose Maya empire was constructed by the state ofa. Tikal.b. Kaminaljuyu.c. Chavin.d. Teotihuacane. Chichén Itźa.

16. Which of the following mathematical concepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Mayan mathematicians?a. infinityb. zero c. long divisiond. exponential notatione. negative numerals

17. The Mayan calendar interwove a solar year of 365 days and a ceremonial calendar of _____ days.a. 100b. 260 c. 730d. 1,000e. 1,243

18. The most flexible and sophisticated system of writing found in the ancient Americas was created bya. the Olmecs.b. the Maya. c. the Teotihuacan society.d. the Chavin cult.e. the Incas.

19. The Popol Vuh wasa. the most important of the Mayan gods.b. the largest Olmec ceremonial center.c. the Mayan story of creation. d. the greatest Austronesian epic.e. the Olmec law code.

20. According to the Popol Vuh, the gods created the first successful version of humans out ofa. wood.b. clay.c. the flesh of the gods.d. maize. e. blood.

21. The Pyramid of the Sun was located ina. Tikal.b. La Venta.c. San Lorenzo.d. Cuzco.e. Teotihuacan.

22. The largest single building in Mesoamerica wasa. the Mayan Temple of the Giant Jaguar.b. the Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun. c. the Olmec Temple of the Sun.d. the Mayan Imperial Palace.e. the Olmec Temple of the Moon.

23. The population of Teotihuacan rose toa. 5,000.b. 7,500.c. 10,000.d. 12,500.e. 200,000.

24. The Chavin culta. was the Teotihuacan worship of an earth god and rain god.b. was the primary Olmec religion.c. produced deities with the features of humans and wild animals. d. was practiced in the Mayan Temple of the Giant Jaguar.e. is the best known religion of the Americas.

25. One of the earliest Andean states, which left a remarkable artistic legacy through its ceramics, wasa. Chavin.b. Teotihuacan.c. San Lorenzo.d. Mochica. e. Maya.

26. Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the aboriginal peoples of Australia and New Guinea?a. The aboriginal peoples of Australia maintained hunting and gathering societies while in New Guinea they turned to agriculture. b. The two fought a centuries-long civil war.c. The aboriginal peoples of New Guinea maintained hunting and gathering societies, while in Australia they turned to agriculture.d. The aboriginal peoples of Australia learned their written language from New Guinea.e. The aboriginal peoples of New Guinea learned their written language from Australia.

27. Malayan, Indonesian, Filipino, Polynesian, and other Oceanic languages are derived froma. aboriginal Australian.b. Chinese.c. Hindi.d. Indo-European.e. Austronesian.

28. The Austronesian-speaking peoples became the first human settlers on this large island off the east African coast.a. Madagascar b. Sri Lankac. Sicilyd. Easter Islande. New Guinea

29. The Lapita peoplesa. spread the concept of the wheeled chariot.b. worshipped the Chavin cult.c. traded with the Mesopotamians.d. introduced bronze technology to China.e. were the earliest Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the Pacific Ocean.

30. Austronesian peoples established what type of political societies in the lands they settled?a. hierarchical chiefly societies b. theocratic societiesc. matrilineal societiesd. peasant-driven communal societiese. democratic societies

Chapter 7

1. The major early turning point in the rise of the Persian Empire was thea. victory of Darius at Salamis.b. victory of Cyrus over Lydia. c. victory in the Persian Wars.d. defeat of the Sasanid empire.e. victory of Cambyses over Rome.

2. In organizing their empire, Persian rulers relied heavily on techniques of administration from thea. Lydians.b. Egyptians.c. Romans.d. Chinese.e. Mesopotamians.

3. Which of the following lists of Persian empires is correct chronologically?a. Achaemenids, Sasanids, Seleucids, Parthiansb. Parthians, Achaemenids, Seleucids, Sasanidsc. Sasanids, Parthians, Seleucids, Achaemenidsd. Achaemenids, Seleucids, Parthians, Sasanids e. Sasanids, Seleucids, Parthians, Achaemenids

4. The Medes and Persians were originallya. Indo-European tribes. b. semitic-speaking nomads related to the Hyksos.c. later Mesopotamian petty kingdoms.d. Dravidian tribes who had fled before the arrival of the Aryans in India.e. minor Babylonian rulers.

