A Flawed PeaceA Flawed Peace

Chapter 29, Section 4Chapter 29, Section 4

IntroductionIntroduction

►World War I was over. The killing had World War I was over. The killing had stopped. The terms of peace, however, still stopped. The terms of peace, however, still had to be worked out. On had to be worked out. On January 18, 1919January 18, 1919, , a conference to establish those terms began a conference to establish those terms began at the at the Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles, outside , outside ParisParis. . Attending the talks, known as the Attending the talks, known as the Paris Paris Peace ConferencePeace Conference, were delegates , were delegates representing 32 countries. For one year, this representing 32 countries. For one year, this conference would be the scene of vigorous, conference would be the scene of vigorous, often bitter debate. The Allied powers often bitter debate. The Allied powers struggled to solve their conflicting aims in struggled to solve their conflicting aims in various peace treaties.various peace treaties.

The Allies Meet and DebateThe Allies Meet and Debate

Key Leaders Come TogetherKey Leaders Come Together► This group of This group of

leaders was known leaders was known as the as the Big FourBig Four dominated the dominated the peace talks in Paris peace talks in Paris at Versailles.at Versailles.

United StatesUnited States

► President Woodrow President Woodrow WilsonWilson

FranceFrance

►Georges Georges ClemenceauClemenceau

Great BritainGreat Britain

► Prime Minister, Prime Minister, David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George

ItalyItaly

► Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando

Wilson’s Plan for PeaceWilson’s Plan for Peace

►Wilson proposes Wilson proposes Fourteen PointsFourteen Points——an outline for lasting world peace.an outline for lasting world peace.

►Calls for free trade and an end to Calls for free trade and an end to alliances and military buildupsalliances and military buildups

►Promotes Promotes self-determinationself-determination—right —right of people to govern their own nationof people to govern their own nation

►Envisions international peace-keeping Envisions international peace-keeping body to settle world disputesbody to settle world disputes

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points

1.1. End of secret treatiesEnd of secret treaties2.2. Freedom of the seasFreedom of the seas3.3. Free tradeFree trade4.4. Arms reductionsArms reductions5.5. Adjustment of colonial Adjustment of colonial

claimsclaims6.6. Settlement of questions Settlement of questions

regarding Russian territoryregarding Russian territory7.7. Restoration of BelgiumRestoration of Belgium8.8. Restoration of France’s Restoration of France’s

territories including Alsace-territories including Alsace-LorraineLorraine

9.9. Readjustment of Italy’s Readjustment of Italy’s bordersborders

10.10. Peoples of Austria-Hungary Peoples of Austria-Hungary given self-determinationgiven self-determination

11.11. Serbia given access to the Serbia given access to the sea and can join with other sea and can join with other Balkan states (Yugoslavia Balkan states (Yugoslavia created).created).

12.12. Turkish portion of Ottoman Turkish portion of Ottoman empire sovereign, but empire sovereign, but other portions given self-other portions given self-determination. determination. Dardanelles open to as Dardanelles open to as shipping passage to all shipping passage to all nations.nations.

13.13. Independent PolandIndependent Poland14.14. League of NationsLeague of Nations

The Versailles TreatyThe Versailles Treaty

► Britain and France oppose Wilson’s ideas Britain and France oppose Wilson’s ideas and want to punish Germany.and want to punish Germany.

► Allies and Germany sign an accord—the Allies and Germany sign an accord—the Treaty of Versailles—in June 1919.Treaty of Versailles—in June 1919. Creates League of Nations—international Creates League of Nations—international

organization to keep peace.organization to keep peace. Blames Germans for war, forces Germany to pay Blames Germans for war, forces Germany to pay

damages (reparations) to nations.damages (reparations) to nations. League to rule German colonies until deemed League to rule German colonies until deemed

ready for independence.ready for independence.

A Troubled TreatyA Troubled Treaty

The Creation of New NationsThe Creation of New Nations

The Versailles Treaty, other peace accords The Versailles Treaty, other peace accords change the look of Europechange the look of Europe

Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire all lose landsEmpire all lose lands

Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn into turn into mandatesmandates

New countries in southeastern EuropeNew countries in southeastern Europe Russia gives up land.Russia gives up land.

Europe Pre-World War IEurope Pre-World War I

New European Countries Post World War New European Countries Post World War II

Finland-land lost by Russia

Estonia-land lost by Russia

HungaryAustria Romania-gained

land

Czechoslovakia

Poland-restored from land lost by Germany and Russia

Yugoslavia

Latvia-land lost by RussiaLithuania-land lost by Russia

Mandates in Africa and Middle Mandates in Africa and Middle EastEast

1.1. French Mandate of French Mandate of SyriaSyria

2.2. French Mandate of French Mandate of LebanonLebanon

3.3. British Mandate of British Mandate of PalestinePalestine

4.4. British Mandate of British Mandate of TransjordanTransjordan

5.5. British Mandate of British Mandate of IraqIraq

6.6. British TogolandBritish Togoland7.7. French TogolandFrench Togoland8.8. British CameroonBritish Cameroon9.9. French CameroonFrench Cameroon10.10. Ruanda-UrundiRuanda-Urundi11.11. TanganyikaTanganyika12.12. South-West Africa South-West Africa

““A Peace Build on A Peace Build on Quicksand”Quicksand”

► Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sidesbitterness on both sides

►German people feel bitter and betrayed German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for warafter taking blame for war

► America never ratifies Treaty of VersaillesAmerica never ratifies Treaty of Versailles Many Americans oppose League of Nations and Many Americans oppose League of Nations and

involvement with Europeinvolvement with Europe► Some former colonies express anger over Some former colonies express anger over

not winning independencenot winning independence► Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less

land than they wantland than they want