a framework for asynchronous change awareness james tam and saul greenberg, university of calgary

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A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul James Tam and Saul Greenberg, Greenberg, University of Calgary University of Calgary

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Page 1: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

A Framework For Asynchronous Change

Awareness

James Tam and Saul Greenberg,James Tam and Saul Greenberg,

University of CalgaryUniversity of Calgary

Page 2: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Our Research

We’ve developed a framework for change We’ve developed a framework for change awarenessawareness

Page 3: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

What Is Change Awareness?

The ability to keep up with the changes The ability to keep up with the changes that others have made in a collaborative that others have made in a collaborative projectproject

Page 4: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Change Awareness

A group of people are working together on A group of people are working together on a projecta project

Page 5: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Change Awareness

While one person is away, the others While one person is away, the others continue workingcontinue working

Page 6: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Change Awareness

The absent person comes backThe absent person comes back

Page 7: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Change Awareness

Now he’s left trying to figure out what’s Now he’s left trying to figure out what’s differentdifferent

Wav file from the Simpson © Fox

Page 8: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Keeping Up With Changes Is Hard!

Before After

Page 9: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Keeping Up With Changes Is Hard!

After

Page 10: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Even Simple Enhancements Can Be Of Great Value

Page 11: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Current Approaches For Displaying Changes

Focus on textFocus on text

Microsoft Word (Microsoft 2004)

Flexible Diff (Neuwirth et al. 1992)

Page 12: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

The Focus Of Our Research

Change awareness in two-dimensional Change awareness in two-dimensional graphical systemsgraphical systems

Microsoft PhotoDraw (2000)

Page 13: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

The Goal Of Our Research

To specify the information needed for To specify the information needed for someone to catch up with changessomeone to catch up with changes

Page 14: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Theoretical Foundations

Gutwin’s framework for workspace Gutwin’s framework for workspace awareness (Gutwin 1997)awareness (Gutwin 1997)

Image from (Gutwin, Greenberg and Roseman 1996)

Page 15: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Our Focus

Change awareness (not real time)Change awareness (not real time)

Page 16: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

How Do People Catch Up With Changes?

By asking questionsBy asking questions

Before After

Page 17: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

High-Level Questions To Catch Up On Changes

Where?Where?

Who?Who?

What?What?

How?How?

When?When?

Why?Why?

Page 18: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Answers To The High-Level Questions: Informational Elements

Where?Where?A: Location, gaze, edit history

Who?Who?A: Identity, presence, readership, authorship

What?What?A: Action history

How?How?A: Process and outcome history

When?When?A: Event history

Why?Why?A: Cognitive and motivational history

Page 19: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Where?

Location historyLocation historyGaze historyGaze historyEdit historyEdit history

Page 20: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Where?

Location historyLocation history

TeamRooms (Roseman and Greenberg 1996)TeamRooms (Roseman and Greenberg 1996)

Page 21: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Where (2)?

Gaze historyGaze history

Page 22: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Where (3)?

Edit historyEdit history

Page 23: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Who?

• Presence historyPresence history• IdentityIdentity• Readership historyReadership history• Authorship historyAuthorship history

Page 24: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Who (2) ?

Presence historyPresence history

???

Page 25: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Who (3)?

IdentityIdentity

Page 26: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Who (3)?

Readership historyReadership history

Bob

Page 27: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Who (4)?

Readership historyReadership history Sam

Fred

Mary

Page 28: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Who (5)?

Authorship historyAuthorship history

Page 29: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

What?

Action historyAction history

Page 30: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

How?

Process historyProcess history

Before After

Add: Attribute

Page 31: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

How (2)?

Outcome historyOutcome history

Before After

Page 32: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

When?

Event historyEvent history

Today’s news:

Sept 6, 2004

Page 33: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

When (2)?

Event historyEvent history

First Last

Page 34: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Why?

• Cognitive historyCognitive history• Motivational historyMotivational history

Before After

Page 35: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

The Questions And The Informational Elements

Where?Where?A: Location, gaze, edit history

Who?Who?A: Identity, presence, readership, authorship

What?What?A: Action history

How?How?A: Process and outcome history

When?When?A: Event history

Q: Why?Q: Why?A: Cognitive and motivational history

Page 36: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Workspace Perspectives

Artifact-basedArtifact-basedPerson-basedPerson-basedWorkspace-basedWorkspace-based

Page 37: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

The Artifact-Based Perspective

Page 38: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

The Person-Based Perspective

Page 39: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

The Workspace-Based Perspective

Page 40: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Relating The Questions To The Workspace Perspectives

It may influence the questions askedIt may influence the questions asked

Page 41: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

The Artifact-Based Perspective

Page 42: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

The Person-Based Perspective

Page 43: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

The Workspace-Based Perspective

Page 44: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Filtering Changes

1. Class WantsaFoo: added a new method called fooEnvy (Color green

2. Class LittleFoo: attribute nameOfFoo changed to name

3. Class LittleFoo: method getNameOfFoo changed to getName

4. Class LittleFoo: method setNameOfFoo now takes a String as an argument

5. ClassLittleFoo: method setNameOfFoo renamed to setName

6. Class Foo: added a data field lf of type LittleFoo

7. ClassFooUAll: added method fun ()

8. ClassFooUAll: added method fun2 ()

9. ClassFooUAll: added method noFun ()

10. Add Comments in the sticky note for class Foo

11. The realization relation between Class FooOrNotToFoo and class FooUAll was removed

12. Class FooOrNotToFoo was moved

13. Interface BlandInterface renamed to NotSoBlandInterface

: : : : :

Page 45: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Some Of Filters

Basic change filtersBasic change filtersSemantic filtersSemantic filtersHierarchical filtersHierarchical filters

Page 46: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Basic Change Filters

Filtering changes according to the basic Filtering changes according to the basic questionsquestions

Show all changes Show only Bob’s changes

Page 47: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Semantic Filters

Show only changes that are meaningful for Show only changes that are meaningful for the particular task domainthe particular task domain

Before After

Page 48: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

Hierarchical Filters

Displaying changes at different levelsDisplaying changes at different levels

Page 49: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

How The Framework Can Be Applied To Groupware

Dilbert © United Features Syndicate

Before: A design guide

After: A critiquing tool

Page 50: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

What We Have Done

Created a framework for change Created a framework for change awareness:awareness:High-level questions?High-level questions?A: Informational elementsA: Informational elementsWorkspace perspectivesWorkspace perspectives

Page 51: A Framework For Asynchronous Change Awareness James Tam and Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary

The Next Challenge

Using the framework to build a 2D Using the framework to build a 2D graphical system that supports change graphical system that supports change awarenessawareness