5. The founder of the Achaemenid Empire wasa. Xerxes.b. Cambyses.c. Cyrus. d. Darius.e. Alexander.

6. The greatest of the Achaemenid emperors wasa. Darius. b. Cyrus.c. Xerxes.d. Cambyses.e. Miltiades.

7. Pasargadae wasa. the last great Persian emperor.b. a nomadic tribe from the north that provided a constant threat to Persian survival.c. the location of the greatest Persian military defeat.d. the capital of the Persian empire before Persepolis. e. the most important Persian religious prophet.

8. The population of the Achaemenid Empire under Darius wasa. one million.b. three million.c. six million.d. eleven million.e. thirty-five million.

9. The magnificent capital of the Persian Empire constructed by Darius wasa. Byzantium.b. Pasargadae.c. Marathon.

d. Susa.e. Persepolis.

10. Satrapies werea. Mesopotamian kings.b. Egyptian administrators.c. Persian administrative units. d. demons of the Lydian underworld.e. Arabian merchants.

11. The Persian “Eyes and Ears of the King”a. was Ahura Mazda.b. were satraps.c. was a popular expression that related to the divinity of the king.d. were spies. e. were the cavalry.

12. The classic Persian governmental approach wasa. the use of relentless terror to oppress the conquered tribes.b. to impose their own religious beliefs on the peoples of the empire.c. to appoint every governmental post with a member of the Persian royal family.d. an enlightened and tolerant one. e. to kidnap members of the conquered royal families.

13. Darius picked up the idea of a standardized government-issued coinage from thea. Babylonians.b. Egyptians.c. Lydians. d. Indians.e. Chinese.

14. Which of the following empires normally displayed the greatest degree of toleration toward its subject peoples?a. Assyrianb. Greekc. Egyptiand. Achaemenid e. Olmec

15. The Persian king who regularized tax levies and standardized laws wasa. Cyrus.b. Cambyses.c. Darius. d. Xerxes.e. Alexander.

16. The easternmost point of Darius’s empire wasa. Gandhara. b. Persepolis.c. Pasargadae.d. Parthia.e. Phoenicia.

17. The Persian legal code was designed toa. codify the laws of the subject peoples. b. abolish the laws of individual lands.c. impose a uniform law code on the entire empire.d. terrify the subject tribes of the empire into submission.e. enslave the conquered tribes.

18. The qanats werea. Persian underground canals. b. Persian oral historians.

c. the religious texts of the Zoroastrians.d. the priestly class of the Persians.e. the parables of Zarathustra.

19. For his decision to allow them to return to their capital city and rebuild their temple, Darius received high praise from these people. Who were they?a. Assyriansb. Egyptiansc. Medesd. Jews e. Dravidians

20. The king who failed to follow the normal Persian governing policy of toleration wasa. Darius.b. Xerxes. c. Cambyses.d. Cyrus.e. Hammurabi.

21. The battle of Marathon in 490 B.C.E. proved to bea. a bloody stalemate with neither side claiming victory.b. an overwhelming Persian victory.c. a Persian loss. d. a slight victory that turned the tide in Persia’s favor in the Persian Wars.e. a Roman victory.

22. The decisive victory of Alexander of Macedon over the Persians was called the battle ofa. Gaugamela. b. Marathon.c. Persepolis.d. Issus.e. Athens.

23. The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid empiresa. created states on a far grander scale than the Achaemenid empire.b. employed a form of imperial administration copied from the Achaemenids. c. were fundamentally different from the Achaemenids in their political structure.d. were early petty kingdoms that helped give rise to the later Achaemenid empire.e. copied the Roman model.

24. The empire, comprising most of the old Achaemenid state, that was taken by a general of Alexander the Great was thea. Parthian Empire.b. Alexandrian empire.c. Sasanid Empire.d. Seleucid Empire. e. Aryan Empire.

25. The Seleucids were finally defeated in 83 B.C.E. by thea. Parthians.b. Romans. c. Achaemenids.d. Sasanids.e. Greeks.

26. Which Iranian state followed the Achaemenids and rivaled the Seleucids in greatness?a. Parthian b. Sasanidc. Indo-Europeand. Mediane. Carthaginian

27. The greatest Parthian ruler wasa. Cyrus.b. Mithradates I. c. Ctesiphon.d. Shapur I.e. Darius.

28. Ctesiphon wasa. the greatest Parthian ruler.b. the capital of the Seleucid empire.c. the prophet who transformed Persian religion.d. the capital of the Parthian and Sasanid Empires. e. a Greek philosopher.

29. Shapur I wasa. the greatest Sasanid king. b. the Persian king who lost the battle of Marathon to the Greeks.c. the last powerful Parthian ruler.d. the founder of the Achaemenid empire.e. the founder of the Seleucid empire.

30. The Sasanids were defeated in 651 C.E. bya. Byzantine imperial forces.b. Roman forces.c. Parthian armies.d. Arab warriors. e. the Greek navy.

31. The social structure of the Medes and Persians was originally very similar toa. the Mesopotamians.b. the Greeks.c. the Aryans. d. the Romans.e. the Egyptians.

32. Gimillu wasa. the Persian general who lost the battle of Marathon to the Greeks.b. the most important text created by Zarathustra.c. a slave associated with the temple in Uruk. d. the founder of the Sasanid empire.e. the leading Persian prophet.

33. Zoroastrianism wasa. spread by force throughout the Persian empire.b. very strongly monotheistic.c. was repudiated by the Sasanids.d. allowed to spread through its own merits. e. borrowed by the Persians from the Assyrians.

34. Zarathustra talked about the battle between the “wise lord” Ahura Mazda and the evil spirita. Avesta.b. Angra Mainyu. c. Ashur.d. Ctesiphon.e. Enlil.

35. The Gathas werea. Persian underground canals.b. the laws that made up the Persian legal code.c. Persian administrative units.d. Persian administrators.e. Zarathustra’s compositions.

36. Which of the following basic tenets of Zoroastrianism did not influence later religions?a. the belief in a heaven and hellb. the encouragement of high moral standardsc. the view of the material world as a place of temptation that had to be ignored d. the doctrine that individuals will undergo a final judgmente. the belief that each individual plays a key role in determining his or her spiritual destiny

37. Zarathustra viewed the material worlda. as an illusion.b. as a trick of Angra Mainyu to mislead the faithful.c. as the equivalent of hell.d. as a gift from Ahura Mazda that should be enjoyed. e. as a resting place for the reincarnated.

38. The words “good words, good thoughts, good deeds” were used to sum up the view of morality of thea. Jews.b. Zoroastrians. c. Hindus.d. Buddhists.e. Greeks.

Chapter 8

1. Sima Qian wasa. the founder of the Qin dynasty.b. the leading Legalist scholar.c. the first great Chinese historian. d. the Chinese rebel who seized control during the Han dynasty.e. the Chinese heaven.

2. The Qin and Han dynastiesa. copied the ruling techniques of the Aryans.b. did not push for centralization as thoroughly as the Achaemenids did.c. imposed order on India.d. never mastered the administrative brilliance and unification of the Zhou period.e. went further than the Persian emperors in their efforts to foster cultural unity.

3. The collection of Confucian sayings and teachings is known as thea. Mencius.b. Memoirs of a Philosopher.c. Analects. d. Reflections on a Quiet Life.e. Reflections on Things at Hand.

4. The philosophy of Confuciusa. formed a thoroughly practical and secular approach to life. b. called for a strict adherence to the will of the gods.c. addressed abstruse philosophical questions.d. was deeply religious.e. was inspired by the Hindu Upanishads.

5. Confucius believed that political and social harmonya. came from a retreat into a quiet life of meditation.b. arose from the proper ordering of human relationships. c. depended on the proper structuring of a strong centralized government.d. was available to human beings if they expressed a deep devotion to the gods.e. could only be imposed by a powerful king.

6. Junzi a. were Chinese priests who argued that Confucius’s philosophy was too secular.b. was the Qin emperor who united China for the first time.c. was the classic compilation of Daoist thought.d. were Confucian “superior individuals” who took an active role in public affairs. e. were the Confucian model of enlightened thinkers who withdrew from the society.

7. The Chinese concept of filial piety, which was central to the family structure, was best expressed by the worda. junzi.b. ren.c. li.d. xiao. e. veda.

8. When discussing qualities that were essential to a good character, Confucius used which of the following terms to mean an attitude of kindness or a sense of humanity?

a. daob. xiaoc. maodund. dasae. ren

9. Through the efforts of Confucius, the literary works of the Zhou perioda. became the core texts of traditional Chinese education. b. were replaced by newer and more important texts.

c. were completely destroyed.d. were translated from the original cuneiform.e. were included in the Persian Gathas.

10. The most influential post-Confucian philosopher, who served as the chief spokesman for Confucius’s philosophy, wasa. Xunzi.b. Mencius. c. Laozi.d. Shang Yang.e. Shihuangdi.

11. At the heart of Mencius’s philosophy was the belief thata. human nature was essentially good. b. it was better to withdraw from life and follow a path of inaction.c. a repressive government was the best approach to curb human selfishness.d. deep devotion would bring reward from the gods.e. human nature was essentially bad.

12. The Chinese philosopher who proposed that only strong social discipline would bring society into order wasa. Confucius.b. Mencius.c. Laozi.d. Xunzi. e. Shihuangdi.

13. The philosophy that criticized social activism and, instead, proposed a life of reflection and introspection wasa. Legalism.b. Confucianism.c. Daoism. d. Mencianism.e. Platonism.

14. The traditional founder of Daoism is considered to bea. Xunzi.b. Laozi. c. Zhuangzi.d. Mencius.e. Wudi.

15. Chinese philosophers often spoke of the following term, which means “the way.”a. junzib. lic. rend. dasae. dao

16. The most important text of Daoism is thea. Book of Songs.b. Wuwei.c. Daodejing. d. Analects.e. Dao of Reflection.

17. The Daoist thinkers spoke of wuwei, which stood fora. disengagement from the affairs of the world. b. the mandate of heaven.c. a socially active lifestyle.d. the notion of filial piety.e. a matriarchal world order.

18. What was the school of philosophical thought that returned order to China after the Period of Warring States?a. Confucianism

b. Draconianismc. Daoismd. Legalism e. Neo-Confucianism

19. What was the Chinese political philosophy that called for clear and strict laws?a. Confucianismb. Legalism c. Daoismd. Buddhisme. Hinduism

20. In an effort to bring about effective governmental control, the Legalistsa. relied on the example set by hard-working junzi.b. stressed that the peasants should follow the Daoist doctrine of inaction.c. established the principle of collective responsibility before the law. d. stressed the need for education.e. suggested that each individual Hindu focus on his or her caste duties.

21. The Book of Lord Shang is one of the most influential works ofa. Legalism. b. Confucianism.c. Daoism.d. Buddhism.e. Zoroastrianism.

22. The first ruler to unite all of China wasa. Liu Bang.b. Prince Wu.c. Qin Shihuangdi. d. Wang Mang.e. Prince Yu.

23. According to the Legalist philosophies of the Qin, the foundations of a state’s strength were armed forces anda. Confucian ministers.b. a powerful priestly class.c. educational excellence.d. religious devotion.e. agriculture.

24. Which one of the following was not one of Qin Shihuangdi’s policies?a. strong centralized ruleb. support of traditional learning c. huge public works projectsd. disarming regional military forcese. building protective walls

25. The Chinese emperor who was notorious for his hatred of Confucianism and for his burning of books wasa. Qin Shihuangdi. b. Wudi.c. Liu Bang.d. Wang Mang.e. Jiang.

26. Qin Shihuangdi’s most important contribution to China wasa. building the precursor to the Great Wall.b. his elaborate tomb, which tells us much about the Qin religious orientation.c. his appreciation and support of education.d. establishing a precedent for centralized imperial rule. e. his conversion to Buddhism.

27. Fifteen thousand terra-cotta soldiers were unearthed in the tomb ofa. Maodun.b. Wang Mang.c. Xiongnu.d. Liu Bang.e. Shihuangdi.

28. The founder of the Han dynasty wasa. Wudi.b. Liu Bang. c. Shihuangdi.d. Wang Mang.e. Jiang Zemin.

29. The dividing line between the Former Han and the Later Han is marked bya. a bloody civil war.b. invasion by the Xiongnu.c. the rule of Wang Mang. d. a brief resurgence of Qin power.e. the appearance of Buddhism in China.

30. The Han philosophy of rule wasa. the high point of Legalism.b. dependent on the constant and unrelenting use of terror.c. dependent on the social and political activism of Daoist ministers of state.d. a continuation of Qin policies of centralization. e. copied from Mauryan India.

31. The most powerful Han emperor, known for his administrative centralization and imperial expansion, wasa. Wudi. b. Liu Bang.c. Wang Mang.d. Shihuangdi.e. Confucius

32. In 124 B.C.E., Han Wudi transformed China by a. allowing the peasants to divide up the land into privately owned plots.b. establishing an imperial university. c. completing the Great Wall.d. creating a modern standing army.e. invading and conquering Korea.

33. Which group of people was the greatest military threat to the Han dynasty?a. the Hmongb. the Koreansc. the Mongolsd. the Japanesee. the Xiongnu

34. Maodun wasa. the minister of state whose usurpation of the throne brought an end to the Former Han period.b. the leader of the Xiongnu. c. the founder of the Han dynasty.d. the most powerful Han emperor.e. the last Qin emperor.

35. Which popular treatise emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women?

a. Analectsb. Admonitions for Women c. Daodejingd. Book of Songs

e. Mother’s Guide

36. As the Han dynasty became more powerful and wealthy,a. the classically Confucian concern for the peasants became more pronounced.b. social distinctions became almost invisible.c. the status of women improved dramatically.d. the gap between rich and poor grew dangerously large. e. Hinduism increasingly appealed to the lower classes.

37. Wang Mang a. was primarily known for his adherence to Legalist doctrines.b. was famous for creating a new and lasting dynasty.c. stood as the greatest single military threat during the Later Han period.d. was a Daoist term referring to disengagement from the world.e. carried out reforms so revolutionary that he is known as the “socialist emperor.”

38. Many of Wang Mang’s reforms were so radical that he has been called thea. First Emperor.b. Yellow Emperor.c. Last Emperor.d. Socialist Emperor. e. Peasants’ Emperor.

Chapter 9

1. Although only fragments remain, some of our best information about early Indian history comes from the book, Indika, written bya. Socrates.b. Megasthenes. c. Herodotus.d. Sima Qian.e. Kautalya.

2. In 327 B.C.E. India was thrown into political chaos by the invasion ofa. the Persian king Cyrus.b. the Assyrian king Tiglath Pileser III.c. Chandragupta Maurya.d. Alexander of Macedon. e. Qin Shihuangdi.

3. Alexander of Macedon’s invasion of this country in 327 B.C.E. caused political chaos that eventually led to the unification of what country?a. Chinab. Egyptc. India d. Persiae. Greece

4. The kingdom that played a leading role in Indian unification, after the withdrawal of Alexander of Macedon, wasa. Kalinga.b. Magadha. c. Bodh Gaya.d. Nalanda.e. Bengal.

5. The first ruler to unify India wasa. Cyrus the Great.b. Ashoka Maurya.c. Chandragupta Maurya. d. Harsha.e. Shihuangdi.

6. The harsh political philosophy of Chandragupta Maurya and Kautalya is recorded in thea. Law Codes of Manu.b. Mauryan Law Codes.c. Bhagavad Gita.d. Daodejing.e. Arthashastra.

7. The Arthashastra reflected the political philosophy ofa. Ashoka Maurya.b. Qin Shihuangdi.c. Chandragupta Maurya. d. Chandra Gupta.e. Cyrus the Great.

8. The Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, fought his bloodiest battle againsta. the Punjab.b. Kalinga. c. Magadha.d. Harsha.e. Alexander the Great.

9. The high point of Mauryan success came during the reign ofa. Chandragupta Maurya.b. Chandra Gupta II.

c. Kautalya.d. Ashoka. e. Harsha.

10. One of the biggest financial problems of the later Mauryan period was the ruler’s decision toa. trade exclusively with China.b. debase the currency. c. not invest in sea trade.d. borrow money from Persia at high interest rates.e. stop trading with the Persians.

11. After the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, Indiaa. returned to a series of regional kingdoms. b. was immediately reunified by a new empire.c. was united by a new wave of invaders.d. suffered through a long period of chaos marked by a later Dravidian uprising.e. was absorbed into the expanding Chinese empire.

12. The Kushans in India reached their peak undera. Kanishka. b. Chandra Gupta II.c. Samudra Gupta.d. Ashoka.e. Chandragupta.

13. The year 320 B.C.E. saw the creation of the Gupta dynasty bya. Chandragupta Maurya.b. Harsha.c. Samudra Gupta.d. Chandra Gupta. e. Cyrus the Great.

14. Politically, the Guptasa. achieved the same level of centralized power that had existed under the Mauryans.b. left local government and administration in the hands of their allies. c. created a much larger and more powerful state than the Mauryans did.d. brought unprecedented civil strife to India.e. were able to bring complete unification to India by spreading a state-supported religion.

15. The eventual collapse of the Gupta state was partially caused by an invasion by thea. Persians.b. White Huns. c. Chinese.d. Romans.e. Mauryans.

16. The success and timing of trade, through the Indian Ocean basin, largely depended ona. controlling the actions of Turkish pirates.b. forming a lasting trading partnership with China.c. understanding the rhythms of the monsoon winds. d. the Indian desire to purchase pepper from the Romans.e. the invention of a revolutionary sailing vehicle.

17. The two great Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, a. called for an end to the caste system.b. championed the rights of women.c. showed the same questioning of divine judgment that would later mark Greek thought.d. commonly portrayed women as weak-willed and emotional creatures. e. were written during a period when Indian society was strongly matriarchal.

18. One of the most pronounced examples of patriarchal dominance in ancient India wasa. the common practice of child marriage.

b. the domination of gods over goddesses in Hindu mythology.c. the rise in significance of the kshatriya caste.d. the growing role of women in the marketplace.e. the lack of any female characters in the Ramayana or the Mahabharata.

19. One of the biggest transformations of the caste system during this period wasa. the elimination of the brahmins as a caste.b. the rise of guilds, which essentially served as jati. c. the rise of the untouchables to an equal status to the rest of the castes.d. the rise of the kshatriyas to the top position.e. the complete destruction of the caste system.

20. Essentially, much of the responsibility for maintaining social order in India during these years fell to a. the Mauryan emperors themselves.b. the powerful Buddhist monasteries.c. the jati. d. the writers and philosophers of classical India.e. Hindu religious police.

21. Ancient Indian religion revolved around ritual sacrifices offered by whom?a. kshatriyasb. brahmins c. vaishyasd. shudrase. jati

22. The Charvaka sect believed a. that India would be best served by a reaffirmation of the leading role of the brahmans.b. that too many Indians were falling into the trap of atheism.c. that the gods were figments of the imagination. d. in personal salvation through a personal faith in the Buddha.e. that everything was divine.

23. The founder of Jainism wasa. Vardhamana Mahavira. b. Siddharta Gautama.c. Ashoka Maurya.d. Kautalya.e. Samudra Gupta.

24.. The Jains adhered to the principle of nonviolence to other living things or their souls, which is expressed in the word

a. dharma.b. boddhisatva.c. nirvana.d. ahimsa. e. karma.

25. Ahimsa refers toa. the Buddhist Noble Eightfold Path.b. the Hindu concept of reincarnation.c. the Jain principle of nonviolence. d. Ashoka Maurya’s policy of enlightened rule.e. Kautalya’s policy of harsh statecraft.

26. The greatest social contribution of the Jains wasa. their support of the traditional caste system.b. the fact that they did not recognize social hierarchies based on caste. c. their incorporation into the brahmin caste.d. the implementation of their law code after they became the leading religion of India.e. their incorporation into the kshatriyas.

27. The Buddha believed that salvation came froma. intense meditation.b. extreme asceticism.c. leading a balanced and moderate life. d. active hedonism.e. devotion to a powerful monotheistic god.

28. The fundamental doctrine of Buddhism was known as thea. Three Principles of the People.b. Second Triad.c. Four Noble Truths. d. Ahimsa Path.e. Path of Reincarnation.